In 1274, Song Duzong died of excessive drinking and drinking. Four-year-old Zhao Xian became emperor with the support of treacherous court official Jia Sidao, for the sake of Song Gongdi. The grandmother, Empress Dowager Xie, and the mother, Empress Dowager Quan, listened to politics. But the military power is still in the hands of Jia Sidao.
At that time, the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty army had captured the northern half of China, and after gaining control of Xiangfan City, the most important passage to the south, it crossed the Yangtze River and headed for Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. On the one hand, Empress Xie ordered the "diligent king" throughout the country, and on the other hand, she begged for peace with the Yuan army. The Yuan Army, which was on a roll, was breaking through the defense lines of various places and successively surrendered the states in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1275, 3, troops led by Jia Sidao were defeated by the Yuan Army in Wuhu. Soon after, Empress Xie and Song Gongdi had to kill Jia Sidao under the oppression of the people of the whole country, but it was too late. The Song Dynasty was dead, and the situation of extinction was inevitable.
In the middle of the same year, the Yuan Army had occupied more than half of the territory of Jiangdong (today's Jiangsu Province).
On January 18th, 1276, the Yuan army led by Bo Yan arrived in Lin 'an. The court in the Southern Song Dynasty failed to make peace, so it had to surrender to the Yuan Army. In the same year, Empress Xie held the five-year-old little emperor Song Gongdi Zhao Xiancheng and surrendered to the Yuan Army. Later, the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty fought against the Yuan Dynasty in Fujian and Guangdong. Finally, in 1279, Zhao Min, the eight-year-old little emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, was cornered by the Yuan army and had to jump into the sea and die. The Southern Song Dynasty finally perished.
after Song Gongdi was captured, he was made a Duke of Ying by the Yuan Dynasty. When Kublai Khan arrived in Yuan Shizu in the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1289), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu suddenly gave 19-year-old Zhao Xian a lot of money and told him to become a monk in Tibet. So Song Gongdi, the little emperor of that year, became a monk, made many contributions to the Buddhist community and translated many Buddhist scriptures.
Zhao Xian became interested in Tibetan Buddhism when he grew up. At the age of eighteen, with the support of Kublai Khan, he went to Sakya Temple in Tibet and became a monk. After learning Tibetan, lha-btsun translated two Chinese Buddhist works, The Theory of Hundred Fames and the Theory of Getting Right Because of Ming Dynasty, as Tibetan.
Later, in 1323, the third year of Yuan Yingzong's reign, Zhao Xian knew his former identity and wrote:
A message to Lin Hejing, how long will the plum blossom bloom?
guests under the golden platform should not return.
This poem fully shows his yearning for the Southern Song Dynasty, and expresses Zhao Xian's condemnation of the Yuan government's unreasonable attack on the Southern Song Dynasty, thus violating the literary inquisition. Later, when the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty discovered it, he was furious and ordered Zhao Xian to die. He died at the age of 53.
As for the ending of Zhao Xian in Song Gongdi, there is a sentence in the Chinese version of "A Collection of Buddha's Past Dynasties": "In April of the third year of Zhizhi (1323), the Duke of Ying was given the honour to die in Hexi, where he summoned a monk, Confucianism, and collected scriptures."
[ Edit this paragraph] Zhao Xian's life experience
He died in July of the 1th year of Xianchun (1274), leaving three underage sons: Zhao Min, born to Yang Shufei, was 7 years old, Zhao Xian, born to the whole queen, was 4 years old, and Zhao Min, born to Yu Xiurong, was 3 years old.
Empress Xie called a group of ministers to discuss the establishment of an emperor. Everyone thought that Zhao Yun, the son of Yang Shufei, should be established when he was older, but both Jia Sidao and Empress Xie advocated the establishment of a second son, so Zhao Xian was established as an emperor to honor the emperor. Emperor Gong was still young at this time, so the Empress Dowager Xie listened to politics, but the real power of the imperial court was still in the hands of Prime Minister Jia Sidao. During the reign of Li Zong and Du Zong, the demise of the Song Dynasty was irreversible. Less than two years after Gong Di ascended the throne, Song Ting surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin, the great ancestor of the Song Dynasty, won it from the orphans and widows of the Zhou Dynasty, and finally lost it to the orphans and widows. Later generations wrote a poem sarcastically:
Chen Qiaoyi cheated his widows and orphans that day.
Who knows that after more than 3 years, widows and orphans were also bullied.
