Author: Xu Yanjun
Fengxian County was an ancient rich country in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the country fell to Song in the late Spring and Autumn Period or the early Warring States Period. In the first 286 years, the Song Dynasty was destroyed by Qi, and Fengxian belonged to Qi, but the time was short. In the first 284 years, Wei occupied the northeast of the former Song State, including Fengxian County. According to the unearthed mud of the warring States period? "Xi" shows that Fengxian County was established in Wei State at least in the late Warring States period, and it belongs to the jurisdiction of Fangyu County of Wei State. The so-called "Feng is Wei County, the hometown of Henkel" in Jiangsu Tongzhi Draft of the Republic of China is also true. Fengxian county in the Wei Dynasty was bordered by Fang in the north. County is adjacent to Huling County in the northeast, Piliu County in the east, Xiaoxian County in the southeast, Wan County in the south, Maodong County in the northwest, Danfu County in the west, and Yuxian County in the southwest.
the Qin dynasty destroyed Wei, and Fengxian county was a county of Qin state. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, Sichuan County was established in Guxiang County, Huaibei area, Anhui Province. (Historical Records was wrongly named Sichuan, and Hanshu was wrongly named Sishui. ), Fengxian belongs to Sichuan County, and Fengxian's "?" The word was rewritten as "Tan". After entering the Qin Dynasty, there were two new neighbors around Fengxian County, one was Peixian County in the east and the other was Xiayi County in the south.
at the beginning of the western Han dynasty, Fengxian county was the hometown of Liu bang and the base area where the soldiers first started fighting. According to the etiquette habits of the Qin Dynasty, the emperor's hometown was given as Tang Muyi. After Liu Bang's reunification, he also followed this practice. Not only did he exempt all the Fengxian people who entered the customs with him from corvee, but his hometown Fengxian was named Tang Muyi. In the third year of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty, the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" broke out. After putting down the rebellion, Emperor Jingdi began to cut the vassal on a large scale, and Pei County was born under this background. Pei County's county governance is still in the old governance of Qin Sichuan County-Xiang County, but the number of counties is greatly reduced. Fengxian county should be managed by Pei county after it was set up.
The so-called Gufeng refers to the poem Zhu Chencun written by Bai Letian. The word "Gufeng" is often found in the poems of the Song Dynasty, which refers to Fengxian, the hometown of Henkel. The so-called Qintai, when referring to the old anaerobic platform, was built by Qin Shihuang. Of course, it was later a story that Liu Bang, a county native, became emperor. At least, there was no such nickname in Fengxian County in Ming Dynasty. Of course, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, some people took "Fengyi" as another name for Fengxian County. In fact, in history, there was no such thing as Fengyi in Fengxian County, let alone another name. According to the unearthed Qin Fengni and Han bamboo slips, the word "Fengyi" in Historical Records of the Emperor Gaozu can be proved to be actually a separate writing of the word "Tan" by later generations, and later generations just passed it on.
why is Fengxian called Fengcheng?
First of all, let's understand the evolution of the image of Phoenix today. In fact, the phoenix in the pre-Qin period is a general term for many kinds of birds, and it represents the totem worship of the tribes in the pre-Qin period. "Historical Records Yin Benji" says: "Yin Qi, mother said Judie? When I saw the mysterious bird drop its egg, Judie took it and swallowed it, because it was pregnant. " The totem of the Yin and Shang tribes in the East is the mysterious bird. The mysterious birds here are all called "finches" in historical notes. Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" has a saying: "The Phoenix Emperor is worried and afraid of high spirits before me." Gao Xin is Di Ku, the father of Di Qi recorded in ancient books. In fact, these two kinds of records are the same thing, so it can be seen that the mysterious bird was also called the phoenix emperor in the Warring States period, that is, the phoenix.
"Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong Seventeen Years" records: "Do I have fewer ancestors? Against terrorism? [14] Bo? 锬鰿 hand granules? What about the beginning? ?χ? Hey? 7. I'm happy. Xuanniao's family, who is the division? " "Taiping Yu Lan" Volume 922 said because of Shuowen: "Yan, the mysterious bird is also the phoenix of Qilu." In the Qilu area of Han Dynasty, the swallow was still regarded as a phoenix, so it can be seen that the totem of Shao Hao tribe in Dongyi in summer was also a phoenix bird, that is, the swallow. Fengxian county belonged to one of Dongyi tribal groups before Shang Dynasty. In the Shang Dynasty, it became a tribal alliance country of Yin-Fengguo. Therefore, the totem worship of the ancestors of Fengguo in Shang Dynasty should also be swallows.
