The gold-lined jade garment was the highest-standard burial garment in the Han Dynasty, and could only be used by the emperor and princes. It was no longer used in the early Three Kingdoms period.
The earliest and most famous jade garments unearthed in China are two pieces unearthed from Han tombs in Mancheng, Hebei Province in 1968. They were worn by Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, and his concubine Dou Wan during the reign of Emperor Jingdi of the Western Han Dynasty.
Other unearthed gold jade garments include: 1. One piece from a Han tomb in Ding County, Hebei Province. The owner is Liu Xing, the Xiaowang of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty. 2. One Han tomb in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province. The owner is Liu Gong, Prince Jing of Pengcheng in the Eastern Han Dynasty. 3. One Han tomb in Bozhou, Anhui Province. The owner is Cao (the specific name is unknown) from the clan of Cao Cao, the prime minister during the period of Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty. 4. One Han tomb in Shizishan, Xuzhou, Jiangsu. The owner is a certain Chu king in the Western Han Dynasty (the exact generation of Chu king is unknown, but it may be Liu Wu, the third generation Chu king). 5. One Han tomb in Xishan, Henan. The owner is a certain Liang king in the Western Han Dynasty (the specific generation of Liang Wang is unknown). 6. One piece from Han Tomb No. 1 in Fengpenngling, Changsha, Hunan. The owner is a certain Changsha king in the late Western Han Dynasty.
Jade clothes, also known as "jade boxes" and "jades", were the burial clothes worn by emperors and high-ranking nobles after their death in the Han Dynasty (206 BC to AD 220). Their appearance is the same as the shape of the human body. . Jade clothing is a symbol of the wearer's status. The jade clothing of the emperor and some of his courtiers was woven with gold threads, which was called "golden jade clothing." Other nobles used silver and copper wires to weave jade clothing, which was called "silver jade clothing." ", "Copper strands and jade clothes".
Jīnlǚ-yùyī [jade burial suit] The burial suit of the emperors and nobles of the Han Dynasty in China. According to the grade of the deceased, they are divided into gold strands, silver embroidery and copper strands. Two sets of gold-lined jade garments unearthed from the Han Dynasty Tombs in Mancheng in 1968 are well preserved and shaped like human bodies. They are each made of more than 2,000 jade pieces woven with gold wire. The size and shape of each jade piece have been carefully designed and designed. The fine processing shows the superb level of craftsmanship at that time. A kind of jade garment. Made of gold thread, it was used as burial clothes after the death of emperors and nobles of the Han Dynasty. Due to different grades, jade clothing can be divided into gold strands, silver strands, and copper strands. All three types of jade clothing have been found in archaeological work. Two sets of gold-lined jade clothes unearthed from the tomb of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, Han Dynasty, Mancheng, Hebei, were each made of more than 2,000 jade pieces woven with gold wire. The gold-lined jade garment was the highest-standard funeral and burial garment in the Han Dynasty, and it roughly appeared in the Wenjing period of the Western Han Dynasty. According to "Xijing Magazine", emperors of the Han Dynasty were buried in "jade boxes with pearls", which were shaped like armor and connected with gold wires. This kind of jade box is what people call jade clothes with golden threads every day. At that time, people were very superstitious about the ability of jade to preserve the immortality of corpses, and regarded jade as a noble ritual vessel and a symbol of status. Emperors and nobles of the Han Dynasty were buried wearing "jade clothes" (also known as "jade boxes") when they died. They are made of many jade pieces with small holes in the four corners, woven together with gold, silver or copper wires. They are called "gold-lined jade clothes" (imperial level) and "silver-lined jade clothes" (kings and princes) respectively. level), "copper thread jade clothes" (gonghou level).
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Mountain elites
Jade clothes are also called "jade boxes" and "jades". They were worn by emperors and high-ranking nobles of the Han Dynasty when they died. The shrouds used have the same shape as the human body. People in the Han Dynasty believed that jade was the "elite of the mountains". Placing gold and jade in the nine orifices of a person would prevent the person's essence from leaking out, and the bones would not rot, so they could be reborn in the next life. Therefore, the jade used for funerals is among the most popular types of Han jade. occupies an important position.