Orphans and widows: the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty
When Zhao Xian ascended the throne, the Song Dynasty was in turmoil. Mongolian fighters marched south, the situation got out of control, and the rule of the Song Dynasty was paralyzed.
in September of the 1th year of Xianchun, the Yuan Army launched a general attack on the Southern Song Dynasty. In December, Bo Yan marched on Ezhou, defeated the defenders of Hubei and Han led by Xia Gui, a Song general, in Qingshan Los Angeles, and Hanyang and Ezhou fell one after another. Bo Yan left some soldiers guarding Ezhou and led the main force himself, with Lu Wenhuan, the surrender of the Song Dynasty, as the front, continuing eastward. The defenders of the cities along the Yangtze River were mostly the old headquarters of Lu. Wherever the Yuan Army went, these people defected in succession, and the Yuan Army was able to successfully break through the Yangtze River defense line. In the spring of the first year of Deyou (1275), Anqing and Chizhou, the military towns, were captured, and the soldiers were at the gates of Jiankang.
After the fall of Ezhou, the defense line of the Yangtze River was opened, and there was a great earthquake inside and outside the government in the Southern Song Dynasty. All walks of life in the capital pinned their hopes on Jia Sidao, calling on his "teachers and ministers" to make personal expedition, hoping that he could achieve "reconstruction" like Li Zongchao. Jia Sidao had to set up a Doudufu in Lin 'an to prepare for the war. Liu Zheng, the commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army, was originally a junior in the Song Dynasty. At the end of Li Zong's reign, Jia Sidao promoted the "planning method" among military commanders to exclude dissidents. Liu Zheng persecuted his boss by using the "planning method" and was forced to surrender to Mongolia. Jia Sidao knew Liu Zheng's ability clearly. Because he was afraid of Liu Zheng, he was afraid to send troops. It was not until the first month of Deyou's first year that he heard that Liu Zheng had died that he happily said, "I am blessed." Above, Gong Di, request to go out.
Jia Sidao dispatched more than 1, elite soldiers from all walks of life, loaded with countless gold silks, armor and supplies, and even left Beijing with wives and concubines. The battle line stretched for more than a hundred miles (about 4 kilometers today). In February, I went to Wuhu to meet Xia Gui. When Xia Guiyi saw Jia Sidao, he drew a note from his sleeve, which read: "Three hundred and twenty years in the Song Dynasty." The implication is that the Song Dynasty has lasted nearly 32 years, and the national situation has been exhausted. Don't lose your life for it. Jia Sidao tacitly nodded acquiescently.
after Jia Sidao arrived at the front line, he led the rear army to station in Lugang, ordered the general Sun Huchen to command the front army to station in Dingjiazhou in the lower reaches of Chizhou, and Xia Gui led 35 million warships across the river. Knowing the intrepidity of the Mongolian army, Jia Sidao did not dare to confront it head-on, and still fantasized about walking away from the old road of making peace with Kublai Khan in Qingyuan (1259). Therefore, he ordered the release of prisoners of the Yuan Dynasty and sent litchi, orange and other things to Bo Yan, hoping to seek peace by paying tribute. However, at this time, the goal of the Yuan army was to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty, and the request for peace was flatly rejected. When the two armies were at war, Bo Yan broke through Sun Huchen and Xia Gui's two lines of defense in succession, and reached Lugang. Song Jun was defeated, and numerous people died. The river turned red, and Jia Sidao fled to Yangzhou in panic.
Jia Sidao, a military official in Pingzhang, was in charge of all the armies and horses. He was revered as a "master and minister" by all the officials, but he was so vulnerable. At that time, people sarcastically said:
Ding Jiazhou struck a gong, which scared away Jia myna.
The Duke of Zhou has become the wife of Zhou, who sent a message full of admiration.
After Jia Sidao's defeat, he became the target of public criticism, and there was a strong call for Jia Sidao's execution in the ruling and opposition circles. Empress Xie thinks that Jia Sidao worked hard for three dynasties, but he can't lose the courtesy of treating his ministers because of his sin. He only demoted Jia Sidao to Gaozhou Yong ying ambassador, followed the state's resettlement, and confiscated his property. When he went to Zhangzhou, Jia Sidao was killed by Zheng Huchen, a prison officer, in Mumian 'an, ending his life of arrogating power to the wrong country.
