Zhuge Liang (181-234), courtesy name Kongming and nickname Wolong. Zhuge Liang was born in an official's family in Langxieyangdu in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (181). The Zhuge family is a prominent family in Langxie, and their ancestor Zhuge Feng once served as Sili Xiaowei (chief of the garrison of the capital) during the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui, whose courtesy name was Jungong, served as the magistrate of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang lost his father in his early years. Together with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, he followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu, to Yuzhang. The Eastern Han Dynasty court sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, so Zhuge Xuan went to join his old friend Liu Biao, the pastor of Jingzhou.
In the second year of Jian'an (197), Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his siblings lost their livelihood, so they moved to Longzhong (20 miles west of today's Xiangyang County, some say the place of seclusion is Nanyang?) and lived in seclusion in the countryside to farm and make ends meet. In the fourth year of Jian'an (199), 19-year-old Zhuge Liang and his friends Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shuijing Sima Hui.
Zhuge Liang's reading was different from that of most people at that time. He did not stick to one chapter or one sentence, but looked at its general outline. He also liked to recite the ancient ballad "Liang Fu Yin". Through intensive study, he was not only familiar with astronomy and geography, but also proficient in tactics and military tactics. He has great ambitions and takes the world as his own responsibility. , Zhuge Liang also paid great attention to observing and analyzing the society at that time, and accumulated rich knowledge on governing the country and using troops.
In the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), when Zhuge Liang was 27 years old, Liu Bei "visited the thatched cottage three times", met with Zhuge Liang, and asked about the plan to unify the world. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation at the time incisively and proposed to first capture Jing, Yi served as a base, reformed politics internally, united with Sun Quan externally, pacified the Yiyue in the south, and reconciled with the Rong in the west. Waiting for the opportunity, they sent troops from both directions to the north to unify the country's strategic thinking. This conversation is the famous "Longzhong Dui" . [Gulong Zhongshan, which is now thirteen kilometers west of Xiangyang, Hubei Province, was under the jurisdiction of Nanyang County at that time]
After listening to Zhuge Liang's incisive and thorough analysis, Liu Bei's thoughts suddenly became enlightened. He felt that Zhuge Liang's talent was rare, so he sincerely asked Zhuge Liang to come out and help him complete the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang then came out to assist Liu Bei, forming a tripartite force among the Three Kingdoms. Zhuge Liang stepped in to assist Liu Bei in times of crisis and joined forces with Sun Yat-sen to fight against Cao Cao. Defeated Cao's army at Chibi and captured Jingzhou. In the 16th year of Jian'an, Yizhou was captured. Then he defeated Cao Jun and captured Hanzhong. In the twenty-sixth year, Liu Bei established the Shu Han regime in Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister to preside over the government. In three years (223 years), Liu Bei was critically ill and asked him to take care of his future affairs.
Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was named Marquis of Wuxiang and led Yizhou as pastoralist. Be diligent and prudent, handle all political affairs personally, strictly enforce rewards and punishments, alliance with Soochow, improve relations with all ethnic groups in the southwest, implement farming, and strengthen war preparations. In the fifth year of Jianxing (227 years), Shangshu (i.e., "Chu Shi Biao") was appointed by Liu Chan and led his army to station in Hanzhong. He made six northern expeditions to the Central Plains, mostly using food but without success. Twelve years later, he finally became ill due to overwork and died in the Wuzhangyuan Army. He left his funeral affairs to Jiang Wei.
Zhuge Liang was an outstanding statesman, thinker, and military strategist in Shu during the Three Kingdoms period. For thousands of years, Zhuge Liang has become the embodiment of wisdom, and his legendary stories have been recited by the world. Zhuge Liang's writings are included in the "Zhuge Family Collection Catalog" in the original biography of "Three Kingdoms", with 24 chapters and 141,12 words. Compiled by later generations, the "Collected Works of Marquis Zhuge Zhongwu" compiled by Zhang Shu of the Qing Dynasty is relatively complete. Zhuge Liang's main works in his life include: "The Former Teacher", "The Later Teacher", and "Longzhong Dui". Zhuge Liang was skilled in strategy, good at making decisions, and good at ingenuity. He once innovated the "Liannu", which could fire 10 arrows at the same time; he also made "Wooden Ox" and "Flowing Horse" to facilitate military transportation in the mountains; he also practiced the art of war and made the "Eight Formations". picture".
