Confucius (551.9.28 BC - 479.4.11 BC), named Qiu, styled Zhongni, was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period and Han nationality. He was born in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now Luyuan, southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province). village). After his death, he was buried on Surabaya River in the north of Qufu City, where Confucius is today.
According to "Historical Records: Confucius Family", Confucius's ancestors were descendants of the Yin and Shang Dynasties. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, King Cheng of Zhou Dynasty granted him the title of concubine brother of King Zhou of Shang Dynasty. Wei Zi, a famous and loyal minister of the Shang Dynasty, came to Song Dynasty. The capital was established in Shangqiu (today's Shangqiu area of ??Henan Province). After the death of Wei Ziqi, his younger brother Wei Zhong came to the throne, and Wei Zhong was the ancestor of Confucius. After Kong Fujia, the sixth ancestor of Confucius, descendants began to take the surname Kong. His great-grandfather Kong Fangshu fled from Song to Lu in order to escape the civil strife in Song. Confucius's father, Shu Liang He (the courtesy name is Shu Liang and He is his given name), was a famous warrior in the state of Lu. Uncle Liang He first married the Shi family and gave birth to nine daughters but no son. His concubine gave birth to a son, Meng Pi, but he had a foot disease. Under the circumstances at that time, neither women nor disabled sons were suitable heirs. In his later years, Uncle Liang He gave birth to Confucius with a young woman named Yan. Because when Confucius was born, the middle of his head was concave, like Mount Niqiu; and because Confucius’ mother went to Mount Niqiu to pray and then conceived Confucius, she named her Qiu with the courtesy name Zhongni (Zhong means second, Shu Liang). He's eldest son was Mengpi, which means first.) When Confucius was three years old, his uncle Liang He died of illness. After that, Confucius' family was very poor. Due to various reasons, Confucius did not achieve much in politics, but the three months he governed the state of Lu showed that Confucius was worthy of the title of an outstanding statesman. Political dissatisfaction allowed Confucius to devote a large part of his energy to education. Confucius once served as a military commander in the State of Lu, and later traveled around the country with his disciples. Finally, he returned to the State of Lu and concentrated on teaching. Confucius broke the educational monopoly and pioneered private education. There were as many as 3,000 disciples of Confucius, including 72 sages, many of whom were high-ranking officials in various countries.
Confucius had a profound influence on later generations. During his lifetime, he was known as the "Sage of Heaven", "Muduo of Heaven", and "Eternal Saint". He was one of the most erudite scholars in society at that time, and He was revered as the Holy Saint (the saint among saints) and the teacher of all generations by later generations. He once revised "Poems" and "Books", settled "Li" and "Music", prefaced "Book of Changes", and wrote "Spring and Autumn". Confucius' thoughts and theories had a profound impact on later generations.
The Analects of Confucius is a classic work of Confucianism. It was compiled by Confucius's disciples and his disciples. It is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.
Confucius wanted to pursue an official career since he was in his 20s, so he paid great attention to world affairs. He often thought about various issues in governing the country and often expressed some opinions. By the age of 30, he had Some fame. In the 20th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, Duke Jin of Qi summoned Confucius when he visited Lu and discussed with him the issue of Duke Mu of Qin's dominance. Confucius got to know Duke Jin of Qi. In the 25th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, civil strife broke out in the State of Lu. Duke Zhao of Lu was forced to flee to the State of Qi. Confucius also left the State of Lu. When he arrived in the State of Qi, he was appreciated and treated favorably by Duke Jin of Qi. He even prepared to grant Confucius the fields in the Nixi area, but He was stopped by doctor Yan Ying. In the 27th year of Lu Zhaogong's reign, the officials of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. Confucius heard about it and asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can't be used." Confucius had to flee back to Lu in panic. In the State of Lu at that time, the political power was actually in the hands of the officials' retainers, who were called "accompanying ministers in charge of state affairs." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave up until the 9th year of Lu Dinggong was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Central Capital. , Confucius was 51 years old at this time. Confucius governed Zhongdu for one year and made outstanding achievements. He was promoted to the rank of Little Sikong, and soon he was promoted to the rank of Great Sikou, taking charge of the affairs of the prime minister. The state of Lu was greatly governed. In the 12th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, Confucius tried to weaken the three Huan clans (the Jisun family, the Shusun family, and the Mengsun family). They were called Sanhuan because they were the three grandsons of Duke Huan of Lu. The political power of the Lu state at that time was actually in their hands. , and some retainers of Sanhuan controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees) and took measures to destroy the three capitals (that is, demolishing the castles built by Sanhuan). Later, the action of falling into Sandu was abandoned halfway, and the conflict between Confucius and Sanhuan was also exposed. In the 13th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, the State of Qi sent 80 beauties to the State of Lu. The Ji Huan family accepted the female musicians. The monarchs and ministers were obsessed with singing and dancing and ignored government affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon the State of Lu held a suburban sacrifice. After the sacrifice, they were sent as usual. The meat sacrifices were not given to Confucius when they were given to the officials, which showed that the Ji family did not want to use him anymore. Confucius left the state of Lu as a last resort, went to foreign countries to find a way out, and began a journey around the countries. In this year, Confucius 55 years old.
