The famous Taoist temple built in Quanzhou in the Tang Dynasty, the original Baiyun Temple was changed to Zhongxing Temple in the first year of Shenlong (705) and renamed longxing temple in Kaiyuan. According to "Eight Min Tong Zhi", Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou is located on the right side of the polar palace, which was first built by Tang Shenlong and named Longxing. In the kaiyuan period (7 13-74 1), it was changed to kaiyuan view. In addition, there are Jinsuchong Guan Zhen and Zijing Palace outside Xingchun Gate in the southwest of the city.
A number of famous Taoist priests and scholars appeared in Quanzhou in the Tang Dynasty, which promoted the spread of Taoism in Quanzhou. For example, Cai Rujin, a Taoist with profound Taoism, is hiding in Qingyuan Mountain; Taoist Zheng practiced in Zimao Mountain, Jinjiang; Zhuo, a famous Taoist, practiced in Lingyuan Mountain in Jinjiang. He has a reputation as a Taoist priest in Hongyan and a famous scholar in Quanzhou, Ouyang Zhan. Wu Chongyue, a famous Taoist in Hui 'an County, entered Longxingguan in Quanzhou as a Taoist, specializing in collecting essence, and was named Mr. by the court, as well as Yang Qiao, a Taoist in Gaotianshan Mountain in Nan 'an County, who was good at Taoist. Luo Yin, a famous Taoist scholar, lived in Quanzhou during the reign of Tang Xiantong (860-874). He lives in the middle of Fujian, and has been to Luo Shang in Jinjiang, Luoshan in Hui 'an and other places to learn the truth, and his whereabouts have been labeled with magical romance, which is widely circulated in stories such as Painting a Stone Horse. Tang Jianchu (780), a poet of Qin Dynasty who fled to Fujian, lived in Youfeng, Jiuri Mountain, Nan 'an, Quanzhou, and devoted himself to annotating Laozi. In memory of him, the villagers named its peak Gaoshi Peak. Gao Shifeng's three seals are vigorous and simple, but they still exist today. During the Five Dynasties, Wang Min's regime advocated Buddhism and Taoism. King Jinjiang stayed in primary school, and Chen is the messenger of our times. He advocates Buddhism as well as Taoism. They are close to Taoists and build Taoist temples. At the end of the Five Dynasties, the palace was rebuilt in the west of Yingen Pavilion, Quanzhou, and Chen Jian Fengxian Temple. Wang Yanchang, the king of Fujian in the Five Dynasties, took Tan Qiao, a famous Taoist priest and Taoist scholar, as his teacher, and conferred the title of Mr. Zhengyi, a feather guest in Jinmen. The monarch of the Southern Tang Dynasty made Tan Qiao a filial son. Gan Long's "Quanzhou Fu Zhi Fang Wai" contains the word Jingsheng, a native of Jinjiang, Quanzhou, and the son of four-leaf bamboo in Guo Zi. He is knowledgeable, educated and likes Huang Lao's technology. He traveled to Zhong Nanshan, Huashan, Daishan and other places of interest. Worship Taoist Songshan as a teacher, learn the art of breaking the valley and serve him. After living in a cave in Lushan Mountain, Jiangxi Province. In his later years, he returned to Quanzhou and practiced in Zize Cave, Qingyuan Mountain in the northern suburbs.
Tan Qiao was a famous Taoist in Quanzhou during the Five Dynasties, and he also occupied an important position in the history of Taoism in China. His Taoist book Shu Hua has been handed down to this day. In Song Dynasty, Quanzhou was less affected by the war in the north, and its economy and culture continued to develop. In the second year of Yuan You (1087), the company set up the Municipal Shipping Department, and its overseas trade status was the same as that of Guangzhou and Mingzhou. The Song regime went south and exhausted the wealth in the southeast to support all the expenses in the world. Quanzhou's political, economic and cultural status has risen rapidly, and Neo-Confucianism combining Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism is also very popular. Quanzhou Taoism experienced the development of Tang and Five Dynasties, and entered a new period of integration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, Quanzhou built or rebuilt a large number of Taoist temples. Only local chronicles recorded Tianqing Temple, Guangxiao Temple, Jingzhen Temple, Baiting Temple, Bixu Temple, Dongyue Palace, Chenghuang Temple, Fashi Zhenwu Palace, Chunyang Cave in Qingyuan Mountain, Beidou Hall and Zhenjun Hall. There are Hui 'an's view of worshipping truth, Anxi's view and Nan 'an's view of Xu.