There are many memorial monuments to Zhuge Liang, dozens of them across the country. There is an endless stream of tourists.
The earliest Wuhou Temple in the country is in Mian County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Wuhou Temple in Mian County is the No. 1 Wuhou Temple in the world. Wuhou Temple in Mian County was built in the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao (AD 263). Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. He was named "Wuxianghou" during his lifetime (Wuxiang is in Wuxiang Town, Hanzhong City today). After his death, he was posthumously named "Zhongwuhou" by Liu Chan. Therefore, historically, his ancestral temple was honored as "Wuxianghou". Hou Temple".
Now the Wuhou Temple in Mian County is majestic and grand in scale. It has seven courtyards and more than 60 palaces. It is not only a place to pay homage to the sages, but also a place to visit cultural relics. What is even more significant is that the Wuhou Temple in Mian County is located at the former site of the "Xingyuan Prime Minister's Mansion" where Zhuge Liang went to Hanzhong to station troops for the Northern Expedition.
At present, in addition to Wuhou Temple in Chengdu and Wuhou Temple in Mian County, there are also Wuhou Temple in Nanyang, Wuhou Temple in Baidi City, Wuhou Temple in Baoshan, Yunnan, and Wuhou Temple in Qishan. In addition, there are the Wuzhangyuan Zhuge Temple built before the Tang Dynasty, the Wuhou Palace (Puqi, Hubei) built in the Ming Dynasty, the Huangling Temple (Yichang, Hubei) built during the Jian'an period, etc. Zhuge Town in Lanxi, Zhejiang is named after the descendants of Zhuge Liang who have lived here for generations. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall was first built during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, more than 370 years ago. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has fifty-two rooms of ancient buildings, including Zhuge Liang's tomb. In recent years, Lanxi Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has gradually become famous and influential. It is a major historical site and scenic spot in Lanxi.
Chronology of Zhuge Liang
Era, Age, Life and Deeds
In the 4th year of Guanghe, 181 1 years old, Zhuge Liang was born in Langye Yangdu (now Yinan County, Shandong Province) ).
Zhongping 6 years 189 9 years old Zhuge Liang's biological mother Zhang passed away.
In the 3rd year of Chuping, 192, at the age of 12, Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Si passed away.
In the first year of Xingping, 194, at the age of 14, Zhuge Liang, his younger brother Zhuge Jun and his younger sister were adopted by their uncle Zhuge Liangxuan. His older brother Zhuge Jin went to Jiangdong with his stepmother.
In the 2nd year of Chuping, 195, at the age of 15, Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan was appointed as the governor of Yuzhang. He and his younger siblings went to Yuzhang (now Nanchang) with his uncle.
In the second year of Jian'an, 197, at the age of 17, Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his younger siblings moved to Longzhong.
Jian'an 4th year 199 19 years old Zhuge Liang and his friend Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shui Jing Sima Hui.
Jian'an 12th year 207 27 years old Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times. Zhuge Liang told Liu Bei a plan to divide the world into three parts, which is the famous "thatched cottage pair". He immediately came out to assist Liu Bei.
Jian'an 13th year 208 28 years old Zhuge Liang persuaded Sun Quan to form an alliance with Liu Bei and participate in the Battle of Chibi and win.
In the 14th year of Jian'an, 209, at the age of 29, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the general of the army.
Jian'an 16 years 211 31 years old Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun guarded Jingzhou.
Jian'an 19th year 214 34 years old Zhuge Liang left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and led troops with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to join forces with Liu Bei. Liu Bei entered Chengdu and took charge of Bashu. Zhuge Liang was appointed as the general of the Shu army's military division, the general of the left, and also the chief minister of the government.
20th year of Jian'an 215 35 years old Zhuge Liang rectified the internal affairs of Bashu.
23rd year of Jian'an 218 38 years old Zhuge Liang stayed in Bashu to raise military rations to supply Liu Bei who was fighting in Hanzhong.
In the first year of Shu Zhangwu, 221, at the age of 41, Liu Bei ascended the throne and established the Kingdom of Shu. Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister.