On Mandarin and Zhou Yu: "Zhou Zhixing is also? Ming Yu Lushan. " Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "? , phoenix, god bird. " "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals should be the same": "When I was with the king of Wen, the sky saw the fire first, and the red book was collected in the Zhou Society." "Spring and Autumn Stories and Similar Movements" quoted "Biography of Shangshu" as saying: "At the time of Zhou's prosperity, there were the seeds of the Great Chiwu holding the valley, and those who gathered above the king's house. King Wu is happy, and all doctors are happy. Duke Zhou said,' Mao zai! Maozai! Heaven will persuade you with this, but I am afraid to hold it. " "The inscription of the Great Yu Ding in the reign of King Kang also said:" Pi Xianwen is a king, and he has received great fate. " Undoubtedly, Zhou people also worshipped phoenix birds, and regarded phoenix birds as messengers to convey destiny. During the reign of king, the former Shang Dynasty Fengguo was replaced by the newly sealed Fengguo named Jiang, and the worship of phoenix birds in the Zhou Dynasty will certainly be reflected in Fengguo society. In other words, Fengguo in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was a square country that worshipped phoenix birds.
In Ou Yangxun's Collection of Arts and Literatures in the Tang Dynasty, volume 9 quoted a cloud in the Notes on Jue Lu: "Taishi asked Cai Heng to say: Anyone who looks like a phoenix is five, and those who are more red are phoenixes, those who are more blue are bears, and those who are more yellow? Young, purple? , more white. " Generally speaking, in the pre-Qin period, when science was underdeveloped, the archetypes of phoenixes worshipped by different tribes were different, but they all represented the change of seasonal climate, so they were considered by the ancients as the divine birds representing the fate of heaven.
before Qin and Han dynasties, different types of phoenix had their own epochal, tribal and regional characteristics. The so-called five-color phoenix in the east, west, north and south of the Han people actually reflects that there are many countries in the pre-Qin period and nature worship has its own local characteristics.
After the chaos in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qin established the first unified and highly centralized country in the history of China. At the end of Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang, a native of Fengxian County, started his army in his hometown of Fengxian County and became an emperor in several years. Of course, the Han dynasty was also a centralized system, especially when Emperor Wu ousted hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. Great changes have taken place in the morphology, characteristics and properties of the phoenix in Qin and Han Dynasties. Its appearance has become an unparalleled god bird with a mixture of birds and colorful colors. Let's look at the relevant records of ancient books.
The Classic of Mountains and Seas. Three Classics of Southern Times: "(Phoenix) has a literary grace, a literary grace on its back, a literary grace on its back, and a literary grace on its belly. It is a bird, eating naturally, singing and dancing, and seeing the world is peaceful. "
"Guangya Release Birds": "Phoenix emperor, swallow chin at the head of a chicken, red body at the neck of a snake, parallel wings at the tail of a fish, five colors. The first text is virtuous? "
Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi says, "Phoenix is a divine bird. The old man said, "The image of the phoenix is also like a deer in front of the forest, a fish tail with a snake neck, a turtle's back with a dragon tongue, and a chicken's beak with a swallow."
The Taiping Preview in Song Dynasty (Volume 915) quoted the Biography of Han Poems as saying: "Fu Wei-feng is blessed to be able to study all things, understand the heavens and the earth, like all things, reach the Tao, learn the five tones, achieve nine virtues, visit Kyushu and observe the eight poles, and be prepared for civil and military affairs."
The regional ethnicity of Phoenix disappeared in the Han Dynasty, and the performance of migratory birds in knowing the weather also changed. The newly born image of Phoenix has been endowed with a unified color. "It has become a perfect image of a divine bird, which integrates all birds, contains the colors of all birds, has five virtues of human relations, and represents the auspicious world." At the same time, the phoenix has become a symbol of imperial power.