after the battle of lugang, the troops in the southern song dynasty suffered heavy losses and their morale was seriously frustrated. Bo Yan continued to descend east along the Yangtze River. In October of the first year of Deyou, the Yuan Army advanced to Lin 'an in three ways from Jiankang. Bo Yan was advancing Chinese troops to attack Changzhou. Changzhou is located in the traffic artery, guarding the gateway of Lin 'an, and its strategic position is very important. Bo Yan invested 2, troops here, and Changzhou Zhizhou Yao Chen Ying and Tongguan Chen Ying fought bravely. Bo Yan drove the residents outside the city to fill the moat with earth, and even used the earth-moving people as stacking materials, and finally built a dike around the city. On November 18, the Yuan army made a general attack. Two days later, Changzhou City was breached. The Yuan army carried out a brutal massacre, killing tens of thousands of people, and only a few people survived. The Changzhou Massacre produced the deterrent effect that the Mongolian invaders hoped for. Later, when the Yuan army approached Pingjiang, the Pingjiang garrison commander surrendered to the city without engaging in the battle.
With the approaching of Mongolian fighters, people in Lin 'an Prefecture were in panic, and a large number of people tried to escape from the capital, especially the officials of the imperial court, and took the lead to escape in order to save their lives. Dozens of ministers, including Zeng Yuanzi, who knew the Privy Council, fled by night. The Privy Council official who signed the book and Weng and the Privy Council official Ni Pu and others secretly instructed Yushitai and the suggestion court to impeach themselves in order to leave office and escape. Before the Yushizhang was signed, the two of them had already fled first. Empress Xie severely condemned these disloyal ministers, and wrote a letter saying, "I have always treated the literati with courtesy for more than 3 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Song Dynasty. Now how hard it is for me and the new king who succeeded me. You big and small courtiers don't see anyone calling for national salvation. Bureaucrats defected inside, county chiefs and county magistrates abandoned printing and lost the city outside, and the department of eyes and ears could not correct it for me. In 23, when I was in power, I couldn't advocate collective work, so I conspired inside and outside and fled at night. Reading sage books on weekdays, what is the promise! However, at this time, I made this move. Why should I face people and die? " However, the Queen Mother's condemnation was so feeble under the threat of Mongolian fighters that it could not arouse the confidence of domestic and foreign officials to fight for the Song Dynasty. After a short truce in the first month of Deyou's second year, only six officials appeared in the court. The escape of officials disintegrated the morale of the army and the people, making it impossible for the Song Dynasty to organize effective resistance, and the royal family fell into an isolated situation.
Jia Sidao has been removed from office. At this time, if the imperial court can cheer up and appoint a good minister, the situation may be reversed. But just at this time, the court made another serious mistake, that is, appointed Chen Yizhong as the prime minister. Under the auspices of Chen Yizhong, the Song Dynasty finally fell into the abyss of invulnerability. Chen Yizhong is a two-faced man who is arrogant and deceives the world. He is used to making high-sounding and high-profile remarks and condemning any compromise and concession. Chen Yizhong was quoted by Jia Sidao, but after Jia Sidao's defeat, he was the first to put Jia Sidao to death, in order to improve his reputation, without shame. The commander in chief's command in front of the imperial palace made Han Zhen propose to move the capital, and he even tricked him into his own home to kill him.
Chen Yizhong has long gained power and improved his prestige through this grandstanding performance and rhetoric, but in fact he is indecisive and pretends to be a resistance hero. At the turn of the spring and summer of the first year of Deyou, when the war was the fiercest, he was asked to go to the front line to supervise the war, but he hesitated and refused to leave the city. Obviously, Chen Yizhong could not risk his life for the Song Dynasty. In July, he left Lin 'an and fled to the southern coastal area far from the front line, asking the court to arrange his post in this area. He refused the order sent by the imperial court to ask him to return to the DPRK, so the Empress Dowager was helpless and personally wrote to his mother. With the intervention of his mother, Chen Yizhong returned to work in the capital. College students strongly criticized Chen Yizhong's escape behavior, accusing him of being timid, timid, an exaggerated two-faced, and a traitor like Jia Sidao.
when Chen Yizhong was in power, he wavered, hovering between peace and war, unable to make a decision. He shouted all kinds of rhetoric verbally, but in fact he was timid and afraid of things, and he didn't have the courage and talent to fight to the death with the Yuan Army. At the end of the first year of Deyou's reign, the situation became more and more unfavorable to the Song Dynasty, and there was no room for manoeuvre except complete surrender. Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie proposed to move their capital to the southeast for the sake of last stand. The timid Chen Yizhong rejected this proposal and made peace with one heart. On the 18th day of the first month of Deyou's second year, Empress Xie sent Minister Yang Yingkui to present the imperial decree to the Yuan army, begging Bo Yan to read the virtue of living in heaven, and to be lenient with the royal family in the Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty asked for face-to-face talks with the Prime Minister. Chen Yizhong was terrified by this request, so he once again abandoned the Queen Mother and the young emperor and fled Lin 'an that night.