Confucius brought his disciples to Wei State first. Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. He gave Confucius a salary of 60,000 yuan according to the salary standard of Lu State, but did not give him any official position or let him participate in political affairs. . Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Wei Linggong, Weilinggong became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to openly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius took his disciples to leave Weiguo and planned to go to Chenguo. . When passing through Kuangcheng, he was besieged for 5 days due to a misunderstanding. He fled Kuangcheng and arrived at Pudi, where he encountered a rebellion by the aristocrat Gongshu of the Wei Kingdom and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to Wei State. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius' master and apprentice had returned from Pudi, and went out of the city to greet him personally. After that, Confucius left Weiguo several times and returned to Weiguo several times. On the one hand, this was because Wei Linggong was good and bad to Confucius. On the other hand, Confucius had no place to go after leaving Weiguo, so he had to return.
In the 2nd year of Duke Ai of Lu (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei and traveled through Cao, Song, and Zheng to Chen. He lived in Chen for three years. Wu attacked Chen and the war was in chaos, so Confucius took his disciples to leave. , the people of Chu heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, and sent people to meet Confucius. The officials of Chen and Cai knew that Confucius had objections to what they were doing, and were afraid that Confucius would be re-employed in Chu, which would be detrimental to them, so they sent laborers to surround Confucius's master and disciples in the middle of the road, without any access to the village. After leaving the store, he ate all the food he had brought and was without food for 7 days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people. Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius' master and disciples were saved from death. When Confucius was 64 years old, he returned to the Kingdom of Wei. When he was 68 years old, with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to the Kingdom of Lu, but he was still respected and not used. In the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu, Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died without recovery. When Confucius was 62 years old, he once described himself like this: "I am so angry that I forget to eat, and I am so happy that I forget my worries. I don't know how old I am." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the world for nine years. After experiencing many hardships, not only did he not get appointed by the princes, He almost lost his life, but Confucius was not discouraged, remained optimistic, and persisted in his ideals, even when he knew it was impossible to do. Confucius was upright by nature, and he advocated walking on a straight path. He once said: "As for me, who will discredit and who will praise me? If I am praised, I will have to test it. This is the people, and the reason why the three generations have followed a straight path is this." "Historical Records" records that when Confucius was in his thirties, he asked Lao Tzu about etiquette. When he was leaving, Lao Tzu said: "A person who is wise and thoughtful and close to the dead is also a person who is good at discussing others and endangering his own body by making eloquent arguments. He will bring evil to others." "He who is a son of others should not be self-reliant, and he who is a minister of others should not be self-reliant." This was Laozi's kind reminder to Confucius. He also pointed out some of Confucius's shortcomings, which were that he looked at problems too deeply and spoke too sharply, which hurt some people with high status. People who do this will bring great danger to themselves. Be kind to others Confucius founded a moral theory centered on benevolence. He himself was also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous to others. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "The beauty of a gentleman is the evil of being an adult", "Be kind to yourself and beg others lightly", etc., are all his principles of life.
