Definition
Xinmin dialect is a local language in some areas of Guangxi (such as Luchuan, Binyang and other counties and cities). The same category also includes "Yaya dialect" (Qinlian area), Changlesheng (Hezhou), Mogehua (Liuzhou and other places), etc., belong to the Hakka branch. Some scholars said: The people who speak New Min dialect are Hakkas. The Hakkas come from the Central Plains and are one of the eight ethnic groups of the Han nationality. The New Min dialect is the Central Plains phonetic system. The ethnic group who speak Chinese have lived in Bobai, Luchuan and other places for generations, and their culture is also an indispensable part of the local area.
In terms of language classification, the "Chinese Language Atlas" published in 1987 classified the distribution area of ??New Minhua as Hakka, but did not classify New Minhua into a specific area (such as Guangdong and Taiwan films) , Cantonese-Chinese films, etc.), that is, Xinminhua belongs to the undivided category of Hakka; in the "Chinese Language Atlas" (Second Edition) published in 2012, Guangxi Hakka including Xinminhua is not clear Sharding.
Note: Regarding Yahua and Xinminhua, some areas are only called Xinminhua, some areas are only called Yahua, and there are also areas where both names coexist. History of "Guoyu" in the Tang and Song Dynasties
Xinmin dialect originated from Shang and Zhou Mandarin. It was separated from Central Plains Chinese in the late Tang and early Song Dynasties. It still retains a large number of pre-Qin words and phonology. This can be seen from the Hakka people's Xinmin dialect It is shown in the recitation of pre-Qin classics and Tang and Song poems that anything that cannot rhyme in Mandarin can rhyme in Hakka. Some scholars even pointed out that the new folk dialect originated from the standard "Guoyu" of the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Luo Xianglin believes in "A Study on the Origin of the Hakka": "In terms of racial inheritance, the Hakka ethnic lineage is a strengthened bloodline that has been preserved through selection and elimination." The "Meixian Native History Reader" records: "The guest It is the most powerful faction in the Chinese nation." Bo Yang's "Outline of Chinese History" said: "During the Great Split in the fourth century, the Chinese nation moved south from the Central Plains and settled around the Wuling Mountains. Because they were overseas residents, they were called 'Hakkas'. Their descendants still practiced customs in the third century. The ancient Chinese language in the Central Plains may be the purest among the Chinese nation. "When Ma Ying-jeou was interviewed by a Hakka TV station in Taiwan, he also emphasized: "Without Hakka, there would be no Hakka culture!" (Note: Hakka is the official language. It can be seen that from Cai Mengji, Huang Zunxian, Hong Xiuquan, Zhu De, Ye Ting, ***, Huang Zunxian, Chen Yinke, Luo Xianglin, Qiu Fengjia to "Everyone" like Shing Tong Yau, as well as Taiwan's "President" Ma Ying-jeou, Thailand's Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, and Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong all speak the Hakka language. It is not difficult to see why the Hakkas still adhere to the "prefer to sell their ancestral fields and never forget their ancestral words" after thousands of years. The family motto and the ancestral intention of "Hakkas in the world are one family". The theory of the five southward migrations
Based on the research of relevant data, due to factors such as the wars caused by the invasion of the Central Plains by northern ethnic minorities (i.e. the Five Husties), the rapid expansion of the population in the Central Plains and the sudden reduction of cultivated land, the Hakka ancestors Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, when people began to migrate southward, the current academic circles have recognized the "Five Theory" of large-scale migration. For the first time, from the Yongjia Rebellion in the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, most of them moved from Henan to Jiangxi. The second time at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the Huangchao Uprising forced the Han people from Henan, Anhui and Jiangxi to continue to move south to western Fujian and southern Jiangxi, and entered the Song Dynasty to form the Hakka ethnic group. The third time was when the Song Dynasty was on the verge of death, and the Han people moved south to the eastern and northern Guangdong areas. The fourth time was during the period from Kangxi to Qianjia in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing government implemented the population policy of "filling Sichuan with Huguang". Due to the influence of Zheng Chenggong's rebellion against the Qing Dynasty and the restoration of the Ming Dynasty and the Nanming regime, some Hakkas entered Sichuan, passed through Taiwan, entered Hunan, and then arrived in Sichuan. Guangxi. The fifth time was after the Qianjia period. Due to the Qing Dynasty's suppression of the subversive activities of the Han people in the south, the Hakkas distributed in northeastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi moved to western Guangdong and Hainan. In modern times, some Hakkas moved overseas, mainly in Southeast Asia and South America. Migrating to Guangxi
The new folk dialect was mainly formed in the later period of the Hakka migration. Compared with local dialects (such as Diluo dialect), Xinmin dialect means "first to be the host, and later to be the guest". It can be seen from a large number of local genealogy records that the ancestors of the Xinmin dialect people in the three places mainly come from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. However, the earliest time of entry into Guangxi was not the early Qing Dynasty as estimated by Mr. Luo Xianglin in "Hakka Origins", but in the Ming Dynasty or slightly earlier. For example:
Hepu's "Zhang Jingong Liuluo Kaiji Clan Branch Genealogy" contains: "...the public sect was established as the first generation ancestor with the surname Zhang, and it flourished, with descendants all over China and overseas.
