The Qidan nationality is a descendant of the northern Xianbei nationality, whose ancestral home is the Daling River in western Liaoning today and the Xilamulun River (Yellow River) in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, upstream of the Liaohe River. The Book of Jin contains: Sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in the seventh year of former Yan Murong Mu (343), Murong Mu attacked Yu Wengui, the leader of Yuwen Xianbei, from Yandu Longcheng (now Chaoyang, Liaoning), and "captured his people and fled to Mobei. More than 50,000 people migrated to Changli from thousands of miles away. The number of fallen horses is calculated from five to ten, which is more than 350 thousand. The "Changli" mentioned here refers to Beipiao, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province and Yixian, Jinzhou City. Mobei is located in the northeast of Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, around Hexigten and Balinzuoqi. During the pre-Southern and Northern Dynasties in China's history, Yuwen Xianbei (including some Murong Xianbei who did not join the Northern Wei Dynasty after subjugation) had evolved into the Qidan nationality, mainly concentrated in the Songmoxila Mulun River and the Laoha River (Tuhe River) basin. The long-standing story of "White Horse and Young Cow" vividly expresses the ethnic origin of the Qidan people. The main idea of the story is: Yuwen Xianbei and some Murong Xianbei living in western Liaoning province go south from the western end of Yiwulu Mountain along the Laoha River as a symbol, while Yuwen Xianbei living in the southeast of Inner Mongolia and the paddock area of Hebei Province, as a symbol, comes from the southern end of Daxing 'anling along the Xilamulun River, and the two kindred tribes are perfectly combined. From the historical records, we can see that there were many records about respecting "white horses" in western Liaoning at that time, and the custom of "green cattle" in Songmo grassland was also very long. By the end of the Sui, Tang, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Khitans volunteered to join the Party. Under the effective management, the local government of Qidan was established in the Tang Dynasty. The main method of the Tang Dynasty was to set Yingzhou (now Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province) as the host country, and set Song Mo as the viceroy in the territory of Qidan, with the leader of Qidan as the viceroy. The Khitan people highly admire the Central Plains culture, and their politics, economy and culture are deeply influenced. For example, Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, became a "star" among the Khitans, and Ye Lubei, the eldest son of Lu Ye Baoji, even claimed to be "Huang Ju-nan, with a happy word" for worshipping Bai Juyi. In the late Tang Dynasty, after a long period of edification, the Khitan had been partially divorced from nomadic life and basically adapted to the production mode of semi-grazing and semi-farming. At the same time, it has become a part of the body of the Tang Dynasty, with a deep degree of sinicization. Some people focus on the early alien characteristics of Qidan, and even don't regard many Qidan settlements as the land of the Tang Dynasty, which is unreasonable. Some ceramic theorists in Liao and Song Dynasties regarded the gradual southward migration of Qidan as a prairie alien who suddenly broke into the Central Plains. In fact, they confuse the early Khitan with the Khitan who was baptized for two or three hundred years and accepted the Chinese culture and was a subject of the Tang Dynasty. In a sense, the Khitans are not pure nomadic grassland people. The central region where they live is basically at the junction of the Central Plains and grasslands. This vast cultural plate drifts with the east-west or north-south forces, or absorbs part of the Central Plains or increases grassland elements. Based on this, according to archaeological excavations, the Khitans mastered the ceramic technology very early, especially in western Liaoning, the ancestral home of the Khitans, and the development of ceramic handicrafts in Shanxi and Hebei in the Tang Dynasty was basically synchronous. At the latest in the late Tang Dynasty, the production of ceramics as daily necessities and building components has reached a considerable scale.
At the end of Tang Dynasty and the beginning of Liao Dynasty, the land of China was divided, and the provinces in the Central Plains fought for hegemony, which caused great disasters to the people and severely damaged the economy. Take the population as an example. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, there were 52.92 million people in China (AD 755) and 4.96 million people in Tang Wuzong (84 1-846). From the end of the Tang Dynasty in 907, China entered the post-Southern and Northern Dynasties. After the Southern Dynasties (955-960), the population of Zhou Shizong was only1.2000, and it only recovered to 2 million in the early Song Dynasty. When the Central Plains was in turmoil, the Khitan regime of the Northern Dynasty, whose ancestral home was in western Liaoning and the end of the Song Dynasty, had a larger population than that of the Southern Dynasties, and its power became stronger and stronger, dominating the North, and the provinces of the Central Plains competed to win over. At this time, the Khitan regime was actually the most powerful separatist force in China at that time, and its territory gradually expanded, moving southward and entering the Central Plains. Since the early Tang Dynasty, the Khitan nationality has been immersed in Chinese culture for a long time. After Tang Huichang's legal dilemma, Zhou Shizong destroyed the Buddha. /kloc-for more than 0/00 years, the Buddhist forces in the Central Plains almost fell into extinction, but they moved to the territory of Qidan in various ways. The territory of Qidan has become a paradise for oriental Buddhism, and the entry of a large number of Buddhists will inevitably aggravate the origin of Central Plains culture in Liaoning. In addition, since the end of the Tang Dynasty, due to various reasons such as war, a large number of Han people moved to the territory of the Khitan regime. The Khitan rulers regarded a large number of Han people as the source of wealth and national strength, adopted an enlightened national policy, and established a multi-ethnic country dominated by Khitans and Han people, which further aggravated the northward movement of Han people. Many famous Han Chinese joined the Khitan regime, which formed a far-reaching situation of Zonghan, and the regime became stronger and stronger. Thus, three months before the official demise of the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907), Yelv Baoji ascended the throne, and in 907, the Khitan (Liao) Dynasty was established. The Khitan dynasty adopted a unique two-state system in history, sometimes called "Da Liao", sometimes called "Khitan", and sometimes used both. At the same time, as an indispensable means of subsistence in that era, ceramic production developed rapidly in Liaoning. The political, economic and cultural centers of the Liao Dynasty have always been in western Liaoning and southeastern Inner Mongolia. This area is basically consistent with the central area of prehistoric Hongshan Culture. The pottery production in this area is very developed, which has all the conditions for ceramic production. It lasted until the end of Tang Dynasty and the beginning of Liao Dynasty, which was basically synchronized with the ceramic production level in other parts of northern China. However, due to the lack of historical materials, some historians regard it as a wilderness or grassland nomadic area, which is actually a time-space disorder and far from the historical truth. Northland ceramics has its own development track, and its inheritance of the charm of the prosperous Tang Dynasty even surpassed that of the Southern Dynasties, the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty in some aspects.
Liao dynasty porcelain can be summarized into five kiln sites:
Huang Lin kiln, near Huangfu in Liao Dynasty, and now the forest movement, that is, Zuo Qi and Aqi in Bahrain, kiln sites appear constantly;
Songshanyao Liao Dynasty was located in Songshan area, which is now the village of corridor ao in Houtougou Township, Songshan District, Chifeng City.
Yanjing Kiln was Xijin House in Nanjing in Liao Dynasty, and now Longquan Wu Village, Longquan Town, Mentougou District, Beijing;
Liaodong kiln was Dading House in Liao Dynasty, which continued the reputation of "Liaodong" at that time. Now it is the official village of Xiaotun Town, Liaoyang County, Liaoning Province.
Datong Kiln is the Datong mansion of Liao Dynasty, and now it is Zhuangjie Village, Celadon Kiln Township, hun yuan.