Mencius (372 BC - 289 BC) was a native of Zoucheng, Shandong, Han nationality. His name is Ke, his courtesy name is Ziyu, also his courtesy name is Ziche and Ziju. His father's name is Ji, and his mother's name is Zou. A great thinker, writer (politician) in ancient China. One of the representative figures of Confucianism during the Warring States Period. He is the author of "Mencius", a collection of quotation prose. The book "Mencius" is a compilation of Mencius' remarks, compiled by Mencius and his disciple ***, and is a Confucian classic that records Mencius' language, political views and political actions. Mencius studied under Kong Ji (the grandsons of Confucius are generally students who studied under Kong Ji), inherited and carried forward Confucius' thoughts, and became a generation of Confucian masters second only to Confucius. He is known as the "Senior Sage" and is also known as Confucius. As "Confucius and Mencius", Mencius once imitated Confucius and led his disciples to lobby various countries. But he was not accepted by other countries at that time, so he retired and wrote books with his disciples. There are seven chapters of "Mencius" handed down from generation to generation: "King Hui of Liang" (Part 1 and part); "Gongsun Chou" (Part 1 and part); "Teng Wengong" (Part 1 and part); "Li Lou"; "Wan Zhang" (Part 1 and part); "Gaozi" (Part 1 and part); and "Jin Xin" (Part 1 and part). The starting point of his theory is the theory of good nature, proposing "benevolent government" and "kingly way", and advocating the rule of virtue. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi combined "Mencius", "The Analects of Confucius", "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" together as the "Four Books". From then until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the "Four Books" had been a required part of the imperial examination. Mencius's articles are fluent in reasoning, full of momentum and good at argument. The distant ancestor of Mencius was the Meng Sun family, a nobleman of the Lu State. After his family declined, he moved from the Lu State to the Zou State. Mencius lost his father when he was three years old, and Meng's mother raised him up with great hardships. Meng's mother was very strict. Her stories such as "Meng's mother moved three times" and "Meng's mother cut off the weaving" have become beautiful stories through the ages and are a model of maternal education for future generations.
Mencius is one of the most important representatives of Confucianism, but his status was not very high before the Song Dynasty. Since Han Yu in the mid-Tang Dynasty wrote "Yuan Dao", which listed Mencius as the only person among the Confucian scholars in the pre-Qin Dynasty who inherited Confucius' "Taoism", there was an "upgrade movement" of Mencius, and the status of Mencius and his books gradually rose. In the fourth year of Xining (1071), the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, the book "Mencius" was included in the imperial examination subjects for the first time. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083), Mencius was officially posthumously named "Zou Guogong" for the first time, and the following year he was approved to enjoy the Confucius Temple. Later, "Mencius" was upgraded to a Confucian classic. Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty combined "Mencius" with "The Analects of Confucius", "Great Learning", and "The Doctrine of the Mean" into the "Four Books", and its actual status is even higher than the "Five Classics". In the first year of Zhishun in the Yuan Dynasty (1330), Mencius was conferred the title of "Ya Sheng Gong", and he was later called "Ya Sheng", his status was second only to Confucius.