In 223, the first year of Shu Jianxing, at the age of 43, Liu Bei entrusted Zhuge Liang to Baidi City.
Liu Chan made Zhuge Liang the Marquis of Wuxiang and led Yizhou as a pastoralist.
2 years after the establishment of Shu 224 44 years old Zhuge Liang adjusted the internal affairs of Bashu and stabilized the people who were in chaos due to Liu Bei's defeat.
3rd year of Shu Jianxing 225 45 years old Zhuge Liang led his army to the south and stabilized the four southern counties.
4 years after the founding of Shu, 226 46 years old, Zhuge Liang prepared to attack Wei.
In the 5th year of the founding of Shu, 227, 47 years old, Zhuge Liang submitted the "List of Departures" to his former lord Liu Chan for the Northern Expedition.
In the 6th year of the founding of Shu, 228, 48 years old, Jieting was lost during the Northern Expedition. Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su with tears in his eyes, demoted himself to the right general, and acted as prime minister.
In the 7th year of the founding of Shu, 229, at the age of 49, Zhuge Liang once again launched the northern expedition to seize Wudu and Yinping, and restored his position as prime minister.
In the 8th year of the founding of Shu, 230 50 years old, Zhuge Liang made another northern expedition.
In the 9th year of the founding of Shu, 231, 51 years old, Zhuge Liang made a northern expedition to Qishan, defeated Sima Zhongda, and defeated Wei general Zhang He.
In the 11th year of the founding of Shu, 233 53 years old, Zhuge Liang built a pavilion in Xiegu to gather grain.
In the 12th year of the founding of Shu, 234, 54 years old, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan during the second Northern Expedition.
Some of Zhuge Liang's political achievements
First, Dujiangyan,
"Shui Jing Zhu Jiang Shui" records: "Zhuge Liang used the weir as his agricultural base during his northern expedition. The capital of the country is to be guarded by 1,000 and 200 people, and there are weir officials." --- Zhuge Liang pioneered the practice of weir officials.
The details of this decree are breathtaking, including the date of the annual dredging work, the depth of excavation, the stone ruler Zhuge Liang used for dredging maintenance, and the stainless steel ruler that was not copied until the 1980s. Ruler replacement. The maintenance regulations established by Wuhou are still implemented unchanged to this day.
Second, the Wa people resisted the British;
As far back as 225 AD, the Kanamanjuan tribe of the Wa people living in the Gourd Kingdom signed an alliance with Zhuge Liang, the Prime Minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, and swore to submit to the Shu Han court. Guard the border and never rebel; for 1700 years, the Wa people have always followed this covenant. In 1934, when the British army attacked the Banhong and Banlao areas, the Wa people kept this covenant in mind. King Banlao rose up to resist and organized the Wa armed forces. Niu Meng swore allegiance to their most respected "grandfather" - Zhuge Liang. This is the famous "Banhong Incident";
3. The "Tea Ancestor" worshiped by six ethnic minorities.
"Pu'er Prefecture Annals? Ancient Relics" records: It is said that Marquis Wu traveled through the six mountains, leaving copper gongs in Youle, placing copper trowels in the wild branches, burying iron bricks in the wild bricks, and leaving wooden bangs in Yi. In the country, the horses and pedals were buried in Gedeng, and the sacks were placed in Mancai, which is why the mountain is named after it. "One of the six major tea mountains is called Kongming Mountain. The local people also call the tea tree "Kongming Tree" and respect Zhuge Liang as the "Ancestor of Tea." To this day, the Jinuo, Bulang, Wa, Dai, Hani, Zhuge Liang's villages hold a gathering every year on Zhuge Liang's birthday, called the "Tea Master Meeting", where they sing and dance to admire the moon, light up Kongming lanterns, and worship Zhuge Liang.