Golden Thread Jade
The origin of jade clothing can be traced back to the "jade masks" and "jade clothes" in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Pi issued an edict banning jade clothing. , *** has been popular for four hundred years. The jade clothes of the emperor and some of his ministers were tied with gold threads, which was called "golden jade clothes." Other nobles used silver and copper threads to tie the jade clothes, which were called "silver jade clothes" and "copper jade clothes." So far, more than 20 pieces of jade clothing have been discovered nationwide. The two gold-lined jade clothing unearthed from the tombs of Prince Jing Liu Sheng and his wife Dou Wan in Zhongshan are the oldest and most exquisitely crafted.
Jade-embellished human figure
The picture shows Liu Sheng’s jade garment. It consists of six parts: hood, upper body, sleeves, gloves, trousers and shoes, all made of jade. It is made up of pieces and embroidered with gold thread. There are jade eye covers and nasal plugs on the head inside the jade clothes, and there are genital hoods and anal plugs on the lower abdomen.
The edges are hemmed with red fabric, and the legs are hemmed with iron bars to reinforce them. The face is carved with eyes, nose, and mouth shapes, the chest and back are broad, and the buttocks and abdomen are bulging, completely resembling a human body shape.
It is a waste of money
The entire garment contains 2,498 jade pieces and about 1,100 grams of gold wire. The workmanship is very fine. After the jade pieces are made into garments, they are arranged neatly, with tight seams, smooth surfaces, and coordinated colors. It is really amazing, reflecting the outstanding skills of the jade master and the luxurious life of the high official. In 1968, it was unearthed from the Jingshan Tomb in Zhongshan, Mancheng, Hebei Province, and is now in the collection of the Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics.
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A total of eighteen Western Han Dynasty tombs with jade garments have been unearthed in my country, while only eight tombs with golden thread garments have been unearthed. The most representative one is the gold-lined jade garment of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, unearthed from Tomb No. 1 in Mancheng, Hebei Province. It uses more than 1,000 grams of gold wire to connect the jade garment with 2,498 jade pieces of various sizes. It took hundreds of craftsmen more than two years to complete. The entire jade garment is exquisitely designed and meticulously crafted, making it a rare art treasure. When this gold-lined jade garment was unearthed in 1968, it caused a sensation in the archaeological community at home and abroad. Because jade clothing with golden threads symbolizes the status of the emperor and nobles, and has very strict production process requirements, the rulers of the Han Dynasty also established the "Dongyuan" specializing in the production of jade clothing. The craftsmen here perform more than ten processes such as material selection, drilling and polishing on a large number of jade pieces. They design the jade pieces into different sizes and shapes according to different parts of the human body, and then connect them with gold wires. The cost of making a medium-sized jade garment was almost equivalent to the total wealth of one hundred medium-sized families at that time. Using gold-stitched jade clothes as burial clothes not only failed to fulfill the wish of the princes and nobles to keep the bones intact, but also led to the bad luck of tomb robbery and corpse destruction. Many Han emperors' tombs were often stolen multiple times because of this. During the Three Kingdoms period, Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi ordered a ban on the use of jade clothing, and jade clothing disappeared from Chinese history. Since liberation, more than ten pieces of jade clothing have been found in Han tombs, including two pieces from Mancheng, Hebei Province, Zhongshan King Jing Liu Sheng and his wife Dou Wan, one piece from Ding County, Zhongshan Xiao Wang Liu Xing, and Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, from the Eastern Han Dynasty. One piece belongs to Liu Gong, King Jing of Pengcheng, one piece belongs to Cao, a member of Cao Cao's clan in Bozhou, Anhui Province in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and 5 pieces have been completely restored. Take the two pieces from the Han tombs in Mancheng as an example. Liu Sheng's jade garment was made of 2,498 jade pieces and the gold wire weighed 1,100 grams. Dou Wan's jade garment was made of 2,160 jade pieces and the gold wire weighed 700 grams. , the manpower and material resources required for its production are staggering. In 1986, it was unearthed from the Xishan Han Tomb in Mangshan Town, Yongcheng, Henan, and is now collected in the "Henan