In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang compiled "Mencius' Jiewen" and deleted chapters and sentences in "Mencius", such as "The people are the most important, the country is second, the king is the least", "A man who kills thieves is called a husband, and he has heard that he will punish a husband. "I have never heard of regicide" and other Mencius' chronology
Jiyou, the 4th year of King Lie of Zhou (372 BC)
Mencius was born around this time
The 12th year of King Xian of Zhou, the 13th year of King Wei Hui, the 6th year of Han Zhaohou Jiazi (357 BC)
Mencius was about fifteen years old and received his education from Zisi's disciples
The 17th year of King Xian of Zhou In the 10th year of Qin Xiaogong's death (352 BC)
Mencius was about twenty years old and wanted to divorce his wife
In the 37th year of King Zhou Xian's death (332 BC)
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Mencius was in Zou, answering Duke Mu of Zou
Gengyin in the 38th year of King Xian of Zhou (331 BC)
Mencius lived in Pinglu
Zhou Xinmao in the 39th year of King Xian (330 BC)
Mencius went to the country of Ren and visited Ji Ren
Mencius was in Zou and had questions and answers with Wuluzi and Caojiao
< p>In the 40th year of King Xian of Zhou, in the 28th year of King Wei of Qi, Renchen (329 BC)Mencius was about forty-three years old and came to Qi for the first time
The prince of Qi came to see him Mencius
The 41st year of King Xian of Zhou, the 29th year of King Wei of Qi, the 1st year of Song Dynasty after the death of King Yan, Guisi (328 BC)
Mencius debated with Gaozi
Mencius advised the cricket to remonstrate with the King of Qi
Mencius made friends with Kuang Zhang
Mencius left Qi and went to the Song Dynasty
The king of Song Dynasty in the 42nd year of King Zhou Xian Jiawu, the 2nd year of Yanhouyuan (327 BC)
Mencius to the Song Dynasty
The 43rd year of King Zhou Xian of the Song Dynasty, the 3rd year of Yanhouyuan, Yiwei (326 BC)
p>Mencius met the prince of Teng in Song Dynasty
Mencius discussed the method of lobbying with Song Dynasty Gou Jian
In the 44th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, the 4th year of the reign of Song Junyan Hou Yuan In the 13th year of King Huiwen of Qin, Bingshen (325 BC)
Mencius left Song and returned to Zou
In the 45th year of King Xian of Zhou, King Hui of Liang, the 11th year of Houyuan Dingyou (B.C.) 324 years)
Mencius was in Zou, and Teng Wengong sent Ran You to ask about the funeral
Mencius moved from Zou to Teng and promoted benevolent government
Wei Hui in the 46th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty Queen Wei in the 12th year of Yuan Dynasty and King Qi Wei in the 34th year of Wuxu (323 BC)
Mencius debated with Chen Xiang, a farmer
Queen Wei Hui in the 47th year of King Zhou Xian In the 13th year of Jihai of the Yuan Dynasty (322 BC)
Qi people came to the city of Xue, and Teng Wengong asked Mencius
The 1st year of King Shenliang of Zhou Dynasty, the 1st year of the Wei Dynasty, the 15th year of the Yuan Dynasty, the 37th year of King Wei of Qi Xin Chou ( 320 BC)
King Hui of Liang called for talents with "high coins and low courtesy"
Mencius met King Hui of Liang when he was about fifty-two years old
Mencius and Zhou Xiao discussed becoming an official
The 2nd year of King Zhou Shenliang, the 2nd year of King Wei Hui, the 16th year of Houyuan, the 1st year of King Xuan of Qi, Renyin (319 BC)
Mencius and Gongsun Chou discussed short mourning
The 3rd year of King Zhou Shenliang, the 1st year of King Xiang of Wei, the 2nd year of King Xuan of Qi, Guimao (318 BC)
Mencius was about fifty-four years old, and he met King Xiang of Liang
Mencius met the prince of Qi in Fan
Mencius came to Qi and answered the question of King Xuan of Qi
Mencius on "I am not tempted at forty"
The 5th year of King Zhou Shenliang's reign in Yan In the 5th year of Wang Kui, Yisi (316 BC)
Mencius paid tribute to Duke Wen of Teng
The 6th year of King Shenliang of Zhou, the 14th year of King Huai of Chu, the 10th year of Duke Ping of Lu, the 5th year of King Xuan of Qi, Bingwu ( 315 BC)
Gong Ping of Lu wanted to see Mencius
Mencius returned to Qi and discussed with Chongyu about burying his mother
King Xuan of Qi asked Mencius to attack Yan
p>The 3rd year of King Nan of Zhou, the 8th year of King Xuan of Qi, the 17th year of King Huai of Chu Jiyou (312 BC)
The Yan people rebelled against Qi, and King Xuan of Qi said, "I am very ashamed of Mencius" < /p>
Mencius on "The ministers regard the king as a bandit"
Mencius debated with Chunyu Kun
Mencius resigned and left Qi when he was about sixty years old
Mencius met Song Jun in Shiqiu
Xinmao, the 25th year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (290 BC)
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"Mencius" was compiled around this time
Renshen, the 26th year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (289 BC)
Mencius died around this time