Zhuge Liang's status in the martial arts temples of the past dynasties
p>The martial arts temple appeared for the first time in Chinese history in the Tang Dynasty
1. "New Book of Tang - Rites and Music Five" records: "In the 19th year of Kaiyuan, the Taigong Shangfu Temple was built. He respected Taigong as King Wucheng, and the ceremony was comparable to that of King Wenxuan, and he was served by ten wise generals and elephants from past dynasties. The ten sages of the martial arts temple are:
Sun Wu of the Wu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, Sima Ranju of the Qi State, Wu Qi of the Wei State of the Warring States Period, Le Yi of the Yan State, Bai Qi of the Qin State, and Zhang Liang of the Western Han Dynasty , Han Xin, Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han Dynasty, Li Jing and Li Shiji of the Tang Dynasty, and Yi Taigongwang was the chief worshiper of the Wu Temple. ”
2. In the third year of Emperor Dezong’s reign in the Tang Dynasty, the imperial court issued an edict and asked the History Museum to verify the results. 64 famous generals from ancient and modern times were listed for sharing, and all of them were painted with images, arranged around King Wucheng. The 32 people on the left are: Yue Fan Li, Qi Sun Bin, Zhao Lianpo, Qin Wang Jian, Wei Qing, Sui and Han Qinhu, Guo Ziyi, etc.
3. Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty granted Zhuge Liang the title of King Wuling and granted him a temple in Longzhong.
Song Dynasty:
In the Song Dynasty, Zhuge was worshiped as a loyal minister (given the Yinghui Temple with "Renji"). At the same time, Zhuge was still worshiped as a famous general, whose status was second only to Zhang, who ranked first alone. Liang is still on an equal footing with Sun Wu, Han Xin, Li Jing, etc.
"History of the Song Dynasty" Volume 105 "Book of Rites 8": In the fifth year of Xuanhe, the Ministry of Rites said: "Wuchengwang Temple worshiped Fan 72." "General" then released the day of the ceremony and appointed Zhang Liang to enjoy the palace.
Different grades are divided according to the direction
First grade: Zhang Liang
Second grade: Guan Zhong, Sun Wu, Le Yi, Zhuge Liang, Li Ji and facing west, Tian Rangju, Fan Li, Han Xin, Li Jing, Guo Ziyi And heading east
The third stall: Donglang, Bai Qi, Sun Bin, Lian Po, Li Mu, Cao Shen, Zhou Bo, Li Guang, Huo Qubing, Deng Yu, Feng Yi, Wu Han, Ma Yuan, Huangfu Song, Deng Ai, Zhang Fei, Lu Meng, Lu Kang, Du Yu, Tao Kan, Murong Ke, Yu Wenxian, Wei Xiaokuan, Yang Su, He Ruobi, Li Xiaogong, Su Dingfang, Wang Xiaojie, Wang Jun, Li Guangbi, and heading west;
Fourth stall: Xilang, Wu Qi, Tian Dan, Zhao She, Wang Jian, Peng Yue, Zhou Yafu, Wei Qing, Zhao Chongguo, Kou Xun, Jia Fu, Geng Yan, Duan Peng, Zhang Liao, Guan Yu, Zhou Yu, Lu Xun, Yang Hu, Wang Jun , Xie Xuan, Wang Meng, Wang Zhene, Hu Luguang, Wang Sengbian, Yu Jin, Wu Mingche, Han Qinhu, Shi Wansui, Yuchi Jingde, Pei Xingjian, Zhang Rendan, Guo Yuanzhen, Li Sheng, and eastward.
The Jin people followed the old system of the Tang Dynasty, but lowered the status of Guan Zhong and Han Xin, and eliminated Wang Meng and Murong Ke. Zhuge Liang's status as a famous general remained unchanged. Moreover, in the concept of "History of the Jin Dynasty", if anyone says the sentence "Zhuge Liang does not know how to fight", it proves that this person is "a big talker".
Yuan Dynasty: In this dynasty, the number of worshipers in the martial temple was greatly reduced, and many people were eliminated. However, there was still Zhuge Liang, and his status was still on an equal footing with Sun Wu and others.
1. "History of the Yuan Dynasty? Sacrifice Chronicles Five? Wucheng Wang Article" records: "King Wucheng built a temple to the west of the Privy Council Hall, and ten people including Sun Wuzi, Zhang Liang, Guan Zhong, Leyi and Zhuge Liang worshiped.
2. Emperor Yingzong of the Yuan Dynasty named Zhuge Liang the King of Xu Lie Zhongwu Xianling Renji
The great novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" was born in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. In order to avoid the huge influence of the romance novel, the situation thereafter was not the same. column.