Ancient Jade Museum" of the Henan Museum. The jade garment comes from the tomb of King Liang in the late Western Han Dynasty. It is made of 2008 jade pieces and connected with gold wire. According to the body parts, they are hood, face cover, top, sleeves, gloves, trousers, leggings, etc. Jade clothing is the burial clothing of ancient nobles. It began in the late Warring States and flourished in the Han Dynasty. According to different status and rank, jade clothing The joints of clothes are divided into gold strands, silver strands, copper strands and silk strands. The national treasure "Golden Jade Clothes" is in the Xuzhou Museum. The "Golden Jade Clothes" were unearthed from the Chu King's Tomb in Shizishan, Xuzhou in 1994 and 1995. It took more than two years to complete the restoration. It is the one with the best jade quality, the largest number of jade pieces, and the most exquisite craftsmanship among the jade garments unearthed in China. This gold-lined jade garment currently has many of the best in the country: it is the oldest, dating back more than 2,000 years, and it is inferred that the owner of the tomb is Liu Yingke, the second generation king of Chu; it has the most jade pieces, and the jade garment is 174 cm long and 68 cm wide. 1576 grams of gold wire is connected to 4248 jade pieces of different sizes; the jade quality is the best, and the jade clothes are all made of Xinjiang Hotan white jade and sapphire, which are warm and crystal clear; the craftsmanship is the most exquisite, the jade clothes are exquisitely designed, meticulous in workmanship, and perfectly put together. , is a rare artistic treasure.
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From the appearance, the shape of the "jade garment" is almost exactly the same as the human body. The head consists of a face cover and a mask, with the images of eyes, nose and mouth carved on the face cover. Most of the jade pieces that make up the face are small rectangular pieces. The eyes and mouth are carved on larger jade pieces, and the nose is made of five long tile-shaped jade pieces that are put together to create a lifelike image.
The top is composed of a front piece, a back piece, and left and right sleeves, all of which are separated from each other; the front piece is made into a figure with a broad chest and a bulging abdomen, and the lower end of the back piece is made into the shape of the human buttocks. The trousers are composed of left and right trouser legs, which are also separate. The hands are shaped like fists, each holding a jade object in the shape of a jade, and the feet are shaped like shoes. Some jade bis, as well as rice bowls, wearing items, etc. There are 18 pieces of jade on the chest and back, arranged in a certain way. On the head of the "jade garment", there are eye covers, nose plugs, ear plugs and mouth plugs, and on the lower abdomen there are small boxes for covering the genitals and anal plugs, all of which are made of jade. In addition, there are 48 agate beads under the neck and a jade belt hook at the waist. The whole set of "jade clothes" is large in shape, covered with gold and hung with jade, with a total length of 1.88 meters, 2498 jade pieces, and about 1100 grams of gold wire. The corners of the jade pieces are perforated, and they are woven with silk strands made of gold, so it is called "gold thread jade clothing". In the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, it was very difficult to make a set of "gold-lined jade clothes" based on the production level at that time. Jade materials are transported from distant places and processed into thousands of small jade pieces of a certain size and shape through a series of processes. Each piece of jade needs to be polished and drilled to determine the size and shape. It must undergo strict design and meticulous processing. Weaving jade pieces also requires a lot of special gold wires. It can be seen that the manpower and material resources spent to make a set of "golden jade clothes" are very amazing. The extravagant and lustful royal aristocrats have a superstitious belief that "jade can cool corpses." In order to immortalize the corpse, they used expensive jade clothes as burial clothes and used nine-orifice utensils to plug its nine orifices. It can be said that they went to great lengths. But the result was counterproductive. Because the gold thread clothes were expensive, they often attracted many tomb robbers, so that "all the tombs of the Han family were robbed, and even the jade boxes and gold threads were burned, and the bones were taken away." In fact, even if those tomb robbers did not come, when the archaeologists opened the mysterious cave, the tomb owner who aspired to be "invincible" had turned into a handful of dirt, and what was left was an exquisite jade suit. . These seem to tell people a myth that has been shattered for thousands of years.
