First, out of thin air, fictional office.
After Fang wax, the generals were awarded officials for their achievements. "Chai Jin awarded the governor of Cangzhou, the governor of Yunzhou in Zhongshan, and the governor of Runzhou in Zhenjiang in Li Kui jy." It can be seen from these official titles that in the establishment of local governments in the Northern Song Dynasty, there should be states under the military and political, and the military and political should govern the states. But this is not the case.
In order to prevent the similar separatist regime in the late Tang and Five Dynasties from happening again, centralization of authority was greatly strengthened in the Song Dynasty. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, local governments followed the organizational system of * * * *, but the military, financial and judicial power of local governments at all levels were reverted to the court. In the setting of local government, it can be basically divided into three levels: Dao, Zhou and County.
The first level is the road. Although the administrative district at the road level covers the economy, prisons, supervision and management of some state military prisons, there is no unified administrative authority, no fixed number of officials, and even the resident, jurisdiction and name can be changed at any time. For this reason, some scholars think that it can only be regarded as "half-level". There are mainly four supervisory departments at the road level-management appeasement department (hereinafter referred to as Shuai, a senior military and political official all the way, as usual, is held by a civilian, but often with the title of general manager, in charge of military and political affairs, ordnance engineering), transportation department (hereinafter referred to as Cao, managing all finances and ensuring the full supply of local funds) and procuratorial department (hereinafter referred to as Xian, in charge of justice).
The second layer is the country, but it is also called government, state, army and prison. Generally speaking, where politics, economy and military affairs are important, governments, heavily armed military regions and industrial zones for cooking salt and smelting iron are set up. The position of the government is slightly higher than that of the state. As a result, larger states were promoted to governments. The state that rose to the government partly inherited the old name of the Tang and Five Dynasties, partly because it was sealed before the emperor ascended the throne, or was once an official land. Sent to the magistrate, are generally more important officials. The army of the Tang Dynasty was a military area command and only cared about the military. After the five dynasties, it was not much different from the administrative region. In the Song Dynasty, it became an administrative region where the army, the government and the people were united. The place where Jie Zhen Town was located in the Tang Dynasty still retains its bugle number, and it is also added to the newly changed bugle number, which is called Jiedu County. However, there is another place called the army, which is not a province or state, but a county, or several counties, or not. This kind of army is often only slightly higher than the county. The places where troops are stationed are generally at the border, and some are at key points. The purpose of stationing troops in the border areas is to resist the needs of foreign enemies, while the purpose of stationing troops in the inland pass is mainly to suppress the rebellion of the military and civilians, so their troops are juxtaposed with the state capital. As for the prison, it is actually similar to the county, but it is also listed in the state because it is directly under the capital and not under the jurisdiction of the state and county. And the county leaders. The official establishment of government, army and prison is generally similar to that of the state. The official history of Zongshen says: "To know the state affairs, there are 65,438 +0 people in each state affairs, and the officials, the army and the prison are like the state, depending on the place, so we should choose the provinces to fill them."
* * * * is the county party committee. County is the lowest level of local administrative institutions. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the dynasties have remained unchanged. There was a county magistrate and a county commandant in the counties of Song Dynasty. They were the main officials of the counties. There are also master books in big counties. In the third year of Kaibao (AD 970), Changbian (1 1) stipulated that county officials should customize: "If there are more than 1,000 households in the county, there are still orders, commanders and master books, and there are 3 employees; If the number of households is less than 1000 households, it is the order, the captain 1 member, and the county order is also the main book; If it is less than 400, stop buying the master book and the county magistrate, and take the master book as the county magistrate; If it is less than 200, it will be the main book and the county magistrate. " After Emperor Ning, more than 20,000 counties were ordered to add a county magistrate, second only to the county magistrate, and above the main book and county commandant.
In short, its local government structure is Luzhou (government, army, prison)-county * * *, which is equivalent to the current provinces, cities and counties.
Below the county level, there are still towns, villages, or cities and castles. In densely populated or topographically dangerous places, supervisors are set up for management. There are townships in the countryside, villages in the countryside, and households under the villages. In charge of the township. For example, Xianyang county is divided into five townships and five miles, Henan township is in charge of Zichuan, and Fengxian township is in charge of Fengcheng. The township has a township head and an inside line. Although there were no formal political organs in villages and towns, the rulers of the Song Dynasty relied on rural landlords to rule and control farmers. According to the "Wen Tong Kao Vocational Examination", after the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty regime, rural landlords were assigned as Li Zheng, parents and chiefs. Li Zheng and the head of the household are responsible for "supervising taxes". Qi Chang specializes in "catching thieves one by one".