The order of the seventy-five generations: Ling, De, Wei, Chui, You, Qin, Shao, Nian, Xian, Yang, Jian, Dao, Dun, An, Ding, Mao, Xiu, Miao, Yi, Chang , Yu, Wen, Huan, Jing, Rui, Yong, Xi, Shi, Xu, Chang. The people are the most valuable, the country is the second most important, and the king is the least important. "It means that the people come first, the country comes second, and the monarch comes last. Mencius believed that the monarch should care for the people first, and the ruler should protect the people's rights. Mencius agreed that if the monarch is unjust, the people have the right to overthrow the government. For this reason, "Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi" only placed "Mencius" among the scholars, as a book of Confucius, and did not get its due status. By the time of Later Shu in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Meng Chang, the Lord of Later Shu, ordered eleven classics to be carved on stone in regular script, including "Mencius". This may be the beginning of "Mencius" being included in the "Book of Classics". By the time of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi combined "Mencius" with "The Analects of Confucius", "Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" and called it the "Four Books" and made it one of the "Thirteen Classics". The status of "Mencius" was pushed to peak. It is said that Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of Ming Dynasty, ordered people to delete the relevant content in "Mencius" because he was dissatisfied with Mencius' people-centered thinking. Mencius inherited and developed Confucius's thoughts on moral governance and developed it into the theory of benevolent government, which became the core of his political thought. He applied the principles of "kinship" and "longevity" to politics to ease class conflicts and safeguard the long-term interests of the feudal ruling class.
On the one hand, Mencius strictly distinguished the class status of the rulers and the ruled. He believed that "those who work hard govern others, and those who work hard govern others." hierarchical system; on the other hand, it compares the relationship between the rulers and the ruled to the relationship between parents and children, advocating that rulers should care about the people's sufferings like parents, and people should get close to and serve the rulers like their parents. .
Mencius believed that this is the most ideal kind of politics. If the ruler implements benevolent government, he can win the heartfelt support of the people; on the contrary, if he does not care about the life and death of the people and implements tyranny, he will lose the support of the people and become a tyrant. The one-man thief was overthrown by the people. The specific content of benevolent government is very broad, including economy, politics, education and ways to unify the world, etc., and there is a clue of people-oriented thinking running through it. This kind of thinking developed from the thought of attaching importance to the people and despising the gods in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Based on the experience of the Warring States Period, Mencius summarized the laws of the rise and fall of various countries in governing chaos, and put forward a famous proposition rich in the essence of democracy: "The people are the most important, the country is second, and the king is the least." He believes that the issue of how to treat the people is of extreme importance to the success and failure of the country. Mencius attached great importance to the support of the people and repeatedly explained through a large number of historical examples that this was a key issue related to gaining or losing the world. Mencius said: "Benevolent government must start from the realm of economics." The so-called "jingjie" refers to the division and arrangement of field boundaries and the implementation of the well-field system. The well-field system conceived by Mencius was a feudal natural economy, based on small farmers of each household, and took the form of exploitation through labor rent. Each farmer has a house of five acres and a field of one hundred acres, and is self-sufficient in food and clothing. Mencius believed that "the people are the way, those with permanent property have perseverance, and those without permanent property have no perseverance." Only by enabling the people to have "permanent property", fixed in the land, and live and work in peace and contentment, will they not violate the criminal law and do evil. Mencius believed that when the material life of the people is guaranteed, the rulers will set up schools to educate them with the principles of filial piety and brotherhood, and guide them to be good. This can create a good moral custom of "kissing each other" and "long-lasting", that is, "Everyone will love his relatives and grow up with him, and the world will be peaceful." Mencius believed that rulers who implement benevolent governance can win the heartfelt support of the people of the world, and thus become invincible in the world. The benevolent government mentioned by Mencius must be based on the ruler's "intolerance". Mencius said: "The former kings had a heart that could not tolerate others, and now they have a government that cannot tolerate others." "The heart of intolerance" is a kind of sympathy and benevolence. However, this kind of sympathy and benevolence is different from Mozi's "universal love", but starts from the emotion of blood. Mencius advocated, "Be close to relatives and benevolent to the people", "Old people are like the old people, and young people are like the young people." Benevolent government is the political manifestation of this intolerance.