The 133rd generation ancestor of my clan, Renliang Gong, named Tianzhu, named Fashou, descended from the Huang family, had three sons (the eldest son Zhang Jin)... (first) lived in Zhushi Street Wa, Shanghang County, Tingzhou Prefecture, Fuzhou Province Zixiang, in the third year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1467 AD)... moved from Fujian to Guangdong... first came to western Guangdong to live temporarily... moved to Shikang County, Lianzhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province in the 7th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1471 AD) Liuluo Village (now Zhang*** Liuluo Village Committee, Pubei County, Guangxi). "
The ancestor of the Bobai Zhu surname moved from Anyuan County, Jiangxi Province in the second year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1489 AD). The other lineage of the Zhu surname came from Huangshi, Fujian, through Gaozhou and Huazhou, Guangdong, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties Moved to Bobai. According to the "Origin of the Peng Family" and the inscriptions in the ancestral hall, the Peng family entered Guangdong from Luling, Ji'an, Jiangxi to Chaozhou, and moved to Luchuan, Guangxi in the late Ming Dynasty. "I moved to Bo Baibu to live in Jialimei Village, Fengshan." According to the "Preface to the Genealogy of the Huang Family", the Huang surname can be traced back to Yu Gong, the founder of Shangxian County, who came from Fujian in the fifth year of Yanyou in the Yuan Dynasty (1318 AD). Putian County, Xinghua Prefecture came to Shicheng County Yin. In Wuchen, the first year of Tianli (AD 1328), he moved to Xinheyi (now the site of Lianjiang County). After he became an official, he laid the foundation for the county's old Zhihuang Village (now Lianjiang County). Shangxian Village), it has been 669 years ago! Yuzu married Jiang and Li, and gave birth to three sons, Kaishan, Meishan, and Baishan. They have three branches in one book, with deep roots and luxuriant leaves. Changkai stayed in his old hometown, and Mei moved to Wuchuan. Baiqian moved to Bobaina Pavilion (in today's Wendi Town). "From this point of view, the time when Baishan moved to Bobai should be at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
According to the Republic of China edition of "Binyang County Chronicles": "Most of those who spoke Xinmin dialect first lived between the Ming and Qing Dynasties. , moved from Guangdong and Fujian provinces. Because they were new at that time, they were called Xinmin. The dialect they spoke was called Xinmin dialect, and their accent was softer than the Majie dialect in Liuzhou... "
The reason for this situation is that Luo Xianglin may not have considered the war between Guangdong and Guangxi to quell the Yao Rebellion during the Ming Dynasty. This is inseparable from the two generals of the Ming Dynasty: Wang Shouren and Chen Lin.
