", that is to say, regardless of men or women, only when they reach adulthood can they choose a name. The purpose of choosing a name is to make people respect them and for others to call them. Most people, especially peers and subordinates, are only allowed to call their elders by their names and not by their names.
The main basis for ancient people’s naming methods are as follows:
①Tautology. For example, Qu Yuan’s name is Ping, whose courtesy name is Yuan, and Confucius’ student Zaiyu’s courtesy name is Zi. I, Ji Lu, Ziyou, Yan Hui, Kongming, Tao Yuanming, Yuanliang, Zhou Yu, Gongjin, Zhugejin, Ziyu, and Wen Tianxiang, Jingrui, all fall into this category.
② Opposite meanings. The courtesy name of Jin Dynasty official Zhao Shui (meaning to decrease) is Ziyu (meaning to increase). The courtesy name of Zeng Dian (little black) is Zi Xi, and the color is white. Meng (Fu) was named Zi'ang, and Yan Shu was named Tongshu
③Lian Yi speculated that Zhao Yun was named Zilong (Yun Conglong); Chao Buzhi was named Wujiu; Su Shi was named Zizhan. "Zuo Zhuan Xi 28th year": "Jun Fengshi looked at it"); Yue Fei's courtesy name is Pengju.
From the above three categories, we can see that characters are closely related to names, and characters are often the complement of names. Or explain, this is called "name correspondence", which is the inside and outside of each other, so the characters are also called "table characters". These three are the main ones. In addition, there are the five elements of the stems and branches, the ranking of the characters, or the addition of the characters. Ranking, the addition of father (fu) after the character is generally included in the scope of the character.
Like naming, the character of life has the flavor of the times. A general trend is to beautify the word and respect the elderly. It is even more obvious in respecting the elderly.
After the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the strengthening of Neo-Confucianism, there were more and more red tapes, and scholars also made a fuss about addressing each other by names to show respect. , but after a long time, I gradually felt that the title was not respectful enough, so I came up with a nickname that was more respectful than the title.
The nickname is also called "Zhou Li·Chun Guan". "Da Zhu": "The name is given by the elders, and the name is more beautiful." The name is different from the elder. Titles such as honorific titles and elegant titles originated very early, but were not popular until the Six Dynasties. Ge Hong and Tao Qian had titles, but most people did not have them until the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are two reasons for this. : 1. Strengthened ethics and morality, 2. Literature was developed and literati paid attention to elegance. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the expansion of the scope of literati and the promotion of emperors, we can summarize the characteristics of ancient people's fate.
Self-titles generally have connotations.
1. Or the self-titles are based on the environment of the place of residence: For example, Tao Qian, who was nicknamed Mr. Wuliu, lived in Qinglian Township, Sichuan since he was a child. , so he called himself Qinglian layman. Su Shi was called Dongpo layman, and Xin Qiji was called Jiaxuan layman. Called himself Yuzhai. In his later years, Qianlong called himself the Shiquan Old Man and the Ancient Emperor. Xianfeng (Yi) calls himself a Taoist.
2. Or he named himself based on his ambitions: Du Fu, who called himself Shaoling Ye Lao, "Ten thousand volumes of books, a thousand volumes of ancient inscriptions, a piano, a game of chess, a pot of wine, a "Old Man" - "Sixty-One Lay Master" is Ouyang Xiu's self-title in his later years. He Zhizhang, who called himself Siming Kuangke; Jin Xinnong, who called himself a monk, porridge rice monk, both reflected his personal interests.
3. Some people also name themselves based on their birth date, age, literary artistic conception, physical features, and even shocking words.
Xin Qiji named himself Master Sixty-one, Zhao Meng was born in the year of Jiayin, and named himself Jiayinren; Yuan Zheng Yuanyou, named himself Shang Zuosheng; in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yunming named himself Zhuzhizhisheng, which later evolved among the people. Chengzhuzhishan. Zhu Zun, who called himself the Sunset Fragrant Grass Village, and Tang Yin, who called himself the most talented man in the south of the Yangtze River, was the person in charge of the marriage case in Pujiu Temple. Xu Shupi, a Taoist who calls himself Buried Alive.