The record of Fu Ruizhong in Song Dynasty is a description of the phoenix by people in the Southern Dynasties, which is more detailed than that in the Han Dynasty: "A phoenix is a benevolent bird. If you don't cut the fetus, you will arrive. Or Xiang or Ji. The male is called phoenix, and the female is called phoenix. The head of a snake swallows its chin, the back of a turtle has its belly, the beak of a crane neck, the tail of a fish in front of it, the wings of a blue head, and the heron stands and thinks of Yuanyang. First of all, Dai De bears benevolence, while Xiang He is righteous and pretends to hold the letter, and the foot is upright and the tail is martial. A small note is a bell, and a big note is a drum. Stretch your neck and fight, and prepare for the lift with five lights. Eight winds, when it rains, eat properly, drink well, travel well, travel well, choose a place, and drink well. Its sound, male yue "festival", female yue "full". In the morning, it says "invention"; in the daytime, it says "going to the new moon"; in the evening, it says "returning to Chang"; in the evening, it says "keeping the tradition"; and in the evening, it says "preserving the length". It is also fun, wandering around, and squatting. Only the phoenix emperor can study all things, reach the sky, look like a hundred things, reach the king, lead the five tones, become nine virtues, prepare for civil and military affairs, and go down to the country. Therefore, you get the image of the phoenix, one is over, the other is Xiang, the third is set, the fourth is in the spring and autumn, and the fifth is for life. "
It is necessary to explain here that the history that people generally recognize that dragons represent imperial power today is not ancient. In Historical Records Xia Benji, there is a man named Liu Lei who specializes in raising dragons. After the death of a dragon, he cooked dragon meat for Xia Hou. Scholars have verified that the prototype of dragons at that time was crocodiles, which made sense. In the 198s, three groups of dragon and tiger patterns built by mussels in Yangshao culture period were excavated in Xishuipo, the southwest corner of Puyang County, Henan Province, more than 6, years ago. There are not only dragons on the right, but also tigers on the left. Later, although the order was reversed, it was caused by later development and evolution. It seems that the dragon was an animal that people controlled after death at that time, guiding their souls to heaven. According to historical records, dragon worship did exist before Xia Dynasty, but it was replaced by phoenix worship in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but the dragon was one of the ideal mascots.
After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the word dragon appeared frequently in ancient books. At least, the description of dragon was mixed. At least in the Tang dynasty, the image of the dragon did not completely represent imperial power. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was not enthroned, he once kept a dragon in the pool of Xingqing Palace. The restrictions on the folk use of dragon patterns are not strict. And in the epitaphs of the Tang Dynasty, the plot that yu long, the owner of the tomb, was pregnant and dreamed of being pregnant appeared frequently. If the dragon was monopolized by the royal family at that time, the words in these epitaphs were outrageous at that time. After the Tang Dynasty, the dragon gradually became a symbol of the emperor and imperial power, but the phoenix evolved into a vassal of the male supreme ruler.
dragons and phoenixes were truly monopolized by the royal family. It was the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties were more divided. However, the traces of the phoenix representing the imperial power still exist, such as calling the place where the emperor lived "Fengdu" and "Fengcheng", and calling the pond in the palace "Fengchi" and so on.
counties around Fengxian county also have other names. For example, Xiaoxian County is nicknamed Dragon City, but according to historical records, there is no emperor with Xiaoxian nationality, so Dragon City has nothing to do with the emperor. For example, Pei County was nicknamed Xiao Pei, which was a popular alias in the Eastern Han Dynasty to distinguish Pei Guo from Pei County.
' Phoenix Crab' in the old records of Fengxian County: "The left wing hangs in the southeast and the right wing in the northwest, each hundreds of feet long." Moreover, according to word of mouth, after the phoenix landed in Fengcheng, it screamed in the southwest direction and then flew to the southwest. The southwest of Fengcheng is precisely the hometown of Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Western Han Dynasty-Guzhong Yangli. I'm afraid this record and legend are not as simple as coincidence.
It is precisely because Fengxian County is not only the birthplace of Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, and Liu Ying, the filial piety of Hui Di, but also the land where the Han family prospered. And the emperors surnamed Liu in the Han Dynasty were all Fengxian people or Fengxian people's descendants. Han people regard the capital, imperial palace and county as seeing the phoenix. N flat omen, historical records repeatedly recorded. In the Han Dynasty, Phoenix was a symbol of imperial power and auspicious. Later generations are proud of the fact that the native land gave birth to the Han emperor, and it is natural to be called Fengcheng.
phoenix-related place names in Fengxian county have lasted for generations, such as yongfengli in the southwest of Fengxian county in Tang dynasty, Fenghuang Xie and Fengming Tower in Ming and Qing dynasties, and Fengming garden today. It seems that the Phoenix plot is deeply rooted in Fengxian people's hearts. Autumn scenery of Fengta in Qing Dynasty is one of the eight scenic spots in Fengxian County. Therefore, Liu Yunkui, a scholar in the city of Qing Dynasty, wrote, "Wild Goose Pagoda once wrote the name of Jingluo, and Feng Huangming is high here in autumn. With Wan Li's long wings, fly to Yaotai to make the moon bright. "
The beautiful story about Fengcheng, which was handed down from generation to generation by the ancestors of Fengxian County, is actually a true portrayal of Fengxian County as an ancient country and Liu Bang's hometown in history.
Source: Express Fengxian