1
Concept
The title, also known as the title, is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content of the paper in the most appropriate and concise words. , each word used must be considered to help select keywords and prepare bibliographies, indexes and other secondary documents that can provide specific practical information for retrieval, and avoid using uncommon abbreviations, acronyms, characters, and codes. and formulas etc. The title is the first important information that reflects the research scope, argument and level of an academic paper. As the saying goes, when reading a book, read the cover (title) first, and when reading the text, read the title (title) first. Its importance can be summarized as "the title is half as good as the text." Generally, academic papers do not need subtitles, but they can be given in the following situations: the meaning of the title is not complete, and the subtitle is used to supplement the specific content of the paper; the paper is published in volumes, or a series of work is divided into several reports, or divided into For the research results of each stage, different subtitles are used to distinguish their specific content; for other research results, it is necessary to use subtitles as extensions or explanations.
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Basic types
Paper titles generally show the following three basic types: First, the title reveals the scope of the research. For example, "On the Concept of Audit Quality" only reflects the scope of the paper's research but does not express the paper's views. The second is a title that reveals the theme or argument of the topic. For example, "A Theory of "User" Satisfaction of Audit Quality", this kind of title directly reflects the author's proposition, that is, the argument of the paper. The third is a title with both theme and subtitle, which reflects both the research scope and argument of the paper. Such as "Research on the Concept of Audit Quality - "User" Satisfaction Theory of Audit Quality". The subtitle must further explain the theme to prevent the problem of two skins. In specific writing practice, the commonly used title forms are summarized as follows: "On (talk, brief discussion, brief discussion, brief discussion, brief analysis) XX (problem)"; "Problems and Countermeasures of XX (My Opinion)" "Discussion on XX (problem) (preliminary exploration, my opinion, Guan view)"; "Discussion on (regarding) XX (problem) (several points of understanding and thinking)". It should be noted that in this kind of title, the prepositions "about" and "pair" cannot be used together, only one of them can be used.
3
Basic requirements and precautions
The title of an academic paper is different from the title of other articles (news, essays, novels, etc.). There is no need to pursue art too much. Effect. The basic requirements are as follows:
First, the title and text are consistent. This is the basic guideline for drafting academic paper titles. The title of an academic paper should reflect the most important specific content of the article in concise and precise words. It should help select keywords and appropriately reflect the scope and depth of the research problem. Try to avoid using symbols and abbreviations that are not familiar to readers. , abbreviation, etc. One of the things to note about the title of the paper is that it is too general, large and empty, and the "title" and "text" do not match in connotation and denotation. For example: the paper titled "Research on Audit Quality Management" actually only discusses the process control issue of audit quality - one aspect of audit quality management. If the title is changed to focus on the specific object of the research, such as "Research on Control Methods", "Research on Audit Quality Assessment", etc., such titles will be much more appropriate and facilitate in-depth discussion. There are also some papers that only have a thousand words and a few pages, but the titles are scary, such as "Several Issues in the Essay on ?" and "Research on ?". The second is to be concise and to the point. The title of the paper should be as short and precise as possible. On the premise of ensuring that it accurately reflects the "most important specific content" of the paper, the fewer the title, the better, so that it is easier for readers to read, understand and remember. Generally speaking, the word count of an essay title should not exceed 20 words at most.
The second is to avoid cumbersomeness and redundancy. For example, in a paper title such as "Research on the Theoretical Basis of Audit Sampling", if words like "about" and "research" are omitted, it will not affect the expression of the meaning. It can be refined to "Theoretical Basis of Audit Sampling". With this change, the number of words has been reduced from the original 13 words to 9 words, making it clean, concise and concise. Therefore, dispensable and redundant words in the title should be deleted as much as possible, and synonyms or synonyms should be avoided. For example, in "About? Analysis and Discussion", "analysis" and "discussion" have similar meanings, so just keep one of them. There are also some papers whose titles are unclear and vague. For example, "Ways for State-owned Enterprises to Prevent Audit Risks", "Research on Quality Audit Projects", and "How Audit Agencies Actively Create a New Situation in Internal Audit Work" make it difficult for readers to understand what issues the paper discusses.
