Cold weapons generally refer to weapons and equipment that directly kill the enemy and protect oneself in battle without using thermal energy strike systems such as gunpowder and explosives, thermal power mechanical systems and modern technological killing means. Cold weapons in a broad sense refer to All combat equipment in the cold weapon era. Cold weapons can be divided into stone, bone, clam, bamboo, wood, leather, bronze, steel, etc. according to their materials. They can be divided into offensive weapons and protective equipment according to their uses. Among offensive weapons, there are It can be divided into three categories: combat, long-range and bodyguard; according to combat use, it can be divided into infantry warfare weapons, vehicle warfare weapons, cavalry warfare weapons, water warfare weapons and city attack and defense weapons, etc.; according to the structure and shape, it can be divided into short weapons, long weapons and so on. Weapons, projectile weapons, tied weapons, protective gear, equipment, military vehicles, warships, etc. Many cold weapons are made of composite materials and have more than two uses and properties. Classified according to their main materials, uses and properties. Cold weapons appeared in the early stages of the development of human society and evolved from labor tools such as farming and hunting. With the development of war and production levels, they have experienced a process of development and improvement from low-level to high-level, from single to diverse, and from complex to unified. . The development process of cold weapons in various countries and regions around the world has its own characteristics, but it can basically be attributed to the age of stone and wood weapons, the age of bronze weapons, the age of iron weapons, and the era of the combined use of cold weapons and firearms. Among them, the age of stone and wood weapons lasted the longest. The Bronze Weapon Age and the Iron Weapon Age were the heyday of cold weapons. The era of simultaneous use of cold weapons and firearms was an era of gradual decline of cold weapons. However, with the development of science and technology, cold weapons have become more sophisticated and used more rationally. The performance of cold weapons is basically based on close combat killing. In the era of cold weapons, weapons only improve quantitatively, but there is no qualitative change. After the beginning of the firearms era, cold weapons are no longer the main weapon in combat. However, due to their special functions and different development processes in various countries and regions, cold weapons have been used to this day.
[Stone Tools]
Tools or weapons made from clothing. Mainly refers to sharp blades. In the Paleolithic Age, hammered tools were used. In the Neolithic Age, polished tools were popular, and a certain number of hammered tools were also used. Baiqi continued to be used in the Pickaxe Age, and was replaced by tools in the Iron Age. The Age of Hundreds of Weapons was an era in which weapons and tools were integrated. Each of the hundreds of weapons of the Yin Dynasty had the dual function of weapons and engineering. It was not until the primitive era that weapons were separated from tools. Stone tools are the source of weapons.
[Stone tools]
Refers to stone tools that are processed from stone flakes. Such as scrapers, pointed tools, etc., which usually have the dual functions of weapons and tools. It was the main tool for human production and warfare in the Paleolithic Age.
[Cracked Stone Tools]
Use stone cores or pieces made from stones to process them into stone tools of a certain shape. Types of stone choppers, scrapers, pointed tools, etc. It is the main tool or weapon in the Stone Age.
[Grinded Stone Tool]
Refers to a tool with a polished surface. The stone is first beaten or cut into the appropriate shape, and then ground and processed on the backing stone. There are many types, common ones include axe, rust, chisel, knife, inlaid, cluster, etc. Partially polished stone tools began to appear in the Mesolithic Age. Full-body polished stone tools were widely used in the Neolithic Age, and they continued to be used in the Bronze Age. It has the dual functions of weapon and tool.
[Stone Weapons]
Weapons made from natural stone by ancient people. It is a kind of cold weapon. It was transformed from stone tools. The production was rough and simple at first. In the Xia Dynasty, the production became more sophisticated and there were many types, such as stone knives, stone shovels, stone sickles, stone spears, stone spears, etc. Due to the slow development of productivity at that time, its use lasted for a long time. It was still used intermittently until the era when copper weapons were prevalent. Later, after the rise and progress of copper weapons, it basically disappeared.
[Bronze Weapons]
Weapons made of copper in ancient times are a type of cold weapons and were popular in the Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn Periods. With the improvement of pottery making and smelting technology, it first developed from red copper weapons to bronze weapons. Bronze is an alloy of three metal elements: copper, tin, and chromium.