Starting from Wang Shouren (1472-1529), he directed the war between Guangdong and Guangxi to quell the rebellion, which had a significant impact on the population in the rebel areas; in this regard, a certain amount of population needed to be moved into these areas from other areas. Because he held official positions in Tingzhou (now part of Longyan and Sanming, Fujian Province), Ganzhou (now part of Jiangxi) and other places, the population who moved into the counterinsurgency area included immigrants from these two places (Tingzhou and Ganzhou were the important ones). The birthplace of the Hakka language)
Later, Chen Lin (1543-1607) led his troops to put down the Miao Yao rebellion in Luoding, Xinyi, Gaozhou and other places, and settled in the present-day Yunfu area. "Recruit soldiers and brave people, and listen to the migration of the people" to contain the ethnic minorities in western Guangdong and Guangxi that may cause rebellion. Since Chen Lin was originally from Wengyuan in Shanghang, Fujian (she uses Hakka, but there was no word Hakka at that time), Therefore, most of the people who followed him to move to western Guangdong and southern Guangxi were from the Shanghang area in Fujian or had their ancestral home there. It can be said that Chen Lin's measures laid the foundation for the development of Yahua and Xinmin dialect in today's western Guangdong and southern Guangxi. Distribution pattern. Current situation
People who speak Xinmin dialect (i.e. Hakka) entered Guangxi later than other ethnic groups of the Han nationality. Only the Xinmin dialect speakers in the southern towns of Bobai and Luchuan counties. They account for the majority of the county's population, while in other counties they only account for 10% to 20%, and in some counties it is even less.
Most of the New Minhua people live together with other Han ethnic groups or ethnic minorities. County, a town or a village. They live in harmony with the locals, intermarry with each other, and have a harmonious relationship. Therefore, this natural assimilation is restricted by factors such as the size of the population, the strength of the economy, and the level of cultural quality. Assimilate others, and some are assimilated by others. Influenced by other local languages, Xinminhua has more or less characteristics of other dialects (such as vernacular, Diluo, Pinghua, etc.) starting in the 1980s. , due to the increase in social interactions, Guangxi Hakka including New Minhua has gradually shrunk, and the rate of assimilation of its people has accelerated.
New Minhua once lacked a modern media platform to display, protect and promote. Inheritance, around 2013, Bobai Radio and Television launched the cultural program "Baizhou Harmony". The program uses Bobai Hakka (that is, Bobai's new folk dialect) and Mandarin. This is very important for the inheritance and development of new folk dialect. Protection has a positive meaning, but it has also caused a shrinking trend for the local Cantonese language (Diluo dialect). Characteristics of the ancient authentic pronunciation
In fact, as early as the Ming and Qing Dynasties, scholars had paid attention to the Hakka language and done something about it. Research, such as the great master Zhang Taiyan (Binglin).
Gu Yanwu once said that the Hakka language is "not the correct pronunciation of the 300 poems, but the ancient pronunciation of the Qin and Han Dynasties." Lin Haiyan proposed in his "Ke Shuo" that "the Hakka pronunciation is the rhyme of the ancestors", and Huang Zunxian's "Preface to the Biography of Meizhou Poetry" There is a saying: "I have heard that Mr. Chen Lanfu said that the guest's language is consistent with Zhou Deqing's "Central Plains Phonology"... This guest comes from He and Luo, from Fujian to Guangdong, and has been handed down for thirty years, and has been kept for seven hundred years. Language changes a lot." Zhang Taiyan explained in "Hakka Dialect·Preface": "Those who call themselves Hakka in Guangdong take the Jiaying counties as their ancestors... The Dashi (arrival) is originally from Henan, and its sound is also similar to that of Lingbei." Zhang Taiyan has a deep understanding of the Hakka language for this reason. I became interested in the system and did some research work. I wrote "Lingwai Sanzhou Dialect" and attached it to "New Dialect". I selected 63 Hakka words and used them in "Shuowen", "Erya", "Erya" "Dialect", "Book of Rites", "Mao Shi", "Warring States Policy", "Laozi" and other ancient classics have been confirmed, explaining that the etymology of Hakka dialect and the origin of Hakka dialect have long been the language of the Han nation. For example, "Shuowen": "桄, Chongye" is ancient and wide. "Yue Ji": "The number is used to establish horizontality, and the horizontal position is used to establish martial arts." "Note": "Heng means full. It means that the energy is full." "Explanation": "Heng means ancient Kuangqie." Huan and Heng are the same. Character. The three prefectures were called Kuoda Manchu and were transferred to the Geng tribe. According to "Huan" and "Heng" have the same character, but the pronunciation of modern Hakka is different; from the perspective of Fangqie, the ancient pronunciation should be pronounced "桄" as guang, IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) [kua?] (Note: Today's Hakka is generally pronounced as guong, IPA[ku?]), but today's Xinmin dialect pronounces "heng" as vang (IPA[va?]), losing the medieval dental sound (tongue root sound). In some areas, the Hakka language says that a bag that is full of things is "桄桄桄谷" guang guang gu gu (IPA [kua? kua? ku ku]). Through Zhang Taiyan's comparative experiments, it was proved that Xinmin dialect (i.e. Hakka) preserved a large number of ancient and medieval pronunciations. Pronunciation characteristics
Although there are certain differences in the accents of Xinmin dialects in various places, Xinmin dialects are unique, and these unique pronunciation characteristics are also shared by Hakka in general. These are also the basis for judging whether New Minhua belongs to Hakka linguistically.