Mencius closely integrated ethics and politics and emphasized that moral cultivation is the foundation for doing good politics. He said: “The foundation of the world lies in the country, the foundation of the country lies in the home, and the foundation of the family lies in the body.
"The "Xiu Qi Zhiping" later proposed by "The Great Learning" was based on Mencius's thinking
Answer: Mo Yishen - Assistant Level 2 1-22 21:03
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What I know about Confucius and Mencius
Confucius, whose name was Qiu and whose courtesy name was Zhongni, was from the state of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was the greatest thinker and educator in ancient China. At the age of fifteen, he determined to study. He worked as a drummer, warehouse and pasture manager, Xiao Sikong (in charge of engineering) and Sikou (in charge of criminal law). He once worshiped Laozi as his teacher. After he was in his fifties, he traveled around the world to promote his political ideas. In his later years, he accepted apprentices and gave lectures, wrote books, and edited and compiled "Poems", "Books", "Li", "Yue", "Book of Changes", "Spring and Autumn" and other books until his death at the age of seventy-three. /p>
Mencius was a great thinker during the Warring States Period, named Ke, who was born in Zou (now Zou County, Shandong Province). He lost his father when he was young and his family was poor. He studied diligently under the guidance of his mother and became a scholar in his youth. , promoted his own political ideas, and later retreated to lectures. Mencius inherited and developed Confucius's thoughts and proposed a complete ideological system, which had a great influence on later generations and was revered as the "Little Sage".
Mencius was able to become a "lesser sage" because of his mother's teachings. Mencius' mother, Zhǎng, worked hard and worked hard to raise her son. "Weaving to teach children", "Killing pigs but not bullying children", "Training children for their daughter-in-law" are widely circulated.
It is said that there are as many as 3,000 Confucius disciples, and the more famous ones are 72. These disciples and their successors worked hard to spread Confucius' thoughts and doctrines, forming the most influential school in Chinese history, the Confucian school. Among the "Seventy-two Wise Men" were Yan Hui and Min Sun, who were famous for their virtues and their eloquence. Duanmu Ci and Zaiyu, Ran Qiu and Zhong Yuan who were famous for their political affairs, Zeng Shen and others who were famous for their filial piety were recorded in the Analects of Confucius and his disciples' words and deeds. This book is the most precious material for studying Confucius' thoughts and life. It was written around the early Warring States period (around 400 BC). The Analects of Confucius entered the ranks of classics and became a must-read for scholars in the Southern Song Dynasty. The "Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" were compiled into the "Four Books", among which "The Analects of Confucius" was listed first. During the six hundred years of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the "Four Books" had always been the main content of the imperial examination.
The Analects of Confucius has had a profound impact on Japan, North Korea and even some European countries. According to statistics, there are nearly 90 research works on the Analects of Confucius existing in Japan from the Tokugawa Shogunate period. Eiichi Shibusawa (1840-1931), the "entrepreneur" of modern Japanese capitalism, has insisted on teaching "The Analects of Confucius" to corporate employees in person during his more than 40 years in business.
In the second half of the 16th century, European missionaries spread the Analects to the West for the first time. The German philosopher Leibniz, the French Enlightenment thinker Voltaire, and what Marx called "modern political economy" Famous European figures such as Quesnay, the "ancestor of learning", admired Confucius' thoughts and personality very much. Until now, there are still many Western thinkers trying to find inspiration for solving ethical and moral problems in Confucius' teachings. Therefore, the Analects of Confucius, as an important spiritual heritage of the Chinese nation, has had a huge impact in the history of ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad.
"Mencius" is a book that records the words and deeds of Mencius and his students. During the Later Shu period of the Five Dynasties, "Mencius" began to be included in the "Book of Classics", and when Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty compiled the "Four Books", "Mencius" was included. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it became a part of the imperial examination and became a must-read for scholars.