When smelting bronze weapons, as the tin content of the alloy increases, the melting point gradually decreases, while the hardness increases accordingly. According to tests, the bronze knives of the Shang Dynasty contained about 80 parts of a stone of copper, and about 80 parts of a stone of tin and lead. Fifteen; the copper content of a sword is about eighty parts of a stone, and the tin and lead are about twenty parts of a stone; the copper content of jealousy is between that of a sword and a sword. In addition to copper, tin, and lead, it also contains iron, silver, silicic acid, and other trace elements. Bronze weapons are made with exquisite craftsmanship, and their surfaces are carved and inlaid with various beautiful patterns. Some weapons even have inscriptions cast on them. According to ancient book records and archaeological unearthed cultural relics, copper weapons are very popular north of the Great Wall of China, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and in Shandong, Shaanxi and other places. Offensive bronze weapons such as bronze swords, bronze spears, bronze knives, bronze halberds, etc., and protective weapons such as bronze armor, etc. The shape and craftsmanship have also been continuously developed and improved. It was not until the emergence and development of iron weapons that copper weapons were replaced by iron weapons.
[Iron Weapons]
Weapons made of steel in ancient times are a type of cold weapons. It began in the late Spring and Autumn Period and became popular in the Warring States Period and even in the long period of the invention of firearms. It mainly includes iron swords, iron staffs, iron awls, iron whips, iron maces, iron guns, etc. With the continuous advancement of steelmaking, the quality, shape and type of iron weapons have also continued to develop and improve. Their shapes have gradually become unified and stereotyped, but their performance has not yet departed from the scope of close combat, which is mainly direct killing. Iron weapons gradually disappeared after the emergence and development of firearms.
[Long Weapons]
The collective name for longer hand-held combat weapons in ancient times. The term "long weapon" is used in comparison with shorter hand-held fighting weapons. In ancient times, there were no strict size standards for the classification of long weapons and short weapons. Generally, cold weapons that were equal to or longer than the body length and were mostly used with both hands were classified as long weapons.
[Short Weapons]
The collective name for shorter hand-held fighting weapons in ancient times. The term "short weapon" refers to the comparison with longer hand-held fighting weapons. In ancient times, there was no strict size standard for the division between long weapons and short weapons. Cold weapons that were less than body length and were mostly used for fighting with one hand were classified as short weapons.
[Projectile Weapon]
A cold weapon that uses the inertia of an object to fly independently in the air for a certain distance and then kill the enemy. There are many types of projectile weapons, which can be divided into hand-thrown weapons, throwing instruments and ejection instruments according to the form of imparting flight power. Projectile weapons originated from stones, sticks, etc. used for hunting in primitive societies. Later, bows were made by bending tree branches and tightening them with ropes. With the development of labor and war practices, metal hand-thrown weapons and more complex throwing and ejection instruments appeared. After the emergence of shooting weapons, the role of projectile weapons gradually declined, and now they have become hunting, sports and special equipment. Projectile weapons use human arm strength, gravity, the elasticity of wood, and the elasticity of rolled or elongated fibers to throw various projectiles to kill the enemy's active forces and destroy their defenses. Commonly used methods include: throwing nitrogen
·Wolf fang hammer, flying set, sling, spear thrower, bow, bend, Greek arsonist, thrower, bow and arrow, self-shooter, javelin, short throw lance, Dredd spears and projectiles.
[Weapons tied]
In ancient times, ropes were tied to weapons that could be retrieved after being thrown against the enemy. Tie weapons are divided into striking, hooking, tying and other types according to the killing method. Strike and hook-cutting weapons were also called dog soldiers in ancient China. Binding weapons are generally called strings. System weapons are a combination of projectile weapons, long and short weapons, and have unique functions. This kind of weapon is not the main weapon of the army and is often used for specific personnel and tasks.
[Body Equipment]
In ancient times, it was directly used to protect the human body
[Horse]
from enemy weapons. General term for equipment and equipment. It can be divided into two categories: protective equipment attached to the human body and hand-held protective equipment. Human
[Horse]
Body protective equipment includes helmets and armor. Armor can be divided into protective armor for the human body and individual parts, such as face and neck armor, chest armor, hand guards, armor skirts, etc. Hand-held protective equipment generally used shields in ancient countries.
Bodyguard equipment can be divided into wood, bamboo, rattan, leather, metal and other types according to the materials it is made of; according to its function, it can be divided into pure defensive type and combined offensive and defensive type
[such as fire-breathing shield]
p>Two categories.