Phonetically: there are many aspirated sounds, and the ancient fully voiced initial consonants, regardless of flat or oblique sounds, are mostly pronounced as aspirated voiceless sounds, such as "bie, bu, bao" are often pronounced as [p?-], "地" ", eldest brother, younger brother" is pronounced as [t?-], "zai, zi, sit" is pronounced as [ts?-], and "老, uncle" is pronounced as [k?-]. Some characters with the initial consonant of Feifu and Feng in ancient times are now pronounced as [f-], while some characters are pronounced with a heavy labial consonant in Xinmin dialect, such as "axe,fen" pronounced as [p-] (here, "fen" is interpreted as "give", which is generally pronounced by everyone) Written as "Ben"), "hat, obituary" is pronounced [p?-], and "fu, fei" is also pronounced [p?-]. In ancient times, the word "Xiao Xia Mu" is pronounced in the mouth. In Xinmin dialect, it is often read as [f-] as the initial consonant or [v-], such as fire, flower, [f-], and "Huahuangzhuai" [v-]. In ancient times, the initial consonants of the Xiao group (such as the initial consonants of "Ji, Qi, Xi") were not palatalized before the fine sounds, and the pronunciation of the tongue base and throat sounds [k-][k?-][h-] was still retained; large In some areas, there is no final [y] of Zuokouhu (that is, the final ü in Mandarin fish), and the final final [y] of Zuokouhu is mixed with the final [i] of Qitohu; the ancient nasal endings and stop consonant endings are retained to varying degrees in various places.
In terms of tones, the Hakka dialects in Guangxi that call themselves New Minhua basically have 6 tones, and there are no examples of other tones.
In terms of vocabulary and grammar, the most obvious thing is that many ancient Chinese words have been retained. Such as "Grain (rice), Shi (eat), Suo (rope), Mian (face)". There are also some words with the characteristics of this dialect, such as "eyeball kernel (eyes), eye juice, eye water (tears)" and so on. In grammar, some prefixes and suffixes such as "老,公,子,头" are commonly used; some specific particles or words (such as "tight, positive, past, eh, inverted", etc.) are used to express action tenses; through changes Demonstrative pronouns and inflections distinguish proximal and distal referents, and so on. The phonological system
is not much different from that of ordinary Hakka. A brief introduction is as follows:
The four calls of Xinmin dialect are not complete and there is no group call. The words related to shouting from the mouth are all pronounced as shouting with the teeth together or shouting with the mouth together. The ancient sound endings [-m] and stop consonant endings [-p], [-t], and [-k] are also retained. At the same time, [m] and [η] can form syllables by themselves and do not compete with any initial consonants.
Xinmin dialect has 6 tones. Xinmin dialect has more yin and yang intonations than Mandarin, and its intonation value is lower and shorter than Mandarin.
Commonly used vocabulary
The vocabulary and grammar of Xinminhua are relatively rich and stable. For example, "brag" reads "car cannon", "rain" reads "falling into the water", "sister" reads "old sister", "sun" reads "hot head", "we" reads "yaren", and "what" reads "圜杰", "Monkey" reads "马骝", "Eat" reads "Shidou", "Pig Tongue" reads " Pig Li Qian", "下下" reads "下下" and so on. Some words have sounds but no words, but they can be commonly used in spoken language with the help of Cantonese vocabulary. In word formation, the overlapping adjectives are mostly in the "AABB" sentence pattern. For example, "花green" is said to be "花色lvlv". At the same time, the word "老" or "Ah" is often added as the prefix, such as "wife", "old sister", "uncle", "grandfather", etc., to show intimacy. The word "dou" is often added to the end of a word to express multiple tenses, such as "Someone knows how many pockets there are". In the word order, like the Lianzhou dialect and Bobai Diluo dialect, the modifying word is often placed after the modified word, such as "I go first" is pronounced "Ya Xing Xian", "wear one more piece of clothing" is pronounced "Zu Duo" shirt". Distribution in Bobai County
Mainly in Fengshan, Xintian, Sandan, Ningtan, Wendi, Sanjiang, Yingqiao, Dadong, Nabu, Shapi, etc. in the east, middle and south of the county. There are more than 20 towns in Hejiang, Dongping, Shahe, Lingjiao, Songwang, Shuangwang, Longtan, Dam, and Huangling, Sanyu and Jiangning in the northwest.