There are three main situations in which others donate accounts:
1. Accounts based on anecdotal characteristics.
For example, Li Bai was known as the Immortal. In the Song Dynasty, He Zhu wrote a good poem about "the smoke of willows in the river, and the yellow plums in the rain", so he was known as He Meizi. Zhang Xian wrote three good poems with the word "shadow" in them: "When the clouds break and the moon comes, the flowers make their shadows", "The shadow of the mountain is seen where the duckweed breaks", and "The shadow of the swing passes through the partition wall", he is known as "Zhang Sanying". Another similar example is:
The mountain is covered with faint clouds. Qin Xueshi - Qin Guan's "Man Ting Fang" poem "The mountain is covered with faint clouds, and the sky is covered with decaying grass"
Dew flowers reflect willows Tuntian - Liu Yong, there is a sentence "reflection of dew flowers" in the poem "Po Zhenzi".
Zhang Guyan - "Jie Lianyan·Guyan" by Zhang Yan
Hongxing Shangshu - "Magnolia" by Song Qi (Minister of Industry) "The green poplar smoke is dawning outside the cold spring, The red apricot branches are full of spring."
The pen names and stage names of modern and contemporary writers can also be included in the category of accounts. Some are self-authored accounts, and some are gifted accounts.
Guo Moruo’s (pen name) original name is Kaizhen. Ba Jin, Xia Yan, and Bing Xin are all pen names (self-titles) rather than their original names.
Artistic name (gift number):
Zhang Yingjie - Gai Jingtian, Niu Junguo - Niu Decao, Xun Huisheng - Bai Mudan, Li Huimin - Bai Yushuang, Mao Childish yellow - Mao Sanshou.
2. Use official position, office or place of birth as the title. Wang Anshi was called Wang Linchuan; Du Gongbu (Du Fu), Jia Changsha (Jia Yi); Wang Youjun (Wang Xizhi); Tang Xianzu was called Tang Linchuan; Kang Youwei, a native of Nanhai, Guangdong, was called Kang Nanhai; Kong Rong, who was the governor of Beihai, was called Kong Beihai; Gu Yanwu, A native of Tinglin Town, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, he is known as Gu Tinglin. The folk song of the Qing Dynasty "Prime Minister Hefei Tian Xia Shou" refers to Li Hongzhang (a native of Hefei), and "Si Nong Changshu Shi Shi Shi Wu" refers to Weng Tonghe, who was a Changshu native and served as the Minister of Household Affairs at that time.
3. Use titles and posthumous titles as titles
Zhuge Liang was granted the title Marquis of Wuxiang, known as Wuhou; Sima Guang was granted the title Wen Guogong, and Yue Fei was granted the posthumous title Wu Mu.
After the Song Dynasty, literati mostly used nicknames to refer to each other, resulting in a situation where many nicknames were used in the world, but their names were ignored. Su Shi had 38 names in 14 categories throughout his life. Mr. Lu Xun was 57 years old in his life (1881-1936). *** used more than 140 names (mainly pen names).
Lu Xun's original name was Zhou Zhangshu, with the courtesy name Hencai, and he changed his name to Shuren. In 1898, he used the pseudonym Jia Jiansheng and Shuren for the first time. In 1818, when "Diary of a Madman" was published, he began to use the pseudonym Lu Xun. There were more after the 1930s, with the highest number being 26 in 1933 and 41 in 1934. These two years were also the peak of his creation and the period when he produced the most works.
Because the number can be picked up and given as a gift, it is free and changeable. As a result, many literati have many nicknames, and the number can reach dozens or hundreds. "Too many nicknames will cause confusion" (Zheng Banqiao's collection of paintings. Jin Qiu's paintings on the four lines). Therefore, after modern times, especially after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Since then, the use of pseudonyms by literati has greatly diminished. Many people publish their works using their real names instead of pen names. A few literati have nicknames, most of whom were famous before the 1930s and 1940s. For example, Lu Xun once called his study, Green Forest Study Room, and Jie Pavilion; Wang Li called himself Long Chong and Diao Zhai; Yao Xueyin, Wu Zhijing Zhai; Ye Shengtao never tired of living there, and Yu Pingbai Guhuai Study House, this can be said to be a legacy.