The third is fascinating.
The title of the paper is in the first eye-catching position that catches the reader's eyes. Whether the words used are correct and whether the content expressed is eye-catching and attractive are related to whether the reader's interest in reading the text can be aroused. The title of an academic paper should be "right" (accurate and appropriate, consistent with the title, concise, and easy to understand), and strive to be "good" (contrast, catchy, rich in literary talent, and give readers a sense of beauty). What needs special attention is that the title must conform to the grammar, rhetoric and logic rules of modern Chinese in terms of language expression, and there must be no typos or grammatical errors. Otherwise, it will give readers the first impression of sloppiness, lack of seriousness, and poor quality of the paper, and they will lose interest in reading. The fourth is to facilitate retrieval. The words used in the title of academic papers should use standard words in the keyword list as much as possible to facilitate citation and retrieval in the dissemination of the paper.
In short, a good academic paper title should be a "sentence" that highly condenses the essence of the paper and embodies the function of the title (prompt, introduction). The author should try his best to summarize in one sentence the most important theme and idea in the paper that readers need to understand most, so that people will be interested in reading the entire content of the paper as soon as they see the title. In addition, the title of the fictitious paper is actually the author naming his "child". As for when to draft the title, there are generally two situations: one is "name first, then give birth to the child", that is, draft the title first, and then write the thesis; second, "name the child first, then name the child", that is, write the thesis (draft) first, and then Make up a title.
Signature
Signature is the name of the person who wrote the paper and is responsible for the content, ranked according to the size of his contribution. Signatures involve copyright issues, so they must be true and reliable and give your full name. The first is to show that the author is responsible for the article, the second is to record the results of the author's labor, the third is to facilitate the contact between readers and the author, and the fourth is for literature retrieval (author index). There are two situations of signature: single-author papers (solo) and multi-author papers (co-authored). A common problem with paper signatures is that they are illogical: for solo-authored papers, "we think" appears in the text; for co-authored papers, "I think" appears in the text. To avoid such problems, when the author needs to be mentioned in the article, "author" can be used instead.
Abstract
An abstract is a short statement extracted from the content of the paper without annotations and comments. It is an independent and complete short article. In essence, the abstract is a highly concentrated summary of the main points and essence of the paper. It should be independent and self-contained, that is, the necessary information can be obtained without reading the full text of the paper. The abstract is generally written in the third person voice, describing the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the research work, etc., with the focus being on the results and conclusions. The first is to let readers understand the main content of the paper as soon as possible to make up for the deficiencies in the title. The abstract is responsible for attracting the reader and introducing the ideas of the paper. Readers generally do not read the entire paper as soon as they get it, but decide whether they need to read the paper completely after reading the title and abstract. The purpose of the abstract is to allow readers to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper, and to know the general content of the paper, so as to decide whether it is necessary to read the full text. The second is to provide convenience for scientific and technological intelligence personnel and computer retrieval. After the paper is published, the abstract journal can directly use the abstract without modification or with slight modifications, thus avoiding misunderstandings, deficiencies and errors that may arise when someone else writes the abstract. The third is to provide convenience for secondary documents. The writing feature of the abstract is the use of objective third-person expression.
There are two common irregularities in abstract writing: First, it is confused with "Editor's Note" to self-evaluate, explain or explain the paper, using "this article", "author's opinion", "proposed" words such as "own opinions" and "undertaken a superficial discussion". Second, it is too long or too short. The text is too long, and the content is not condensed and concise; it is too short, often only one or two sentences, and does not reflect the main information of the paper. Generally, the abstract of a paper is about 300 words long and does not need to be divided into paragraphs. It has also been suggested that the length of the abstract should generally limit its word count to no more than 5% of the word count of the paper.
At present, it is common for many academic papers, including those published in some well-known social science journals, to have irregular abstracts, and some even have no abstracts. Both authors and editors have cognitive errors in varying degrees about the importance of abstracts, or do not understand the standards and rules of abstract writing. Some paper authors think that as long as the main text is written well, they even think that writing the abstract is the editor's job; while some editors also ignore the abstract and only care about the academic level of the main text of the paper, thinking that the abstract is only a preparatory part of the paper and has nothing to do with it. critical.