[Rong]
The general term for weapons in ancient China. Such as the bow, zhang, spear, spear, and halberd, they are called the Five Military Forces. "Book of Rites·Kingdom": Rongqi is not in the market. Zheng Xuan's note: Rongqi is also a military weapon. "
[五兵]
The collective name for a group of weapons. The record of the Five Arms was first seen in Zuo Zhuan in the 27th year of Duke Zhao
[515 B.C.]
Yin Zichang, the son of Chu's evil Qing Dynasty, once took five armors and five soldiers...but all the gates were on the left." The five soldiers are divided into five chariot soldiers and five infantry soldiers. According to "Kao Gong Ji Lu" People", the five weapons of the chariot are the sword, the branch, the halberd, the chief's spear, and the barbarian spear; these five weapons are placed on the carriage of the chariot for the soldiers to fight. /p>
The five infantry soldiers, according to the "Sima Fa" quoted by Zheng Xuan in "Zhou Li, Xia Guan, Si You", include bows, arrows, spears, and Chinese The weapons and equipment of the army in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period were considered to be a combination of the basic organizational units of the infantry at that time and the echelon configuration of weapons with different killing distances. The combination of weapons can give full play to the power of the coordination of multiple weapons, which is the principle stated in "Sima Law" that "unmixed weapons are disadvantageous". This term gradually became a general term for weapons.
[Eighteen kinds of weapons]
The Chinese folk general name for ancient weapons comes from the theory of "Eighteen kinds of martial arts". Over time, the theory of "eighteen kinds of weapons" evolved. There are eight or nine specific methods, and there are two common ones. One refers to knives, spears, swords, zai, cudgels, sticks, beams, etc. Mirror, axe, hungry, shovel, plate, whip, mace, hammer, fork, spear and spear. Another way of saying it is from Ming Dynasty's "Five Miscellaneous Groups" and Zhu Guoji's "Yongzhuang Xiaopin". It refers to the bow, mandarin duck, spear, knife, spear, sword, shield, axe, halberd, whip, mace, lao, shou, fork, climbing head, rope, and self-beating. The first 17 types are the names of weapons. It is a bare-handed boxing technique.
[Ancient Combat Equipment]
The equipment used for combat engineering support in ancient times can be divided into large, medium and small equipment according to their size; they can be divided according to their functions. It is offensive type, defensive type, mobile support type, maintenance support type, etc.; according to the scope of use, it can be divided into infantry and cavalry battle array equipment, offensive and defensive city equipment, water warfare equipment, vehicle warfare equipment, etc.
[Ke. Ramaka]
Some sharp cutting and stabbing weapons recorded in ancient Indian books.
Among them are;
[1]
Tweezers are on the bottom, 4 arms long, metal hand-held weapons;
[2]
Paros, 24 angul U angul equivalent to 1 inch]
Long double-handled iron weapon;
[3]
Gong Te, a javelin with about 7 arms, or 6 arms, or 5 arms;
[4]
Hart invitation, a triangular spear;
[5]
Medpala, giant javelin;
[6]
Sura, pointed spear; Diao]
Damora, a stick with an arrow-shaped front end and 4 arms, 4 and a half arms, or 5 arms;
[8]
Pig ears, the top end is like a pig ear Shape, a sharp wooden stick;
[9]
Shanana, an iron weapon, with triangles at both ends, 20, 22, and 24 angul in the middle It has double handles;
[10]
Ying Lopana, the throwing objects in the hand are spears, the weights are 7, 8 and 9 yoersha respectively
[1 Haoersha is equal to 16 grams]
It can throw one stone Tuo Nusha
[1 Tuo Nusha is the length of l bow]
;
[11]
Tela Xiying, a sharp-edged iron weapon.
[Chopping and Smashing Tool]
A Stone Age tool or weapon with an irregular shape. The edge of gravel or stone core is beaten into a thick blade for chopping and smashing. Commonly found in Paleolithic and Neolithic sites.
：Six-gun weapon spectrum, body-guard weapons
[Armor]
The collective name for protective equipment for the head and torso in the cold weapon era. It has many names, but it is basically divided into two parts: head protection helmet and body protection armor. Armor can be divided into armor body, armor skirt, armor sleeves and accessories. In the early days, people used animal skin wickers, cloth covers with padding materials, wood, etc. to be fixed on the torso to protect them from weapons attacks. With the development of production technology, leather armor, knee armor, and copper (bronze) cast armor gradually appeared. Plate armor hammered from a single piece of metal, chain mail woven from metal, etc. The earliest bronze armor appeared in Asia. Bronze armor has appeared in the Mesopotamia around 2600 BC, in China during the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and in India during the Vedic era. The earliest large-scale use of iron armor was the Assyrians in the Middle East. In the process of the popularization of armor, matching armor to protect specific parts such as neck armor, face armor, wrist armor, breastplate, and gloves also appeared. In some Asian countries during the feudal era and in medieval Europe, armor was highly valued.
