China started to develop modern rockets from 1956. 1On June 29th, 964, after the successful test flight of the medium-range rocket designed and developed by our country, we began to develop multi-stage rockets and March into space technology. After five years' efforts, the Long March 1 carrier rocket was born on April 24th, 0970, and the Dongfanghong 1 satellite was successfully launched for the first time. China has taken an important step in space technology. Now, the "Chang Zheng" series of rockets have gone to the world, enjoying a world-renowned reputation and occupying an important position in the international launch market.
The "Long March 1" carrier rocket is a three-stage rocket, which is mainly used to launch small payloads in near-earth orbit. The rocket has a total length of 29.86 meters, a maximum diameter of 2.25 meters, a take-off weight of 8 1.6 tons and a take-off thrust of 1 12 tons. It can send a satellite weighing 300 kilograms into a low-earth orbit with a height of 440 kilometers. 1 On April 24, 1970, the Long March 1 carrier rocket successfully put the "Dongfanghong1"satellite into the predetermined orbit, which laid the foundation for the development of the Long March rocket series.
The "Long March 1 D" carrier rocket is an improved version of the "Long March 1" rocket. The main improvements are: increasing the thrust of the first stage engine; Improve the performance of the second and third stages; Adopt "platform-computer" full inertial guidance. The improved "Long March 1 D" rocket can launch various low-orbit satellites and has been put into commercial launch.
Long March II carrier rocket is the basic model of China space launch vehicle. Based on "Long March 1" technology, a series of launch vehicles "Long March II", "Long March III" and "Long March IV" were developed.
The Long March II rocket is a two-stage rocket with a total length of 3 1. 17m, a maximum diameter of 3.35m and a takeoff weight of 190t. It can send 1.8t satellites into elliptical orbits hundreds of kilometers above the ground. 1975165438+1On October 26th, the Long March II rocket completed the launch of China's first recoverable satellite.
The improved "Long March II C" rocket uses a high thrust liquid rocket engine, the arrow length is increased to 35.15m, the carrying capacity in low earth orbit is increased to 2.4 tons, and the reliability of the rocket is greatly improved.
The Long March 2D rocket is also a two-stage liquid rocket. On the basis of "Long March II" rocket, the carrying capacity was further improved by increasing the propellant charge and takeoff thrust. The rocket has a total length of 38.3 meters and a take-off weight of 232 tons.
The "Long March II E" bound rocket is a low-orbit two-stage liquid propellant rocket, with an extended "Long March II C" as the core stage and four liquid boosters bound around the first stage. The rocket is 49.68 meters long and 3.35 meters in diameter. Each liquid booster is15.4m in length, 2.25m in diameter and 4.2m in maximum core diameter. The total takeoff weight is 46 1 ton, and the takeoff thrust is 600 tons, which can send 8.8 tons to 9.2 tons of payload into low-earth orbit; After proper modification, it can also be used to launch small manned spacecraft.
The "Long March 3" carrier rocket was successfully developed on the basis of the 1984 "Long March 2" rocket, and the third stage was added with a low-temperature and high-energy liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen engine. The total length of the rocket is 44.86 meters, the first and second stage diameters are 3.35 meters, the third stage diameter is 2.25 meters, the take-off weight is 204.88 tons, and the synchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity is 1.6 tons. The successful launch of the "Long March III" rocket marks that China's launch vehicle technology has entered the advanced ranks in the world, which is an important milestone in the development of China's rocket: liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are used as rocket propellants for the first time; For the first time, the rocket started many times; Payload was sent into geosynchronous transfer orbit for the first time.
The Long March 3A rocket is 52.52 meters long, with a maximum diameter of 3.35 meters and a takeoff weight of 240 tons. It mainly carries the payload of geosynchronous transfer orbit, and can also carry the payload of low orbit, polar orbit or escape orbit.
"Long March 3B" rocket is a large three-stage liquid rocket developed on the basis of "Long March 3A" and "Long March 2A" rockets. Its core stage is basically "Long March 3A", and its booster and binding structure are the same as "Long March 2A". The main task of the "Long March 3B" rocket is to launch heavy satellites in geosynchronous transfer orbit, and it can also launch light satellites with more than one arrow or launch satellites in other orbits. The rocket is 54.84 meters long, with a maximum diameter of 8.45 meters and a carrying capacity of 5.0 tons in geosynchronous transfer orbit.