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Is the jade garment with golden threads only available in China?
Some media once reported that "1,000 golden mummies wearing jade and gold threads were discovered in Egypt." However, those golden mummies were just coated with a layer of gold on their bodies and did not contain jade. Wear the real "Jade Clothes with Golden Threads". Jade carving skills are unique to my country, and the Han Dynasty was also a period when jade carving decoration was popular. Xiong Chuanxin, the former director of the Hunan Provincial Museum, said that judging from the fragments of jade clothing unearthed in Changsha, it was not just ground into jade pieces, but There are also patterns carved on it.
Who designed the gold jade garment?
There is no historical record of who specifically designed the gold jade garment. In 1968, two complete sets of "Golden Jade Clothes", the burial clothes of ancient emperors and nobles, were unearthed from the tombs of Liu Sheng and Dou Wan of the Western Han Dynasty. They have a history of more than 2,000 years. According to inspections, these two sets of "gold-lined jade clothes" are the earliest and most complete sets unearthed in archeology in my country.
Which is the most valuable gold jade garment?
A total of eighteen Western Han Dynasty tombs with jade garments have been unearthed in my country, while there are only eight tombs with jade garments in gold threads. The most representative one is the gold-studded jade garment of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, unearthed from Tomb No. 1 in Mancheng, Hebei Province. It uses more than 1,000 grams of gold wire to connect 2,498 jade pieces of various sizes. It took hundreds of craftsmen more than two years to complete. The entire jade garment is exquisitely designed and meticulously crafted, making it a rare art treasure. In 1968, when this gold jade garment was unearthed, it caused a sensation in the world. Since liberation, more than ten jade garments have been found in Han tombs, including two belonging to Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty, and his wife Dou Wan, one belonging to Liu Xing, Prince Xiao of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty in Dingxian County, and one belonging to Liu Gong, Prince Jing of Pengcheng in the Eastern Han Dynasty in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province. One piece, one belonging to Cao, a member of Cao Cao's clan in Bozhou, Anhui Province in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and 5 pieces have been completely restored. Take the two pieces from Han tombs in Mancheng as an example. Liu Sheng's jade garment was made of 2,498 jade pieces and the gold wire weighed 1,100 grams. Dou Wan's jade garment was made of 2,160 jade pieces and the gold wire weighed 700 grams. , the manpower and material resources required for its production are staggering.
The golden jade garment from the Chu King's Tomb in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province is the earliest, best-made and most valuable national treasure unearthed today. It is from the Western Han Dynasty. It is 174 cm long and 68 cm wide. It was unearthed from the Chu King's Tomb in Shizishan, Xuzhou in 1994-1995. It is now in the Xuzhou Municipal Museum. . The total number of jade pieces in the Jinlu Jade Clothing from the Chu King's Tomb is 4,248. It is the earliest jade garment with the largest number of jade pieces, the best jade quality, and the most exquisite craftsmanship. The jade garment is very much like ancient armor, and it is perfectly put together. 4,248 jade pieces and 1,576 grams of gold strands were used. This gold-threaded jade garment is currently among the best in the country: it is the oldest, dating back more than 2,000 years; it has the largest number of jade pieces, with 4,248 pieces; and it has the best jade quality. The jade garment is entirely composed of Xinjiang Hotan white jade and sapphire, which is warm and crystal clear; The workmanship is the most exquisite and the preservation is the best. The owner of the tomb is Liu Wu, the third generation king of Chu.