It was extremely well-made and expensive, and there were also armors made of gold, silver, and rare leather. With the widespread use of modern firearms, the protective effect of ancient armor on the battlefield has gradually decreased, and it was eventually replaced by bulletproof vests made with modern technology
Steel helmets and other armors.
[Mirror Armor]
A kind of protective armor that protects against attacks. It looks like a shirt, but the secret is to sew some belts or thin metal sheets onto leather clothing. Sometimes the armor was covered with velvet and decorated with pressed patterns and carved patterns. Chain mail and fish scale armor appeared in the 13th century, and were gradually replaced by chain mail and fine armor from the 13th century. In Russia, armor was a long gown tightly connected with small rings, usually small iron rings.
[Chain Armor]
Protective equipment used to protect the body during ancient battles. Generally, iron is forged into small pieces, and then the small pieces of iron are connected with iron chains. They are closely interlocked together to form a garment-like shape, making them soft and light to wear. Popular in the Tang Dynasty of China.
[Blade Armor]
A kind of protective equipment to prevent cold weapons and firearms from killing. Initially, strong linen or leather clothing was used. With the advent of metal, copper sheets, back copper sheets, iron sheets and steel sheets were installed. In ancient times, various ethnic groups in the East had leaf armor. Gold metal leaf armor was produced there and was later widely used by the Romans. There are two types of leaf armor: leaf armor and fish scale armor.
After the widespread use of firearms
(from the 14th century), blade armor became thick metal partial armor that protected the trunk, limbs and other parts respectively.
[Face Armor]
The front part of the helmet is used to prevent cold weapons from attacking the soldier's face. Face armor was used in ancient and medieval times. The face armor is tightly connected to the helmet, and some of it is movable. Made of iron or steel in the form of solid tiles or scales. The faceplate of the French cylindrical helmet is an extension of the front wall of the helmet, and has 2 eye holes and 1 to 2 nose and mouth holes. Ancient Russian helmets actually had no face armor, but only a narrow, arrow-shaped piece of metal hanging down in the center of the face. Ancient Russian soldiers also wore ball-topped helmets; sometimes this helmet also had chainmail shoulder pads, which could be lowered to cover the back of the head, neck, shoulders, and also the face.
[Neck Armor]
An accessory for protective gear. It was used in ancient times and the Middle Ages to protect the back of the head, neck, shoulders and shoulders of soldiers from injuries caused by cold weapons. In the ring armor, the neck armor is in the shape of a lock and is rounded to the edge of the soldier's helmet, hanging down from the shoulders. In the blade armor, the neck armor is made of a whole iron plate or several metal plates connected by rings. In the seamless knightly armor of the Middle Ages, the neck plate was the main component of protective equipment. The neck armor connects the blade armor, mantle and helmet. It is carefully crafted according to the size and shape of the warrior. It is divided into two parts, the front and rear parts. The left side is connected with a movable hinge, and the stone surface is connected with a dark beat.
[Breastplate]
A piece of equipment used to protect the chest and back of soldiers from cold weapons and firearms. It consists of two solid curved plates - chest plate and back plate. Ancient breastplates were made of dense felt sheets covered with leather. Later, iron breastplates appeared, with the front and back halves connected by rings and hinges or iron belts on the top, and fastened by a belt on the bottom. The chest is embellished with pressed patterns or inlaid ornaments, and is gold-plated or plated. It weighs 6 to 10 kilograms and is 1 to 3.5 millimeters thick. In the Russian army, the cuirass was used to equip heavy cavalry in 1731. After a short period of use (180a-812), it was used as protective gear until the 1860s.
Later it was only used as a dress uniform in the regiments of the 1st Cavalry Division. The breastplates of soldiers, officers and other personnel of the Guards Cavalry Regiment varied in structure and number of ornaments. The Guardsmen's breastplates had a smooth surface with copper ornaments. The Russian cuirassiers only wear breastplates when riding in horse formation. Due to the continuous improvement of firearms, the breastplate became the ceremonial equipment of the Guards Cavalry (until 1917).