In this way, it is obviously impossible for all the masters who were enfeoffed by Mr. Shi to take office.
In addition, Pioneer also asked Sung Jiang to grant Chuzhou appeasement ambassador and military commander-this "military commander" was also a vacant position granted by Mr. Shi, and there was no such position in the Song Dynasty.
The second is to cross the sea and regard temporary dispatch as a real official position.
In terms of official system, the Song Dynasty is completely different from other dynasties. In 320 years before and after the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin separated officials, posts and powers, because he was afraid that the history of "wearing yellow robes" would repeat itself. Officials had no posts and posts had no rights. Yuan Feng (1078— 1085) has changed a lot in official system, but its core is basically the same. Generally speaking, the official position in Song Dynasty is divided into official position, official position and poor position. In the History of Song Dynasty, there is a saying that "an official should hold the post of Lu, and his post should be selected, and he should not be sent to govern internal and external affairs." (The History of Song Dynasty, Volume 16 1, Title14, Guan Yi) Officials are equivalent to the current administrative level and are only used to determine the treatment. In most cases, the formal name is not directly related to the actual difference. Some truly distinguished officials are also called career officials to distinguish dispatching officials. Posts refer to posts in museums (Zhao Wen Museum, History Museum, Jixian Academy, Secret Pavilion, etc.). ), plus some virtual titles such as universities and bachelors. To show the noble status of senior civil servants. The real authority is dispatch, generally with the words "judge, power, knowledge, frankness, supervision, promotion and promotion", and it is also a temporary position. There is no official name, only treatment without real power. In the Song Dynasty, the county magistrate was called the county magistrate, but it was often called the magistrate in the history books, which was the characteristic of the local official system in the Song Dynasty. Magistrate of a county is short for county magistrate. According to the 4-year-long History as a Mirror, in order to strengthen the control of local political power, in the Song Dynasty, from the first year of Gande (AD 963), Dali was ordered to know Guantao County, supervise Wang Youzhi Wei County, Yang Zhiyi Yongji County and wasteland Yuanwailang County. I have been waiting since the island. "This is the emperor's direct appointment to take charge of the politics of a county, which is called magistrate affairs, that is, the chief executive of a county. The magistrate of a county is an emissary, which is different from the county decree. In the water margin, our ambassador, our ambassador, our ambassador, our ambassador, our ambassador, our ambassador are all official names, all of which are just empty titles used to express rank. Xiao Su undergraduate is a library post; Justices of the peace, judges, governors and peace messengers were sent. Yuanfeng was restructured, and * * * established Kaifu Yitong No.3 Division as the No.37 order of Wensanguan to Di Gong Lang, and Wusanguan as the No.52 order of Qiu for Cheng Xinlang. For example, Song Jiang, as an imperial envoy, can be a guard officer or a professional officer. After the reform of Yuanfeng, the official name used to send Lu was changed to martial doctor, and the rank was loose. Qiu, Bao Ichiro, Dr. Wu, and Dr. Wu in the Water Margin are all among the ranks of Wu San.
However, the division of military attache classes is more complicated, including on-the-job, leaving the county and running amok. It has responsibility and quality. For example, Ying Yong is a rank, Yuan Feng is a subordinate, and among officials, it is under the guard and above the secretariat, which is called Ying Yong for short. Ambassador Ying Yong of a certain state is an official title, and Ambassador Ying Yong of a remote county is the name of a remote rank. The rank depends on the rank of the officer ... and so on. Generally, state-level officers have five kinds of observation ambassadors, from five kinds of national defense ambassadors, regiment training ambassadors and secretariat ambassadors.
"Du Tong" in Water Margin is the official name, which is called "Du Tong" for short. Song is the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, responsible for unifying and coordinating the actions and operations of the army. During the Xuanhe period, if the generals were not unified, one of them was chosen as the commander-in-chief, and the generals were always in charge, which was a temporary dispatch. The soldiers were saved before they were called officials. "between xuanhe and xuanhe, the west and south fought, and the generals or three or four people were not unified, so they chose one to unify them. In short, the soldiers stopped fighting as before (Miscellanies of the Ruling and Opposition since the establishment of Yan, Volume I, 1 1, all the troops were controlled). At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, at least a part of the army under control was established as the next level. All command, control and command are still temporary tasks, not informal military positions. It was not until heather that it became permanent.