Many famous Taoist priests appeared in Quanzhou in Song Dynasty. They are either good at calligraphy or Huang Qi, or they are famous for all kinds of supernatural things. For example, Su Shaocheng and Zhu Zeng, Taoist priests of Tianqing who are good at piano, visited the house, presented "Lianjing" and wrote inscriptions for their pianos. Chen Yiwen, a Taoist priest in Tianqing, was famous for his Taoism in Qing Dynasty. During the first year of Qing Dynasty (1 195- 1200), he was named "Master of Defending the Soviet Union". Taoist Pei from Chunyang Cave in Qingyuan Mountain, Taoist from Tianzhu Peak in Qingyuan Mountain and Taoist from Fashiyuan were all famous Taoist priests at that time.
Taoism teaching in Quanzhou was widely used in Song Dynasty, and Taoist classics were widely used, which had a great influence on later generations. For example, Lv Huiqing (1032-11), a famous official, is a scholar and a supporter of Wang Anshi's New Deal. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), he made a seal for Zongshen.
Zeng Yao, a native of Jinjiang County, Quanzhou. In the 11th year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), he served as a teacher and was in charge of the finance of Hu, Guang and Gan. The seventeenth year of Shaoxing (1 147) was the year of Ganzhou. He compiled the great book Daoism, and advocated that learning Daoism should be based on purity and introspection.
The literati who lived in Quanzhou in Song Dynasty attached great importance to the worship of Taoist gods, and they all used it to publicize Confucianism or serve the development of overseas trade. For example, in the second year of Jiayou (1057), Zhao Ya, assistant minister, founded the Meng Temple (the later Fuchenghuang Temple), which interacted with local officials to govern Quanzhou. Jiading and Shaoding learned about the Zhendexiu in Quanzhou twice, wrote "Zhenwutang Zhu Wen" many times, and went to the Zhenwu Palace in Fashi to worship the Taoist gods, praying to eliminate the flood and ensure the farming season. In the 22nd year of Shaoxing (1 152), Zhang Ruxi, a senior minister, built Dongyue Palace to worship Di Qing, one of the four Taoist gods. Magistrate Ni Sijing, Taoist priest of Tianqing, Chen Yiwen. Neo-Confucianism Zhu Zun Dao Su Shaocheng. Zhenwu Temple became a place for quanzhou county to watch and worship the sea gods in the Song Dynasty. Businessmen went out to do business and prayed for the blessing of the gods, which reflected the development of Quanzhou's overseas trade in the Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, according to the record of "Continued Records and Official Outlines", the central government set up a annals; The government set up the Dao Ji Division, with a viceroy and a deputy viceroy; The state has set up road management personnel and set up road management personnel; There will be a Taoist association in the county, and there will be a Taoist association. The official history of the Ming government's management of Taoist affairs was generally filled by Taoist priests, with only official positions and no salary. Quanzhou Dao Ji Division is located in Xuanmiao Temple.
In the first half of the Ming Dynasty, Taoism was still prevalent, and many temples were built in the whole state, such as Jinsuzhen Temple in Zimao Mountain, which was rebuilt during the Hongwu period (1368- 1398). Hui 'an people Yang Bilu and Zhang Chongdao rebuilt the Dongyue Palace in Hui 'an. According to Ganlong's "View of Quanzhou Prefecture Governing Altars and Temples", at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, a disciplined Taoist lived in the mysterious temple in Quanzhou, and his disciple was the famous Taoist Dong Bohua. In the middle of Ming dynasty, Confucianism was the pillar of feudal ruling thought, and Taoism was regarded as heresy. However, it emphasizes the teaching of Shinto as a teaching aid, and absorbs some thoughts of Taoism to enrich Confucianism as an effective tool of feudal rule. So in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, although the upper Taoism gradually declined, folk Taoism was still very popular. Such as Yongle (1403- 1424), Tianshun (1457- 1464) and Chenghua (1465- 1487). In the ninth year of Daoism (1444), Wu Yunjing, the Taoist priest, built an ancient mysterious room in Zimaoshan. Jingtai three years (1452), rebuilt Dehua's Taoist worship view; During Xuande period (1426- 1435), Li Sen built Anxi Qingxi Palace; During Jingtai period (1450- 1457), Taoist Chen Jinghuai rebuilt Keshan Temple in Hui 'an. During the Tianshun period (1457- 1464), Jinlong Temple was built in Li Sen.