[Armor Gloves]
A hand guard accessory in ancient armor. Ancient mirror armor did not have gloves at first, but later used leather, felt, etc. to protect the back of the hands. After the appearance of exquisite metal chain mail and forged armor, a blade popped out from the lower end of the arm armor to protect the back of the hand. In Europe, chainmail mittens were developed in the early 13th century, and later armored gloves with five separate fingers were made.
[Chinese Iron Armor]
Iron armor appeared in China around the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Armor is also known as armor, "Shi Ming·Shi Bing": "Armor, still armor. Armor, strong and heavy words, or armor of Wei." Iron armors of various generations are often made according to materials and bodies, and come in many shapes. In the Han Dynasty, iron armor was called black armor to distinguish it from gold armor and bronze armor. The army of the Han Dynasty was generally equipped with iron armor. The fish scale armor was unearthed from the tomb of Liu Sheng, King Jing of Shenshan in the Western Han Dynasty, in Mancheng, Hebei Province. It weighs about 16 5 kilograms and is decorated with 2859 pieces of iron armor. According to measurements, at that time, the armor pieces were forged from a block of iron and then annealed and decarbonized, making them tough. The wearer's torso and elbows are covered with iron armor, which is shaped like a half-sleeved jacket. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Xianjuu cheese shop was called Diaoguang armor. The shape of the dang armor is similar to the shape of the dang in clothing. It is composed of a breastplate and a back armor. There are large mirror-like metal circles on the chest and back of Mingguang Armor. The armors of the Tang Dynasty came in various shapes. According to the "Liu Dian of the Tang Dynasty", there were thirteen types: namely, bright light armor, scale armor, mountain armor, black hammer armor, white cloth armor, soap and silk armor, cloth back armor, infantry armor, leather armor, Wooden armor, lock armor, and horse armor are mainly used by infantry and cavalry. After the Song Dynasty, although firearms appeared, armor was still an important protective equipment. There are several types of mirror armor in the Song Dynasty: steel chain mail, black lacquered waterside mountain spring armor, bright light fine mesh armor, bright lifting armor, and walking armor.
According to "History of the Song Dynasty·Bing Zhi", the total weight of a set of mirror armor in the Song Dynasty was 45 to 50 kilograms, and there were 25 armor leaves. The manufacturing time was 120 working days, and the cost was three and a half. The Ming Dynasty focused on reducing the weight of armor, reducing it to 40 to 25 pounds per pair, mostly iron armor and chainmail. The armor equipped in the early Qing Dynasty inherited the craftsmanship tradition of the Ming Dynasty. It also absorbed the advantages of armor-making craftsmanship of various ethnic groups, and the armor's protective capabilities and exterior decoration have improved. The Gufu Museum preserves the imperial armor used by Emperor Gaozong Hongli of the Qing Dynasty, consisting of a bronze helmet and a collar. It consists of eight parts: arm guard, battle robe, chest protector, bronze mirror, battle skirt and combat boots. The armor is lined with steel plates, and the Mingha plates, Ohjiangbian, and robes are densely decorated with copper stars. The armor of ordinary warriors is made into waistcoats and horse-shoe sleeve robes. The outside of the shirt is embroidered and densely studded with steel stars. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, when the new army was training, Western-style military uniforms were changed and iron armor was abolished.
[Cotton Armor]
A nail made of textiles. It was mainly used in the Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and ancient Persia of Shen State. Made of cotton, linen, fabric and other materials, it consists of an armor body, armor sleeves, an armor skirt, as well as accessories such as forearms and calf sheaths. The surface of the nail may be dyed in various colors, with large copper or iron armor bubbles nailed on it. The material of cotton armor is relatively light and soft, and the clothing is wide. In combat applications, iron armor can move more freely, and it can withstand the shooting of primary firearms after getting wet. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing Dynasty organized and trained the "New Army" and used modern guns and artillery. Mianjia was discontinued along with other armors.