"Long March 3 C" is based on "Long March 3 B", which reduces two boosters and cancels the tail of boosters. Its main task is to launch the payload of geosynchronous transfer orbit, which can launch multiple satellites with one arrow and satellites in other orbits. The rocket is 54.84 meters long, with a maximum diameter of 8.45 meters and a geosynchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity of 3.7 tons.
The Long March 4 series of launch vehicles include Storm 1, Long March 4, Long March 4A and Long March 4B.
"Storm 1" is a two-stage liquid rocket, which is mainly used to launch low-orbit satellites, successfully completing the mission of three satellites with one arrow. The rocket is 32.57 meters long and has a maximum diameter of 3.35 meters. 1982 discontinued.
"Long March 4" is a three-stage conventional launch vehicle developed on the basis of "Storm 1". As another scheme to launch a geosynchronous transfer orbit satellite launch vehicle, it was later modified to launch the "Long March 4A" in a sun-synchronous orbit. The rocket is 4 1.9 meters long and has a maximum diameter of 3.35 meters.
"Long March 4 B" is a carrier rocket with greater carrying capacity developed on the basis of "Long March 4 A", which is mainly used to launch sun-synchronous orbit earth observation application satellites. The rocket is 45.58 meters long and has a maximum diameter of 3.35 meters.
Shenzhou series
Shenzhou I
Release time:1October 20th1999165438+6: 30: 7.
Launch rocket: the new Long March II F-bound rocket.
Flight time required for the spacecraft to enter orbit: the rocket takes off about 10 minutes, and the spacecraft separates from the rocket and enters the scheduled orbit.
Return time:1999165438+1October 2 1, 3: 4 1.
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing place: Central area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Flight time/laps: 2 1 hour1minute/14 laps.
Articles to carry: 1. National flag, National Flag of the People's Republic of China, regional flag of the macao special administrative region and Olympic flag; Second, various stamps and souvenir covers; Third, the seeds of crops such as green pepper, watermelon, corn and barley, and seeds of Chinese herbal medicines such as licorice and isatis root are about 10g.
Technical application: For the first time, a new mode of vertical assembly and test of spacecraft and rocket assembly in technical workshop, vertical transportation to launch site as a whole, long-distance test and launch control is adopted. On the basis of the original TT&C network, a new land-based TT&C network in China, which conforms to the international standard system, was put into use for the first time in this launch test. During the spacecraft's on-orbit operation, the ground monitoring and control system and four "Roy" survey ships distributed on the high seas tracked and monitored it, and successfully carried out a series of scientific experiments.
"Shenzhou II"
Launch time: 200 1 year 1 day 1 day 1 hour for 3 seconds.
Launch rocket: the new Long March II F-bound rocket.
Flight time required for the spacecraft to enter orbit: thirteen minutes after the spacecraft takes off, it will enter the scheduled orbit.
Return time: 200 1 1 16 at 7: 22 pm.
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing place: Central area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Flight time/laps: 6 days 18 hours/108 laps.
Test project: China's first unmanned spacecraft prototype. Spacecraft consists of orbital module, return module and propulsion module. Compared with Shenzhou-1 experimental spacecraft, the system structure of Shenzhou-2 spacecraft has been expanded, its technical performance has been improved, and its technical status is basically the same as that of manned spacecraft. According to reports, China has conducted experiments in the fields of space life science, space materials, space astronomy and physics for the first time in microgravity environment, including: crystal growth of semiconductor photoelectric materials, oxide crystals, metal alloys and other materials; Protein and other biomacromolecules grow in space crystals. Experiments on the spatial environmental effects of plants, animals, aquatic organisms, microorganisms and isolated cells and tissues were carried out.
"Shenzhou III"
Release time: 22: 00 on March 25th, 2002, 15.
Launch rocket: the new Long March II F-bound rocket.
Flight time required for the spacecraft to enter orbit: after the rocket was ignited and lifted off 10 minutes, the spacecraft successfully entered the scheduled orbit.
Return time: April 2002 1
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing place: Central area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Flight time/laps: 6 days 18 hours/108 laps.
Carrying items: black eggs in a dormant state; There are ten public payloads for space tests, up to 44. Among them, the microgravity measuring instruments and public payloads for the return capsule participated in the spacecraft test for the third time, the space protein crystallization device, the multi-mission space crystal growth furnace and the public payloads for the orbital module participated in the spacecraft test for the second time, and the rest of the equipment was tested in space for the first time.