"Mencius" contains many long, majestic, sharp, witty and eloquent discussions, which had a profound impact on later generations of prose writing.
The Confucius Temple, Confucius Mansion and Confucius Forest Park in Qufu City, Shandong Province are the largest architectural complex to commemorate and worship Confucius and his descendants.
Confucius’ thoughts:
(1) Confucius’ ethical thought – “benevolence”. The core concept of Confucius' ideological system is "benevolence". The simplest expression of "benevolence" is "loving others", that is, respecting and sympathizing with others. It is the highest ideal that governs virtues such as "righteousness, propriety, loyalty, and forgiveness", and is also the highest standard of personal cultivation.
(2) Confucius’ political theory - "Government by virtue" and "rectification of names." Confucius put forward the idea of ??"ruling by virtue" in governing the country, believing that rulers should "rectify themselves and then rectify others" and govern the people with virtue. He expanded "benevolence" to the political field, requiring the monarch to love the people and implement benevolent government. He also put forward the idea of ??"correcting names", believing that everyone from the emperor to the common people should abide by their duties and match their names with their names. From this, he proposed the human ethics of "lord, minister, father, son, son".
(3) Confucius’ view of destiny - respect ghosts and gods and keep them at a distance. Confucius advocated "respecting ghosts and gods and keeping away from them". He advocated offering sacrifices to show sincerity to ghosts and gods, and it was not necessary to ask whether ghosts and gods existed. Compared with the destiny of ghosts and gods, Confucius paid more attention to human affairs, emphasized people's subjective efforts, and gave priority to exploring and solving practical problems in the world.
(4) Confucius’s view on education -
There is no distinction between education and distinction: He advocated that the objects of education should not be divided into high and low, virtuous and foolish, but should be treated equally, setting a precedent for civilian education.
Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude: In terms of teaching methods, he proposed "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and attached great importance to heuristic education, which is the source of modern democratic personalized education and heuristic education ideas.
Pay equal attention to learning and thinking: In terms of academic methods, Confucius advocated paying equal attention to learning and thinking, believing that "learning without thinking will lead to failure, and thinking without learning will lead to peril."
Balanced development: Regarding the teaching of academics, Confucius taught students the four aspects of "literacy, conduct, loyalty, and trustworthiness" and taught students "poetry, calligraphy, etiquette, and music". Therefore, Confucius’ teachings can be said to value the balanced development of morality, intelligence, body, and beauty.
The main thoughts of Mencius:
(1) The theory of good nature: This is the basis of all Mencius’ thoughts. Mencius believed that everyone has a heart of compassion, a heart of shame, a heart of respect, and a heart of right and wrong. These four hearts are the bud and foundation of human cultural norms—benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. He believes that if a person is unwilling to do good, he is "self-violating", "self-abandonment" and "self-thief".
(2) Thoughts of "benevolent government": Mencius inherited and developed Confucius's "benevolent" thoughts, and based on his theory of good nature, he proposed the political theory of "benevolent government" and "kingly way". "Benevolent government" means that the king can "enjoy himself with the people" and make the people's lives stable.
Mencius' theory of "benevolent government" includes the emphasis on the people, that is, people-centered thinking, which means that the people are regarded as the foundation of national politics. This is the most glorious part of Mencius' theory and a summary and improvement of ancient my country's humanitarian thought.
(3) Ideal personality: There are many ideas about ideal personality in Mencius' theory, such as "Everyone can be Yao and Shun"; "It's called a real man"; "Life is what I want, and righteousness is what I want; you can't have both, and one who sacrifices life for righteousness" and so on are all famous sayings that inspire people and have been passed down through the ages. .
Answer: ynhai888 - Vice President Level 11 1-21 22:00
1. Meng’s mother moved three times
Mencius’ mother had a son for him Good learning environment, moved three times.
2. The one who created the terracotta warriors
This idiom comes from "Mencius: King Hui of Liang": "Zhongni (Confucius) said: The one who created the terracotta warriors has no descendants! He is like a human being. And use it."
During the Warring States Period, Mencius and King Hui of Liang once discussed how to govern the country. Mencius asked King Hui of Liang: "Is there any difference between beating someone to death with a stick and killing someone with a knife?"