[脄]
Chinese helmet. Zhou was called Douli after the Warring States Period and helmet after the Song Dynasty. According to Chinese legend, the earliest Zhou was created by Zaoyou. People used animal horns and rattan skins to make helmets. The earliest bronze armors unearthed so far are from the Shang Dynasty. They were all made of bronze and decorated with animal patterns. Bronze helmets, also known as helmets, were used as protective equipment for the head during ancient battles. They were shaped like a cap and could protect the top of the head, face and neck at the same time. They were popular during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Bronze armors of the Zhou Dynasty were also made from a single piece. On the left side, the two sides extend downward to form ear protection. In some cases, there is a mutton-row round nail protruding from the peripheral broad band. The unearthed Zhou Zhou has a simple shape. During the Warring States Period, iron pocket mirrors appeared, which were made of layers of iron armor. From then on to the Song Dynasty, helmets were generally made from a single piece of mold, embellished with iron armor pieces, or a combination of the two. "The Ming Dynasty husband's helmet generally inherited the Song Dynasty system, with some improvements. The Ming Dynasty imperial guards used lock helmets. The iron bowl resembled a skullcap, and the lower edge was equipped with a lock steel wire mesh. The helmet was about eight inches high, and the mesh was about one foot long. The mesh ring Very fine. The soldiers' iron helmets are relatively simple, with few decorations. The iron bowls are tall and wide, and the entire helmet is wide at the bottom and narrow at the bottom. The iron helmets used by officers are engraved with dragon and tiger patterns. Inlaid with gold and silver, the helmet has a tassel that can be inserted into it. After the widespread use of firearms, the shape of the iron helmet became lighter. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the armor became a decoration for ceremonial guards and inspections, and was rarely used in actual combat. In the late Qing Dynasty, Western-style helmets were introduced to China and became common protective equipment for infantry. The armor was made of leather, and the leather was mainly rhinoceros leather, turtle skin, buffalo leather, etc. All were equipped with armor, and some horses also wore armor. After the emergence of iron weapons at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, leather armor could not withstand the blows of sharp weapons and gradually gave way to iron armor. However, leather was still used as a lightweight protective equipment for thousands of years.
[鞨]
Ancient Chinese leather breastplate. "Guanzi·Xiaokuang": "The misdemeanor Lan Dun, Shi Le and Er Ji. "Yin Zhizhang's note: Lan, which is the so-called Lan Shi, is also a military frame. Picking up leather, heavy leather, be careful to hold it, you can guard against arrows."
[Ancient Egyptian Helmet]
The Egyptian army before the New Kingdom fought without armor and relied entirely on shields for protection. Later, metal and sewn armor appeared. Helmets are available in bronze but more are sewn. The helmet is sewn very thickly, and its length generally reaches the lower part of the ear, and the longer one hangs down to the shoulder. The shape is consistent with the shape of the head, and it is fastened to the head. The king's helmet is raised and has a spire. Some helmets have round ornaments on the top, like bird crowns.
[Ancient Egyptian Armor]
The appearance of the fish-scale armor of the New Kingdom was composed of about 11 horizontal rows of metal sheets, fixed by bronze nails. The scales are more than 1 inch wide. Sleeves are short, sometimes less than half of the elbow. The breastplate is mostly without ribs, and the sleeves are long, almost reaching the elbows. The length of the cuirass is generally no less than 2.5 feet.
In order to reduce the pressure of the breastplate on the shoulders, the Egyptians tied it tightly around the waist with a belt and used armor vests sewn from linen material.
[Assyrian pointed helmet]
The Assyrian pointed helmet is conical in shape, with 1 to 2 rings at the bottom. There is usually a semicircular shield on the front. Some helmets There is a hanging neck protector, covered with metal sheets to protect the forehead, neck, ears and back of the head. This kind of neck protector is complicated to make. Sometimes it is a simple metal plate connected to the lower edge of the helmet. It only protects the ears and cheeks, and is semicircular or semielliptical in shape. Assyrian peaked helmets found in archaeological discoveries were made of iron, with the lower ring and forehead guard made of copper.
[Assyrian bird-crest helmet]
There are many kinds of bird-crest helmets. They are made of metal. The helmet itself is semicircular or large semicircle, and the lower edge of the helmet is connected to the drooping Neck and ear caps. There is a horse crown on the top, some are made of metal, some are a tuft of hair, some are curved forward to form a hook shape, and some are curved forward and backward to form a double hook shape.
[Chinese Leather Armor]
Armor is a protective equipment for humans and horses in ancient combat. Chinese legend has it that armor was invented in particular, and the standing army was already equipped with armor in the Xia Dynasty. Early armor was made of rattan, wood chips, leather and other raw materials, mainly leather. In the Shang Dynasty, the donkey's trunk was protected by its whole skin, and its limbs were not covered with armor. Because it was inconvenient to fight when wrapped in a whole piece of leather, by the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, armor made of small pieces of leather appeared. In the Zhou Dynasty, full armor consisted of three parts: body armor, armor pieces, and armor sleeves. Each part was connected by a small piece of leather with a ribbon.