In fact, the abstract "should be a complete short article" that can be read independently and self-sufficiently. How to write the abstract of an academic paper into "a complete short article"? First, you can use the "Automatically write summary" function in the computer "Tools" to let the computer write some important "sentences" by setting the "proportion" (can be set to greater than 5%, such as 20%, to facilitate modification), "position", etc. "Sifted out, reprocessed, and concatenated into short articles. The short article should be similar to the short articles in the "Excerpts of Arguments" column of "Xinhua Digest" and the "Summary of Arguments" column of "Chinese Social Sciences Digest". The second is to abbreviate the "text" and highlight the innovation of the paper, including new technologies, new theories, new methods, new perspectives, new rules proposed in the paper, correcting predecessors' mistakes, resolving disputes, supplementing and developing predecessors' achievements. wait.
Keywords
The keywords of academic papers are also called index words. They belong to a category of subject words and are selected from reports and papers for document indexing work. Words or terms for full-text subject content information items. It is a word or phrase selected from the paper title, paragraph title, and text that can reflect the topic concept of the paper. If the paper is not marked with keywords, the literature database will not include such articles, and readers will not be able to search them. Whether the keywords are selected appropriately is related to the retrieval of the paper and the utilization of the paper results. Keywords are placed after the abstract and before the introduction. Keywords are the same as abstracts. Although they are both condensations of the subject content of the paper, they are more concise than abstracts and can better reveal the main points of the paper.
Common keyword irregularities and problems include: keywords are not critical, the denotation is too large, "one sentence" is used as a keyword; there are too many or too few keywords, or verbs, adjectives, etc. Using keywords or selecting some words or phrases that have nothing to do with the title or paragraph title of the paper and do not reflect the subject concept of the paper will cause retrieval difficulties and will not serve the purpose of retrieving the paper quickly and conveniently.
The general method of selecting keywords: after the author completes the writing of the paper, he will review the full text and select words that can express the main content of the paper. These words should be as important as possible from the title, abstract, hierarchical headings and main text. Extract words and phrases from the paragraphs that are consistent with the subject concept, and try to use the normative subject headings listed in the "Chinese Subject Thesaurus". Generally, 3 to 8 keywords are selected, and there should be a space between each word to show the difference.
Introduction
The introduction is also called the introduction, introduction, preface, introduction, and preface. It is the opening statement of a paper and belongs to the introductory part of the entire paper. It leads to the argument, so it is written before the main text. The purpose of writing an introduction is to explain the ins and outs of this research to the reader. Its function is to arouse the reader's attention, guide reading, and enable the reader to have an overall understanding of the paper.
The introduction briefly describes the purpose and scope of the research work, previous work and knowledge gaps in related fields, theoretical basis and analysis, research assumptions, research methods and experimental design, expected results and significance, etc. In order to make the overall structure of the paper rigorous, complete and logical, the introduction should first briefly explain the meaning and purpose of the research problem, and clearly present the arguments and other content. This is to echo the previous ones and reflect the logical relationship between the arguments and the argument. , which brings convenience to the argumentation in the main text. Common irregularities in introductions include: long text, scattered and trivial content, which cannot attract readers to read the main text; some papers have no introduction and directly discuss.
Issues that should be paid attention to when writing an introduction include: First, it is fascinating and attracts readers. The beginning of the article is commonly known as "crested", which means to be wonderful, beautiful and attractive. Therefore, the introduction should get straight to the point and get to the topic quickly to arouse the reader's interest in reading. It should not "write a thousand words and digress thousands of miles from the topic", making the reader feel like they are trapped in a fog. Second, the text should be concise and concise, and the text should not be too long to prevent the paper from being top-heavy and unevenly structured. A complicated and lengthy introduction will bore readers and prevent them from reading the full text. There is no need to repeat the knowledge contained in general textbooks in the introduction. Third, it should not be the same as the abstract and cannot become an annotation of the abstract.