Some famous Taoist priests also appeared in Quanzhou in the Ming Dynasty, such as Wu Yunjing and Dong Bohua. Dong Bohua, a native of Jinjiang, was enlightened by Wu Yunjing and later released to the Zijing Palace in Qingyuan Mountain. When Bohua was alive, he gave him all the portraits of four people named Feng, Lei, Yun and Yu, as well as one of them. Grinding water will make him feel worse. These four portraits are called "four eyes", that is, the eyes of the god of wind and thunder and sex in the painting, which are opposite to the eyes of the viewer from any angle, so they are called "four eyes". It can be called the stunt of Quanzhou local painting in Ming Dynasty. Today, these four paintings are still well preserved in Quanzhou Cultural Relics Management Committee.
In the early 1950s, Lin, a professor of anthropology at Xiamen University, came to Quanzhou to conduct archaeology. It is said that the descendants of Guo in Dongjie, Quanzhou, still preserved the ancestral Taoist Leigong stone and pictures of clouds, wind, thunder and rain, and immediately visited the Guo family. His descendants said that Leigong Stone could be given to Xiamen University, but the photo of Gu Si's eyes was gone. In the late 1950s, Xiamen Customs discovered Gu Si's eye paintings and returned them to Quanzhou.
There has long been a legend of Lei Gong in China, thinking that the Lei Guild fell from the sky with an axe. In the Han Dynasty, there was a statue of Thor in the stone carvings of Wushi Temple in Shandong. Shen Kuo's Dream Creek in the Song Dynasty said: There are thunder axes and wedges in the world, and Raytheon has more than enough thunder. In other words, the stone tools of ancient humans were buried underground, and they were discovered after a thunderstorm and washed out of the ground by running water. I didn't know what it was, so they made a fuss, so they became superstitious and even used the power of tripterygium wilfordii to ward off evil spirits and treat diseases. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty also listed Leigongshi as one of the drugs, and indicated that its function was to treat people who were frightened and ignorant. The usage was to drench the stone, extract it by grinding juice, or boil it.
The Leigong Stone in Quanzhou is actually a Neolithic stone hairpin, rectangular and flat, with a length of 14.3 cm, a width of 6.3 cm and a thickness of 2.2 cm. One side of the blade is inclined and the other end should be flat. But it has been ground into a circle by grinding water and used to treat diseases. Leigong Stone is kept in Dajia Anthropology Museum in Xiamen. The rediscovery of Dong Bohua's Wind, Clouds and Thunderstorms and Leigong Stone in Ming Dynasty provides us with material objects for studying Quanzhou Taoist ideology and culture in Ming Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, some famous Taoist scholars appeared in Quanzhou, such as progressive thinker Li Zhi, official Chen Yongbin and Xie Yuan Li Guangyun. In the Qing dynasty, the supreme ruler adopted the policy of emphasizing Buddhism and restraining Taoism. During the Qianlong period, the official rank of Zhengyi was reduced from level 2 to level 5, and it was forbidden to send judges to spread news. This also limits Shi Tian's authority and only allows him to control the masses in this mountain. During the reign of Daoguang, the court stopped the traditional celestial ceremony, and the status of the upper Taoism declined day by day. However, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty continued to use folk Taoism as a supplement to maintain their rule. Therefore, Quanzhou folk Taoism is still popular. According to the imperial literature, the Taoist officials in Qing dynasty inherited the Ming system. Quanzhou Dao Ji Division is still located in Yuanming Temple (renamed in Kangxi period). During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the official Taoism in Quanzhou had to go to Shitianfu in Longhu Mountain, Jiangxi Province to get a Taoist position.