Population: about 1.1 million, accounting for about three-fifths of the county's total population.
Bobai Xinmin dialect uses Wendi Town as the standard pronunciation.
(Note: Xinmin dialect in this county is also called Ya dialect) Luchuan County
Distributed in all 16 towns, mainly in Daqiao, Wushi, Liangtian, Qinghu, and Gucheng in the south , Hengshan, Tanmian and other towns and some villages in Wenquan, Yuedong, Shahu and other towns.
Population: 614,000, accounting for about 70% of the county’s total population.
The standard pronunciation of Luchuan Xinmin dialect is Liangtian Town.
(Note: Xinmin dialect in this county is also called Ya dialect) Pubei County
Mainly distributed in: Quanshui, Shiyong, Zhanghuang, Dacheng, Baishishui, Sanhe, Longmen , Zhangjia, Fuwang and other towns.
User population: 207,000, accounting for 26.14% of the county’s total population.
(Note: Xinmin dialect in this county is also called Ya dialect) Hepu County
Mainly distributed in: Shizilu, Xichang, Changle, Wujia, Zhakou, Shankou, Shiwan, Baisha, Xingdao Lake, Lianzhou, Quzhang, Gongguan, Shikang and other towns.
User population: approximately 174,000, accounting for 18.5% of the county’s total population.
(Note: Xinmin dialect in this county is also called Ya dialect) Binyang County
Mainly distributed in: Luwei, Binzhou, Xinbin, Litang, Liming, Shuangqiao, Parts of 12 towns including Xinqiao, Santang, Daqiao, Wuling, Taishou and Yangqiao and a few villages in 8 towns including Hetian, Wangling, Gantang, Gula, Zhonghua, Silong, Heji and Chenping.
Using population: about 180,000 (1998), accounting for about 21% of the county's population. Wuxuan County
Mainly distributed in some villages in 11 towns: Wuxuan, Mabu, Dongxiang, Hema, Ertang, Sanli, Tongling, Huangmao, Jinji, Luxin and Siling.
User population: approximately 84,000 (1998), accounting for 24% of the county's total population. Xingye County
Mainly distributed in: parts of 12 towns in Shinan, Longan, Dapingshan, Liushi, Chenghuang, Shanxin, Boai, Kuiyang, Tielian, Shatang, Putang and Gaofeng area.
User population: more than 70,000 (excluding Dapingshan and Liquor Towns) (1998), accounting for 10.6% of the county's total population. Other areas
There are many places in Guangxi where New Minhua people are distributed. In addition to the above places, the following places account for less than 10% of the county's population. For example:
Heng County is located in 13 towns including Hengzhou, Fucheng, Luancheng, Xinfu, Feilong, Lily, Lingzhu, Nayang, Yunbiao, Liantang, Xiaoyi and Pinglang In some areas, the user population in 1998 was about 80,000, accounting for 8.24%.
Wuming County is distributed in 10 towns and villages including Chengxiang, Chengdong, Lingma, Lubo, Shangjiang, Xianhu, Fucheng, Liangjiang, Luoxi, Yuquan and Lily Farm (more than 2,000) In some areas, the user population in 1998 was approximately 22,000, accounting for 3.57%.
Pingguo County is located in parts of six towns including Bangwei, Sitang, Jiucheng, Fengwu, Duiwei and Liming. It has a population of about 6,000, accounting for 1.43%.
Shanglin County is located in parts of Chengtai Township and a few villages in 7 townships: Dafeng, Baiwei, Qinpai, Mingliang, Sanli, Xiyan and Qiaoxian. In 1998, the population was about 5,000. Accounting for 1.19%.
Heshan City, distributed in Heli Township, etc., the number of users is unknown.