Text
The main text of the paper is the argument part of the paper and the main body of the paper, occupying the largest space of the paper. Generally, the main body of an article (that is, the middle part of the article) is commonly known as "pig belly" (some people emphasize that it is the belly of a sow), which means that the main content of the article is contained in it. The creative achievements or new research results embodied in the paper will be fully reflected in this part.
Because the disciplines, topics, research methods, work processes, results expression methods, etc. involved in the research work are very different, the content of the text cannot be uniformly stipulated. However, it must be realistic, objective, accurate, logical, clear-cut, concise and readable.
The requirements for writing the main body of the paper are: the arguments are correct, distinct, profound, and novel; the arguments are true, reliable, accurate, typical, sufficient, and appropriate; the arguments are logically rigorous and well-organized, and the arguments and arguments are unified. To this end, the text should be well-structured, clear in context, and have a prominent theme. This requires dividing the text into several logical paragraphs, and one logical paragraph can contain several natural paragraphs (generally no less than two natural paragraphs per page after writing). Each logical segment or natural segment can be preceded by an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle). With short sentences and paragraphs, the article will appear clean and neat. Multiple sections help with organization. If the paragraph is too long and different contents are mixed together in one paragraph, the article will appear dull and the logic will not be clear. Punctuation helps reading. The sentence is too long, with a comma for two lines and a period for several lines, making it difficult to read.
Common problems in text writing:
Unclear levels, each logical or natural paragraph lacks subtitles, or the subtitles are not short and clear enough;
Logic There is a lack of logic between paragraphs or natural paragraphs;
The text length varies greatly. Some logical paragraphs or natural paragraphs take up several pages, while others only have a few sentences, which is very inconsistent;
p>The level sequence numbers are confusing and cannot be used in the order of "1," "(1)" "1." "(1)".
You should pay attention to the following three points when writing the text:
First, develop the argument around a center (a line). The argument is the soul and core of the paper. The proof and expression of arguments are the main tasks to be completed in essay writing. Once the argument is determined, the whole text must be centered around it (a line) to arrange the structure, select materials, and choose words and sentences. Only by firmly grasping a center and tightly revolving around a line can the written paper be coherent and have a sense of coherence. Otherwise, the paper will be disorganized and unclear.
The second is to construct segments reasonably around the center. Paragraphs are the basis of the text. Each logical paragraph or natural paragraph must be single and complete, focusing on expressing one meaning and making one meaning complete. Do not write content irrelevant to the meaning of this paragraph into the same paragraph. At the same time, pay attention to the inherent logical connection between each part. , the connection and connection between paragraphs, and make good use of related words and write transitional sentences to connect the previous and the following parts of the article and reflect the previous and the following.
The third is to flexibly use various specific argumentation methods (examples, citations, analogies, cause-and-effect methods, and counter-evidence methods) to make the paper "live".
Conclusion
The conclusion of the paper is the final and overall conclusion, not a simple repetition of the summaries of each paragraph in the text. The conclusion is also called the conclusion and conclusion. It reflects the value of research results with its own organization, accuracy and objectivity. Like the abstract, the conclusion also facilitates readers to read the full text and secondary literature work. The conclusion should include the core ideas of the paper, explain the limitations of the research work, and put forward opinions or suggestions for future work. If the conclusion paragraph contains a lot of content, it can be written in separate sections, with each section forming a paragraph and appropriately numbered; if the conclusion section contains a small amount of content, it can be written in separate sections and the entire section can be written as one paragraph. The ending should echo the beginning, summarize the whole text, and be the icing on the cake. It should be noted that when writing the conclusion (end) of the paper, avoid using a document-style or meeting-summary-style ending, superfluous, or a modest and polite way of self-evaluation. For example, at the end of some papers, it is written: "The above is just the author's superficial understanding. Readers are invited to criticize and correct any shortcomings." Some write at the end: "The research in this article has reached the domestic advanced level and filled the domestic gap." This is superfluous, because readers can make their own judgments after reading the entire paper, and there is no need for the author to comment on himself.