For the purpose of teaching aid, the Qing government repaired some important temples in Quanzhou many times, so some Taoist temples were preserved. Such as Yuan Temple, Dongyue Palace, Fu (county) Town God Temple, Beidi Temple, Fashi Zhenwu Temple, etc. In the Qing Dynasty, Quanzhou local government also raised the sacrifice specifications for some important Taoist concepts to facilitate enlightenment. For example, in the early Qing Dynasty, there were two festivals in the Spring and Autumn Period for the city god temples of Fu and County, and in the 19th year of Guangxu (1893), the city god temple of the three religions in Quanzhou was named Zhao Wei.
In the Qing Dynasty, Quanzhou also had some famous scholars who studied Taoism, such as Li Guangdi, the prime minister of Anxi during the reign of Kangxi. Since the late Qing Dynasty, Taoism in Quanzhou has been influenced by the New Culture Movement and impacted by foreign religious cultures (Christianity and Catholicism). Especially in the 1920s and 1930s, there was a superstition-breaking movement in Quanzhou, and folk Taoism suffered the most. Many temples and ritual vessels were destroyed, some Taoist priests were forced to change careers, and most of them were scattered among the people, making a living for people. Therefore, it is difficult to find a Taoist with high theoretical accomplishment. According to statistics in the early years of the Republic of China, there were still two or three Taoist priests in Quanzhou and its suburbs. Even Yuanming Temple, the earliest and largest Taoist temple in Quanzhou, was once inhabited by several Quanzhen Taoists from other provinces, but they were at odds with local secularized Taoists, and their views soon left. At that time, the place was not peaceful, warlords were fighting, bandits were rampant, temples were often occupied by garrison troops, and caves in the mountains were bandits' nests. In the eighth year of the Republic of China (19 19), Yang Wushan, a rock Taoist in Nantai, Qingyuan Mountain, Quanzhou, was robbed and killed by bandits.
In the early years of the Republic of China, Taoist priests in Quanzhou went to Longhu Mountain in Jiangxi Province to take office. Later, this system was gradually abandoned and simplified to copying good news, road quotations, Guan Wen and Fu Yong as entry procedures. Taoist priests in Quanzhou are divided into "Zhong Zun" and "Gentleman", which are identified and approved, and filed with Taoist discipline departments and relevant government departments, and are called "Na Zun". Only after accepting the ceremony of the statue can it be recognized as the statue in the middle.
Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan 'an and other places have always been rich areas for overseas Chinese, and folk Taoism is very popular. Most of the local Taoist priests are orthodox, and most of them are Taoist priests at home and do not fast. These Taoists worship ghosts and gods, recite incantations, exorcise demons, and pray for disaster relief. These secularized orthodox Taoists are in contradiction with Quanzhen Taoists from other places. For example, Qiantang of Yuanming Temple in Quanzhou is the abbot of Quanzhen Taoism in other places, and advocates practicing and worshipping Sanqing, but it has little economic income. Houdian is the abbot of the local secularized orthodoxy, who works for people and earns a lot of money. Therefore, friction often occurs between the two Taoist schools in the temple, which was once eased under the mediation of Huang Yi, a famous local gentleman in Quanzhou. However, the Quanzhen Taoist priests in Qian Dian left one after another because of their meager income and no life. As for the Taoist priests in county towns and rural temples, they all make a living by their local practices.