The excavation work of the Golden Jade Clothes
In May 1968, a certain unit of the People's Liberation Army was carrying out the excavation work here in Lingshan, 1.5 kilometers southwest of Mancheng County, Hebei Province, under orders from its superiors. No one expected that this construction of an absolutely confidential national defense project would unintentionally reveal an eternal mystery. On May 23, when the soldiers were drilling holes and firing artillery in an east-facing area 30 meters away from the top of the mountain, something unexpected happened
. After the explosion, not many rocks fell down as usual. A soldier walking in front suddenly lost support on his feet, and his body sank suddenly along with the gravel. When he fully reacted, a dark hole appeared in front of him... Wang Bingrang, the head of the construction team, said at the same time: "At that time, I put down a person to take a look. After looking at it, I didn't know what it was. The hole was very big. ” A few days later, a report marked “top secret” and some of the artifacts unearthed from the cave appeared on the desks of the main leaders of Hebei Province. The report said that an ancient tomb was discovered in the city. Zheng Shaozong, a researcher at the Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics, was one of the first two experts to arrive at the Mancheng ancient tomb site. Zheng Shaozong: "We were half-convinced at that time, thinking that there was no such big tomb. Even though we dug so many tombs, they were not that big. It felt very mysterious, as if we had entered another world." From the cultural relics unearthed one after another, people have discovered many The bronze vessels are all engraved with the inscription "Zhongshan Neifu". Historian Zhou Changshan: "Zhongshan refers to the Zhongshan Kingdom. There were two Zhongshan Kingdoms in history, one was the Xianyu Zhongshan Kingdom in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the other was the Zhongshan Kingdom in the Western Han Dynasty." Zheng Shaozong: "Zhongshan Kingdom in the Warring States Period The writing on the country belongs to the bronze inscriptions, and the writing on the copper basin is close to the Han Dynasty. In addition, the bronzes unearthed from the tomb are completely different from the cultural relics unearthed in the Zhongshan Kingdom during the Warring States Period. They belong to the Western Han Dynasty style, so we are sure that this This tomb belongs to Zhongshan during the Western Han Dynasty, not the Zhongshan during the Warring States Period.” Later, archaeologists named this tomb “Mancheng Han Tomb No. 1.” As the investigation and cleanup work gradually deepened, the overall shape of Tomb No. 1 gradually became clear. The tomb chamber consists of six parts: the tomb passage, the corridor, the south ear chamber, the north ear chamber, the middle chamber and the back chamber. If you look down at the entire tomb, it looks like the word "ancient". Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the shape of tombs generally imitated the above-ground buildings. This design is to symbolically move everything in life underground, which is called death as life. In the Han Dynasty, the tomb chambers adopted the architectural style of a palace or a house depending on the identity of the tomb owner. The layout of Tomb No. 1 is like a palace of the princes and kings of the Han Dynasty. After the death of emperors of the Han Dynasty, they often built mausoleums into huge mounds using the method of ramming soldiers. This form of burial was an earthen pit tomb. The tomb chamber in Tomb No. 1 of the Mancheng Han Tomb is a huge cave dug into the mountain. Archaeologists call this kind of tomb a cliff tomb. Among the 11 emperors of the Western Han Dynasty, only the "Baling" of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty was a cliff tomb. The Ba Tomb of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty has not been excavated so far. The Mancheng Han Tombs allowed people to see the structure of the tomb chambers in the cliff tombs for the first time. In the Western Han Dynasty, only the status of princes and kings was second only to the emperor. In Zhongshan Kingdom, of course, he was the king of Zhongshan. Zhongshan Kingdom has existed as a vassal state for more than 150 years, with ten kings ruling the country.
"After all the rotten wood ash and metal ornaments accumulated on it were cleaned up, an armor-like thing with jade pieces connected with gold wire appeared in front of people's eyes. Is this the "Jade Clothes with Golden Threads"? 1968 In May, while a certain branch of the People's Liberation Army was secretly conducting national defense construction on Lingshan Mountain in Mancheng County, Hebei Province, they accidentally discovered an ancient tomb from the Western Han Dynasty. Based on the cultural relics unearthed in the tomb, archaeologists inferred that the owner of the tomb was Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty. People found something like an armor made of jade threaded with gold threads in the tomb. Could this be the jade garment with golden threads recorded in the history books? The members of the archaeological excavation team huddled together and began to look at it carefully. This "cultural relic" was unearthed. Zheng Shaozong: "After the head was exposed, the legs and limbs were also cleaned up. At that time, when the jade piece was exposed and it looked relatively complete, everyone exclaimed in unison, saying it was amazing, indeed they found that Yu Xun was in burial clothes. "When cleaning the funerary objects around the jade garment, they found more than 60 golden beans on the east side of the jade garment, which puzzled the archaeologists. On July 22, under the personal arrangement of Premier Zhou, Guo Moruo set out from Beijing Driving to Lingshan. As soon as he got off the car, Guo Moruo didn't bother to rest, so he went directly to the tomb.