After Chen Yizhong escaped, Mongolian fighters had arrived in Enemy at the Gates, and the situation was irreversible. Empress Xie appointed Wen Tianxiang as the right prime minister and a Tang Dynasty envoy to the Mongolian military camp for negotiations. Wen Tianxiang Lin Biao was detained by Bo Yan, and Empress Xie sent Jia Qing Yu to the embassy.
On the fifth day of February, a surrender ceremony was held in Lin 'an Imperial City, and Zhao Xian officially abdicated. On March 2nd, Bo Yan entered Lin 'an as a winner. Yuan Shizu issued letters to Bo Yan to send this and his subjects to appear before Dadu as soon as possible. Zhao Tong's mother Quan and a few attendants left Lin 'an and set foot on the journey to Dadu. Empress Xie didn't go with her because of illness, but she soon set off for the north under the pressure of the Yuan Army. At this point, the Zhao and Song Dynasties, which lasted for nearly 32 years, officially ended.
[ Edit this paragraph] Legend of Emperor Gong Shundi
Legend about Yuan Shundi being the son of Song Gongdi
There is a legend that when Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty to worship emperors of past dynasties, he always wondered that the image of Yuan Shundi, the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, looked like a Han Chinese, similar to Zhao Xianchang of Song Gongdi.
Later, it was discovered that Yuan Shundi's mother had been to Tibet, stayed for several months, and asked Zhao Xian for Buddhist scriptures. Later, by mistake, the emperor recruited her into the palace, and soon she was pregnant, which became Yuan Shundi.
Later, Zhu Yuanzhang let Yuan Shundi live in the desert and didn't intend to destroy him.
[ Edit this paragraph] The monk Gong Di
Song Gongdi's name is Zhao Xian, the second son of Song Duzong, and he was born to the whole queen. He was born in 1271, when the Southern Song Dynasty was in turmoil, and the strong military pressure of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty threatened the survival of the Southern Song Dynasty all the time. In the imperial court, however, a fatuous prime minister was in power. He was the emperor's uncle? Like the Tao. For his own sake, he secretly blocked the news of the Yuan Army's attack, so that Xiangyang City was besieged for six years, but the court did not know it. Until Xiangyang City was broken in 1273, the Southern Song Dynasty had already opened its doors wide. In 1274, an army of 2, yuan marched in and swept across the south of the Yangtze River. And just then, Song Duzong died, and four-year-old Zhao Xian acceded to the throne, that is, Emperor Gong. Because he was too young, the Empress Dowager Xie was appointed to the throne. At this time? It was impossible to hide the secret, so he was forced to lead 13, troops to fight the Yuan Army, which resulted in a crushing defeat and was later killed among the demoted disciples. After this battle in the Southern Song Dynasty, the regular army was actually finished. The imperial court had to issue a "mourning imperial edict" to all localities, calling on all quarters in the world to quickly "serve the king" in dispatch troops. At that time, Wen Tianxiang, who was the magistrate of Ganzhou, "held a letter to weep" and organized an army of about 1, people to join Zhang Shijie in Lin 'an. However, after all, the strength was very different, and a large number of ministers and officials at that time surrendered to the Yuan Army. The Yuan army soon killed Lin 'an at the gates. As a political threat, the Yuan army carried out a massacre in Changzhou, leaving only seven people alive. In 1276, Empress Dowager Xie sent Wen Tianxiang to the Yuan Army Camp to negotiate peace. After the talks broke down, Lin 'an could not keep it, so she had to surrender to the Yuan Army. Bo Yan, commander-in-chief of the Yuan Army, sent Dong Wenbing, Lu Wenhuan and Fan Wenhu into the city to appease the people, forbade looting, closed warehouses and confiscated Song Ting? Crowns, guibi, ceremonial ceremonies, pictures and a large number of treasures and artifacts. At a time when Zhao Xian was less than six years old, she was inexplicably sent to Beijing with her mother, grandmother and other court officials and court personnel. At this point, the Southern Song Dynasty court perished.
Zhao Xian arrived in Beijing. Soon, Kublai Khan summoned him and was made the Duke of Ying. complete