During the Republic of China, Taoism in Quanzhou showed the characteristics of the integration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. This feature began to appear as early as the Song Dynasty, which can be said to be the combination of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, forming an increasingly huge spiritual system. In this system, there are Confucius, Guan Fu, Tian Xuan God, Tathagata, Bodhisattva, Eighteen Arhats, Yan Army in the underworld, Qi Ma Shi, Bao Sheng Da Di, Tian Fei, unknown princes, wives and mothers, and historical figures such as Cai Xiang, Zhang Xun, Chen Yuanguang and Zheng Chenggong. It can be said that Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and miscellaneous gods are integrated into one. This kind of temple with three religions in one is very common. The most famous ones are Tianfei Palace at the south gate of Quanzhou City Gate and Huxiu Temple in Shishi yongningzhen. Therefore, some Taoist temples have gradually changed into temples mainly dedicated to Buddhism, and similarly, some Buddhist temples have also changed into Taoist temples mainly dedicated to immortals. This became a major feature of Taoism spreading in Quanzhou at that time. After the founding of New China, Quanzhou Municipal People's Government established the Bureau of Religious Affairs to guide and manage all religions. With the policy of freedom of religious belief, Taoist priests enjoy equal rights with citizens. During the period of 1954, Quanzhou Cultural Center organized a Taoist group, including Taoists from Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan 'an and other places, to collect and sort out Taoist music and dance circulating in Quanzhou. Such as the Dragon Palace offering treasures, Plum Blossoms, Jade Ruyi Dance, Land Gong Di Po, Zhong Kui playing ghosts, etc. Some programs also participated in cultural performances and street activities in Jinjiang Special Zone and Quanzhou City. 1in April, 957, Chen, a Taoist from Dongyue Temple in Quanzhou, went to Beijing to participate in the establishment of the Chinese Taoist Association and elected Chen as its president.
1965, Quanzhou Taoism stopped its activities. During the Cultural Revolution, Yuanming Temple and huang temple, the capital city, were demolished and rebuilt, their instruments were confiscated, and Taoist priests changed careers. Since 1980, the people's government has reiterated the policy of freedom of religious belief, and religious activities that have been interrupted for many years have gradually resumed. Some famous Taoist temples in Quanzhou have been reopened, such as Dongyue Temple in Quanzhou, Fuchenghuang Temple and Chenghuang Temple in yongningzhen, and Taoyuan Temple (Tian Xuan Jingu) in Yongchun County. 1In February 1989, Quanzhou Taoist Culture Research Association was established (1997 was renamed Quanzhou Folk Belief Research Association), and quarterly magazines such as Quanzhou Taoist Culture Newsletter, Quanzhou Taoist Culture Research and Quanzhou Folk Belief Research were published. 1In May, 995, Quanzhou Taoist Association was established, and its meeting place was Yuanming Temple. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of Taiwan Province Province, many Quanzhou people crossed the ocean to farm in Taiwan Province Province, and Taoism also spread eastward to Taiwan Province Province. At the same time, western colonists came from the east and occupied all parts of Southeast Asia. In order to plunder local resources, they need a lot of labor. At that time, Quanzhou people, who suffered from cruel feudal plunder and war, immigrated to Southeast Asian countries in large numbers for their livelihood. After the Opium War, according to the unequal treaties, more Quanzhou coolies were sent to Southeast Asia, America and Australia. After Zheng successfully recovered Taiwan Province Province, thousands of people migrated from Quanzhou to Taiwan Province Province for farming, and his descendants also migrated from Quanzhou to Taiwan Province Province. After Shi Lang unified Taiwan Province Province, many Quanzhou people moved to Taiwan Province Province, and these Quanzhou immigrants brought their Taoist beliefs to Quanzhou. For example, there are more than 0/00 sets of furnace/KLOC in Chenghuang Temple in yongningzhen, shishi city in Taiwan Province and other places; There are more than 200 Chenghuang temples in Anxi County, Taipei. According to the records of overseas Chinese affairs in Quanzhou, from 184 1 to 1875, the number of people going abroad in Quanzhou reached 164280, with an average of 4694. From 1906 to1910/year, the number of people going abroad in Quanzhou reached 198377, with an average of 33063. Taoist culture in Quanzhou has also spread to all parts of the world with immigrants.
During the Daoguang period, Quanzhou people established the Taoist Temple of Heaven, Tianfu Temple and Tianfu Palace in Singapore. In 14 (1925), Chen Gaocheng, a Taoist priest from Yuemiao Temple in Quanzhou, lived in Singapore and set up a mixed Taoist temple to spread Taoist culture. Chen Gaocheng's third son, Chen, and his fourth son are both fathers. So Taoist priests in Singapore today are all descendants of Chen. Professor speer, a French sinologist, studied Taoist rituals and went to Singapore to learn from Chen, becoming the 24th generation disciple of Chen's Taoism.