King Hui of Liang replied: "There is no difference."
Mencius asked again: "What is the difference between killing people with a knife and killing people with politics?"
King Hui of Liang said: "There is no difference.
Mencius continued: "Now there is plenty of fat meat in the king's kitchen and strong horses in the stables, but the people's faces look hungry, and there are people dying of starvation lying in the wild." This is someone in power leading the beasts to eat people! Your Majesty, think about it, it is disgusting for people to eat wild animals, so how can those in power be good parents and officials to the people when they bring wild animals to eat people? Confucius once said that the person who first started using figurines (the puppets or earthen puppets that accompanied the dead in burials in ancient times) must have had no descendants and no descendants! You see, it’s not okay to use human-shaped earthen dolls to bury people, so how can you let the people starve to death? ”
According to the saying of Confucius, “The one who started the figurines has no successors.” Later generations used “the one who started the figurines” as an idiom to describe the first person to do something bad or the founder of a bad trend. .
3. Fifty steps to laugh at a hundred steps. Fifty steps to laugh at a hundred steps.
During the Warring States Period, the princes and kingdoms adopted the strategy of joining forces vertically and horizontally, making contacts at a distance and attacking at a close distance.
< p>The wars continued for years, which made the people of all countries suffer. Mencius saw this and decided to travel around the country to persuade those warlike monarchs. Mencius came to Liang State and met the warlike King Hui of Liang. He said: "I have tried my best to govern the country and love the people, but I don't see the number of people increasing. Why is this?"Mencius replied: "Let me use war as an analogy!" When armies from both sides meet on the battlefield, a fight is inevitable. As a result of a fight, the defeated party will inevitably abandon their helmets and flee for their lives. If a soldier ran slowly and only ran fifty steps, but he laughed at the soldier who ran a hundred steps, he was "greedy for life and afraid of death." "
After Mencius finished telling the story, he asked King Hui of Liang: "Is this right? King Liang Hui immediately said: "Of course it's not right!" Mencius said: "Although you love the people, if you like to fight, the people will suffer." This is the same as fifty steps. "
The idiom is a metaphor for those who laugh at a big defeat with a small defeat. It is also used as a metaphor for "laughing at a hundred steps at fifty steps" to describe practices that are different in degree but essentially the same.
One violence Shihan
During the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and lobbying was very popular. Generally, lobbyists not only had profound knowledge and rich knowledge, but also used profound and vivid metaphors to persuade those in power. , the most prominent. Mencius was also a famous debater at that time. There is such a record in the first chapter of "Mencius":
Mencius was ignorant of King Qi, lacked perseverance and was gullible. The treacherous slanderer was very dissatisfied, so he said to him rudely: "The king is too unwise. Although there are living creatures with strong vitality in the world, you left them in the sun for a day and then left them in a cold place to freeze." It's been ten days, and it's still alive! The time I spent with the king was very short. Even if the king had some determination to do good, but as soon as I left you, those traitorous ministers came to deceive you again, and you would listen to them. What should I do? " Pressing on, he made a vivid metaphor: "Playing chess seems to be a trivial matter, but if you don't concentrate on it, you won't learn well and won't win. Yi Qiu is the best chess player in the country. He teaches He has two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and listens to Yi Qiu's instructions; the other is always afraid of the big swan coming and is ready to shoot the swan with an arrow. The two apprentices were taught by the same master and learned together, but the latter's grades were far apart. This is not a difference in their intelligence, but in their degree of concentration; "This is a very teaching story. If we want to learn something and do something well, we must concentrate and work hard." If you do something today, leave it behind, and do it again the next ten days, how will you do it well? This is also one of the determining factors for success in studying and doing things, so later people will refer to Mencius. The saying "One day is violent, ten days are cold" is simplified into the idiom "One day is violent and ten days are cold", which is used to describe the lack of perseverance in studying and doing things, and the impermanence of things. For example, a classmate was very casual about his studies. He had little time to study and a lot of wasted time. We asked him: What can he learn from such a cold-blooded approach?