[Assyrian Armor]
The Assyrians were the first people to use iron armor. Assyrian armor can be roughly divided into two types according to its length. Early armors were longer, some reaching the feet and some reaching the knees. The armor of this period was simply iron scales and copper sheets sewn in rows on linen or felt clothing. The armor in the later period was shorter, with its length no longer than the waist. According to the length of the scales, it could be divided into new and old types. One end of the scales is square, while the other end is round. The scales are made of iron and copper. The old armor scales were about 2 to 3 inches long, while the new ones were no more than 1 inch. Assyrian armor usually had short sleeves that reached midway between the shoulders and elbows.
[Byzantine Cavalry Armor]
Byzantine Empire Cavalry Armor. It is a pot-shaped helmet or a conical helmet with ear protection and a tuft of colorful horsehair on the top of the helmet. Wearing chainmail, woven from leather strips and metal sheets, iron shoes on the feet, leather boots or light armor on the upper part to protect the lower legs, and iron gloves on the hands and wrists. The armor is covered with a lighter cotton cloak or long coat. Fully paid heavy armor weighs 30-50 pounds. The mane on each cavalry helmet is the same color to distinguish it from other troops. The horses in the front row of the queue are equipped with head, chest and greaves.
[Persian Fish Scale Armor]
A kind of armor of the Persians. Persian fish scale armor had sleeves. Persian and Mede infantry and cavalry wore such armor. Armor is made of rows of metal sheets connected together, some made of bronze or iron. The armor of noble cavalry was often gilded. These armors were produced by the King's Armory Workshops. There are several types of fish scale armor patterns. The first type is made from metal flakes. The upper edge of the scales is right-angled and the lower edge is rounded. It comes in various sizes, ranging from 1·5 cm to 5 cm. Armor made of metal (bronze) scales was produced in Syria and Palestine in the second millennium BC. There are two production forms
(both scales are fixed on a soft base): the first type has holes in the upper, middle and lower parts of the scales, and the entire plane is fixed on the soft base; The second form is that the scales only have holes in the upper part, and sometimes there are holes in the middle. Only the upper part of the scales is fixed on the soft bottom. The second type is made from rectangular sheets of metal. This type of sheet is rectangular, with a length of 2.5 to 9 cm and a width of 1.2 to 3.2 cm. Most rectangular sheets have 4 holes, one on each corner, for threading ropes (or leather strips). The third type is usually made from thin square sheets of iron plated with gold. The fourth type was made from rectangular sheets of bronze with many holes on the sides.
The Persians in the Achaemenid era also had armor made of non-metallic soft materials, such as armor made of linen, felt, leather and other materials.
[Ancient Indian Armor]
Ancient Indian armor is adapted to local conditions and comes in many varieties. According to the Arthashastra, there are the following types: 1) Loha Kalik, a whole body protection made of iron wire; (2) Loha Padra, an iron armor that covers the whole body except the hands; (3) Loha Ying. Po,
An iron armor covering the head, chest, and arms; (4) Rahasudra trace, a protective shield made of iron wire tied to the waist or legs; (5) Sirastrana , helmet; (6) Gandatrana, throat armor; (7) Kuropas, breastplate; (Gamingka, knee armor; (9) Brabana, full body armor to the feet; (10) ) Padu, the armor with only the arms exposed; (11) Nagdharika, gloves; (12) Pati, armor made of plant fiber; (13) Yimara, animal skin armor.
[Ball-top helmet]
A combat protective helmet made of iron, steel or copper, a type of helmet. It consists of a helmet ring, a helmet head and a tube with an apple-shaped or pine spherical ball on the top. The helmet ring is equipped with a shield, ear protection, nose protection, hood and neck protection. It was first used in Eastern countries from the 12th to the 17th century and later spread to Russia and Western Europe.