Wang Bingrang: "More than sixty golden beans were placed around the jade clothes, and Mr. Guo judged. Liu Sheng probably lived to be more than sixty years old. According to historical records, Liu Sheng served as King of Zhongshan for 42 years and died of illness in 113 BC. According to Guo Moruo's inference, Liu Sheng was probably born around 170 BC. After analysis by Guo Moruo and experts, they finally identified the unearthed cultural relic. , should be the most complete jade garment ever found. However, at this moment, someone told Guo Moruo that there was only a rotten coffin in the back room, but no bones of the tomb owner were found. Lu Zhaoyin: There was no body underneath the jade garment. Nothing was found, and the original rock layer was excavated, but no coffin or bones were found. On August 13, the original team of archaeologists began to excavate to the north of Tomb No. 1. Sure enough, the second tomb appeared. "Mancheng Han Tomb No. 2". The structure of the tomb chamber in Tomb No. 2 is roughly the same as that in Tomb No. 1. It can be clearly seen that it was excavated based on the experience of Tomb No. 1. Liu Sheng's bones were probably placed there. However, many of the items unearthed were items belonging to women at that time, and there were very few weapons buried here. All indications indicate that a woman should be buried here. Different from the "danghu" lanterns in Tomb No. 2, the palace lantern in Tomb No. 2 is an image of a "palace maid". The design of this palace lantern is very exquisite. It can adjust the size and direction of light according to needs, and the soot of the candle can pass through. The right arm of the "Palace Lady" goes into the body to keep the soot in the lamp body to keep the room clean. Gu Tongwen, director of the Hebei Provincial Museum, said at the same time: "After Kissinger saw it, he said with great humor that the Chinese are really amazing. , you had environmental awareness two thousand years ago. "The outside of this palace lantern is engraved with the three characters "Yang Xin Family", and there are six characters for Yang Xin Family. So who does "Yang Xin" refer to? Historian Zhou Changshan said at the same time: "According to historical records, "Yangxin" refers to the prince Liu Jie..." What is particularly important is that the bottom of the lamp holder is engraved with the inscription "Changxin still bathes, and those who are inside now lie down". "Changxin" refers to Changxin Palace. During the period of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Changxin The owner of the Xin Palace was Dou, the empress of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, and she was the grandmother of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan. Later, archaeologists named this bronze lantern the Changxin Palace Lamp. It was found at the back of Tomb No. 2 on September 16, 1968. A copper seal was found in a tin box in the room. Zheng Shaozong said at the same time: "After cleaning the room, we found that the seal is square with a hole in the middle, which is called a string seal. On the front is the word "Dou Wan" and on the back is "Jun Xu". Two words. This Dou Wan seal was analyzed by Mr. Guo, and he later believed that Dou Wan was the owner of this tomb. "Based on this, experts further speculated that Dou Wan should be Liu Sheng's wife, the queen of Zhongshan Kingdom. And the Changxin palace lantern was a dowry given to Dou Wan by the Queen Mother Dou. Just when archaeologists found out the identity of the tomb owner When they were sure and rejoicing, another even more surprising thing spread quickly among the work team - another jade garment with gold threads was found in Tomb No. 2.