Test project: "Shenzhou III" is a prototype unmanned spacecraft, and the technical state of the spacecraft is completely consistent with the manned state. This launch test further improved the launch vehicle, spacecraft and TT&C launch system, and improved the safety and reliability of manned space flight. The spacecraft is equipped with human metabolism simulator, anthropomorphic physiological signal equipment and human dummy, which can quantitatively simulate the important physiological activity parameters of astronauts in space. Launch, escape and life-saving systems also played a role. This system is the main measure to ensure the safety of astronauts in an emergency. The physiological signals and metabolic indexes provided by the anthropomorphic load of the spacecraft are normal, which verifies the in-cabin environmental control and life support system directly related to manned space flight.
Shenzhou IV
Release time: February 30, 2002 10:40.
Launch rocket: the new Long March II F-bound rocket.
Time required for the spacecraft to enter orbit: Ten minutes after the rocket was ignited and lifted off, the spacecraft successfully entered the scheduled orbit.
Return time: 20031October 5th, 65438+ 19:00+06:00.
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing place: Central area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Flight time/laps: 6 days 18 hours/108 laps.
Carry-on items: Except for the atmospheric composition detector and other 19 pieces of equipment that have participated in the previous flight test, 33 pieces of scientific research equipment, such as other space cell electrofusion instruments, will "go to heaven" for the first time. Two pairs of "cell space weddings" that have been prepared for 10 years will also be held on the spacecraft. One pair of animal cell "newcomers" are B lymphocytes and myeloma cells, and the other pair is plant cell "newcomers"-tobacco protoplast of Huanghua and tobacco protoplast of Innovation No.1.. Experts say that under microgravity conditions, the gravity settlement of cells in the fusion solution will disappear, which is more conducive to the "intimate action" of cell pairing and fusion. This study will explore new methods for aerospace pharmacy.
"Shenzhou 5"
Launch time: 20031October 15 at 9: 00.
Launch rocket: the new Long March II F-bound rocket.
Flight time required for the spacecraft to enter orbit: 9: 00/kloc-0: 00, the ship and the arrow are separated, and the "Shenzhou 5" manned spacecraft accurately enters the scheduled orbit.
Return time: 20031October 16 at 6: 28.
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing place: Gulang Grassland, A Mu, Central Inner Mongolia.
Flight time/laps: 2 1 hour/14 laps.
Articles carried: In addition to Yang Liwei, the first man in manned space flight in China, the return capsule of Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft also carried a special flag of China, the flag of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the United Nations flag, samples of major currencies of RMB, stamps commemorating China's first manned space flight, a souvenir cover of China's manned space flight project and crop seeds from Taiwan Province Province, the treasure island of the motherland.
Test items: Shenzhou 5 will reduce the number of in-cabin test items and instruments as much as possible to make more space for astronauts to carry out scientific observation tasks. It can be said that this mission is mainly to investigate the adaptability of astronauts in the space environment. Application of new technology: automatic fault detection system and escape system are added for the first time. Among them, there are hundreds of failure modes, which will automatically alarm in case of danger. Even after the launch of the spacecraft for a period of time, you can get out of danger by avoiding the rocket.
Shenzhou VI
Launch time: 9: 00 a.m. on/0/0/2/2005.
Launch rocket: the new Long March II F-bound rocket.
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing place: Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia
Flight time/laps: 6 days 18 hours/108 laps.
Articles carried: Among the articles carried by Shenzhou VI spacecraft, several articles have important symbolic significance and historical value, such as the national flag for polar expedition, the Olympic flag and the flag of Shanghai World Expo. The calligraphy and painting works "Six Jun Tu", "Ode to China", "Ode to Peace" and "Long March Wan Li Tu" express the high respect and blessing of China cultural circles for manned spaceflight project. This 10 children's space painting and the composition entitled "I write a letter to astronauts" reflect the good wishes of the vast number of young people in China for the Shenzhou VI spacecraft and their great ambition to learn from childhood and love science. In addition, special stamps such as Marshal of the Republic and personalized stamps such as Shenzhou VI are also quite eye-catching. In addition, the Shenzhou VI spacecraft also carries some souvenirs of manned spaceflight projects, and bears the logos of well-known enterprises such as Goldlion Company and Cha Group in Hong Kong, which have given great support to China's space industry for a long time.
In addition to cultural items, Shenzhou VI spacecraft also carries biological strains, plant tissue culture seedlings and seeds of crops, plants and flowers. They will be sent to relevant units for space breeding experiments.