[Shield. ]
A hand-held defensive weapon in ancient times. It was first made of wood, bamboo, and leather, and later made of copper and iron. The shape was mostly rectangular, circular, or trapezoidal, with colors and patterns on the back. The handle is usually used with weapons such as knives and swords. Shields were widely used in ancient Eastern, ancient Greek and Roman countries. After the appearance of copper in the second millennium BC, the outer surface of wooden shields appeared. A protruding metal plate is usually fixed in the center. The shield is covered with one or more layers of leather to prevent damage from arrows, spears and swords. The shield can be tied with a belt during combat. On one arm, or holding its handle; when marching, it is hung on the back by the belt on the inside of the shield. The shield's surface is usually painted with various colorful patterns, logos, badges, etc. From the 9th to the 13th century, it was in the shape of almonds, triangles and circles. Wooden shields with iron guards were widely used in Western and Eastern Europe. By the middle of the 13th century, with the development of cold weapons and improvements in armor, the height of infantry's almond-shaped shields was reduced from 1.7 meters to 0.75 meters. The diameter of the cavalry round shield also shrank to 0.75 meters. From the 15th to the 16th century, round iron shields with a diameter of about 0.5 meters began to dominate. In China's primitive society, simple shields became more complete in type and shape. , also known as "Qian" and "Pai", the name, shape and size of the shield are also different. For example, "Shiming" records that the large and flat shield originating from the Wu region is called "Wukui", and the shield originating from the Shu region is called "Wukui". The shield with the bulge at the bottom is called "Dian shield". Another example is that the shield used by infantry is called "Zi shield", the shield used by cavalry is called "Pangliu", etc. The Ming Dynasty also invented some shields used with firearms. It contains firearms or arrows and can be fired when approaching the enemy. It can not only protect oneself, but also kill the enemy. With the development of fire weapons, shields have gradually been abandoned. However, among some peoples in Central Africa, South America and Oceania Islands, The shield is still used today.
[Chinese Shield]
The ancient Chinese shield is also called "Qian, Bingjia". When fighting, the shield is held in the left hand for self-defense, and the blade is held in the left hand. Kill the enemy. Shields are generally no more than three feet long, mostly rectangular or trapezoidal, and some are round. The larger shield is called "Wukui", or Wu Ke. The shield used for chariots was smaller and was called a contradiction. There is a handle on the back of the shield to facilitate hand-held combat. A large defensive shield is called. "Peng Pai", about eight feet high, can be used by the leader to cover himself. It is equipped with guns and wood and stands on the ground. It is used for city defense, water warfare, and large shields for setting up camps. It is a defensive weapon. Most of the shields are made of wood, Made of rattan and bamboo, some were covered with rawhide. Due to their heavy weight, the shields were rarely used on the battlefield except for ceremonial purposes. The surface of the shield was painted with patterns of dragons, tigers, gods, and birds. During the Shang Dynasty, shields were decorated with bronze ornaments, often made into ferocious animal or human faces, to intimidate enemies. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, rectangular wooden backs with painted surfaces and exquisite patterns became the main body protection for cavalry in the Song Dynasty. Use small round side cards, and infantry use rectangular pointed side cards.
"The army in the Ming Dynasty mostly used light shields, such as hand shields, rubbing shields, swallow-tail shields, etc. Each side is five feet long, mostly made of poplar or pine wood, and is about two feet wide. Also A round shield made of rattan, about two feet in diameter, with a slightly higher rim to prevent the arrow from slipping and hurting people. After the advent of firearms, Assyrian wicker shields were gradually eliminated. Shield]
This kind of shield is very similar to the shield of the ancient Persians described by Herodotus. The shield they used was made of wicker shields. More than the height of a soldier; the width can cover two to three people. Some of these large shields are rectangular in shape; some have a square shape with the top protruding backwards at right angles to the shield body; and some start from a certain height (about 2,3). Curved inward and gradually narrowing, it finally forms a peak shape. This is the most common type. When fighting, the shield bearer and the archer work in pairs. The shield bearer carries a short sword or spear and stands on the ground. This large wicker shield is most suitable for siege battles, with its upper part curving inwards and its top protruding back like a roof. It can effectively block the stones thrown from the city. When using this large shield alone, you can lean the pointed shield against the wall and hide in it to carry out siege operations. There is also a slightly smaller wicker shield, which is about half. This small wicker shield is used to protect one or two people.
[Assyrian round shield]
The round shield is more commonly used among the Assyrians. Chariots mostly used round shields, as did infantry spearmen and retainers of early emperors. The shields were generally made of metal and therefore relatively small, rarely exceeding 2 feet or 2 and a half feet in diameter. Curved inward. Some of the metal materials of the round shields were made of bronze, some were made of iron, and a few were made of gold and silver. Later, round metal shields were made for a few upper-class figures such as kings and high-ranking officials. The shield was replaced by a round wicker shield of the same shape, with a rim made of hardwood or metal, sometimes decorated with a protrusion in the center.
[Assyrian convex