The third is to replace trees with flowers and move the official positions of later generations to the previous generation.
As mentioned above, it was not until the first year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 127) that the Royal Camp Division was established, and all ministers were under the control of generals, which became permanent official names. Subsequently, the Fifth Army of SHEN WOO, the Fu Xuan Department of Sichuan and Shaanxi, the Governor's Office and the Privy Council were all classified. In the 11th year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), all the armies were crowned "viceroy", and Zuo Wei was appointed as viceroy, while those with the highest rank were viceroy of all the armies, all of which remained in the same place. The names of all the states were on their foreheads, and their power was above that of the envoys. Later, troops stationed in the county were set up, and humble officials were called lieutenant.
Another example is the control of posts, which was first seen in the Southern Song Dynasty. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, the senior generals of the imperial army were all under the officials who were in charge, co-controlled and deputy-controlled, and they often placed one member, all of whom were partial. In the military system reform in the late Qing Dynasty, the chief officer who ruled a town (division) was called control (that is, town unification), and his rank was positive. In the Republic of China, it was renamed Normal University.
There is also a post of commander, which is short for commander. It originated in the fifth year of the Tang Dynasty (85 1), and the minister filled out a letter to discuss the control of the party, the line and the battalion. In the Northern Song Dynasty, he didn't always stay. He was in charge of planning the border military. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were more and more military affairs in charge of various states, mostly to appease envoys and to make military affairs cheaper, including Sichuan, Jianghuai, Jinghu and other places. Those who rank high and attach importance are called ambassadors. However, Yang Zhi's system is obviously far from reaching a high level.
Fourth, Li is rigid and chaotic.
Pioneer ambassador Song Jiang awarded the title of "Doctor Wude", which is a military rank name and belongs to the eighth rank among all officials. In the second year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1 1 12), on September 25th, the imperial court, the left and right officials and the hidden treasury were changed. During the Shaoxing period of the Southern Song Dynasty, the 16th among the 52 military commanders was decided, ranking second only to the military doctors.
Lu Junyi, the deputy pioneer, awarded the title of "Dr. Wu", which belongs to the eighth rank among all officials. In the second year of the Northern Song Dynasty (112), it was changed to the Imperial Capital on September 25th, and it became a seven-grade official (Imperial Decree of Song Dynasty (volume 163) and Official Records of Song Dynasty (IX).
Wu Yong, a military adviser, awarded this task to Vu Thang's army. Cheng, a native of the early Song Dynasty, followed the Tang system and stayed for observation. There are no quotas and no tariffs. Although he was given a military title, he did not go to his post, but served as a military attache with a false title. In the seventh year of Song Zhenghe (1 1 17), it was renamed as, with a military rank and four grades. The mission of an army is the official title. In addition to the task, it is named after the national rank. For example, Yue Fei in Song Dynasty said it was the mission of Zhennan Army.
Comprehensive analysis of the ranking of these three people, it is not difficult to find that the original ranking in the water margin has been reversed, but in fact Wu Yong has the highest title and Song Jiang has the lowest, which obviously does not meet the situation at that time. Besides, in the Song Dynasty, appeasement envoys were stationed in important areas, and they were in charge of both military and political affairs, which was called Shuai for short. If a minister is above two levels, he can be called an appeasement envoy, and Song Jiang's appeasement makes him the highest position.
But there are also new problems. They all control the post, and their power is higher than that of the messenger. Aren't Chai Jin, Mars and Li Kui jy higher than Song Jiang?
In addition, Hu's command of the military forces in the imperial camp is also very prominent. The commander is the highest rank in the Ministry in charge of the library. According to Huo's 52-28 Internal Military Equipment Depot, "the number of men and soldiers is * * * 148". It is obviously unreasonable for an officer with less than 150 soldiers to rank above the control of all countries.
Therefore, Mr. Shi Lao originally wanted to clear the name of the heroes in the water margin and let them all "get a wife's shadow." In the end, everything became futile. What would heroes think if they knew everything?