The jade garment unearthed is slightly smaller than the jade garment unearthed from Liu Sheng's tomb. The jade pieces on the chest of the jade garment are not woven with gold threads, but made of silk fabric. Due to the age, the fabric has long been rotten and damaged. The jade bis and the coffin were stacked with rotten wood and ashes, and some of the jade pieces were scattered. When archaeologists were cleaning the jade garments from Han Tomb No. 2 in Mancheng, they found the cervical spine, four ribs, and three teeth of the owner of the tomb inside the jade garments. It seems that the owner of Tomb No. 2 was buried wearing jade garments. This aggravates people's questions: Why are there no bones of Liu Sheng in Han Tomb No. 1? After experts tried to open Liu Sheng's jade clothes, they found some date mud-like things inside and some teeth. They concluded that Liu Sheng's bones were inside the jade clothes, but they had rotted into ashes. It turns out that Liu Sheng was buried in a rich manner with rich burial objects. However, the remains of animals and a large amount of burial wine increased the organic matter in the tomb, making the corpse easy to decay. In addition, the humid environment in the tomb also accelerated this process. Jade Clothes with Golden Threads
In the process of studying jade clothes, archaeologists discovered that the structure of jade clothes is very similar to the armor worn by soldiers in ancient wars. Experts have found that the most difficult part in the production of jade clothing is the glove part of the jade clothing, which is also the most delicate part of the jade clothing. The gold wire used in jade clothing is generally 4-5 centimeters long. The diameter of the thinnest gold wire is only 0.08 millimeters, which is only equivalent to the thickness of a hair. It is distributed throughout the gloves. According to the current level of craftsmanship, it would have taken a skilled jade worker more than ten years to make such a jade garment during the Western Han Dynasty. Xia Changsheng was originally the deputy director of Dingzhou Museum. In 1991, he accepted the task of replicating the golden jade garment. After several years, the first modern jade garment with gold threads was finally successfully copied. Since the jade garment in Xia Changsheng's home is a replica, only small copper wires can be used instead of gold wires. In the history books of the Han Dynasty, there are strict regulations on what kind of metal wires should be used for jade garments. People in the Han Dynasty believed that jade could keep corpses from decaying, but the results in Tombs 1 and 2 of the Han Tombs in Mancheng were exactly the opposite. Moreover, jade clothes are extremely valuable, which makes them more likely to attract many tomb robbers. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms: The Chronicles of Emperor Wen of Wei, "all the tombs of the Han clan were excavated, and the jade boxes and gold threads were burned and all the bones were taken." At the same time, the reduction of jade clothes is also because its production requires a lot of manpower and financial resources. Therefore, Emperor Wen of Wei ordered a ban on the use of jade clothes with gold threads. Corroborating this, people today have never found jade clothes with gold threads in tombs after the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Among the tens of thousands of cultural relics unearthed from Han tombs all over the city, the jade clothes with gold threads are undoubtedly the most eye-catching. In addition, a large number of weapons appeared in Liu Sheng's tomb. These weapons can remind us of the sophisticated weapons and equipment of the Zhongshan Kingdom's army at that time. The unearthed gold and silver needles are some of the nine acupuncture needles. They are also the earliest ancient metal medical needles seen in our country, which shows that the level of acupuncture in the Han Dynasty was quite high. A large number of medical instruments were unearthed at the same time as the medical needles. On September 19, 1968, the excavation work of the two Han tombs was completed. The excavation of Han tombs in Mancheng broke the silence of the archaeological community for many years. On the mausoleum mountain, in addition to the No. 1 and No. 2 tombs of Liu Sheng and his wife, there are 18 small exposed tombs. These small tombs are the tombs of Liu Sheng's wives, concubines or descendants. Some experts infer that not far from these attached tombs, there may be a larger tomb hidden in the rocks. Because the landform features of some parts of the mausoleum are very similar to Tomb No. 1 and Tomb No. 2. In other words, there may be a mysterious Tomb No. 3 on the mausoleum mountain. There are several other funerary objects along with the jade clothes: jade cicada, jade pig and 9 door stoppers. Jade cicada comes from the Han Dynasty. The ancients believed that cicadas transformed themselves by crawling out of the ground. They did not eat anything but only dew, so they could sing loudly. Because cicadas can crawl out of the ground, they are believed to be reborn, so they are usually kept in the mouth. Hold the jade pig in your hand. Pigs are the representative of farming culture and also represent the money of farming culture. Jade is expensive, so the ancients often used it in burials. The door stopper is divided into 9 jade pieces, which cover the eyes, nose (2 pieces), nostrils (2 pieces), ears, mouth, genitals and anus respectively.