The name is extremely familiar to each of us. When everyone is born, their parents and elders will give the child a name that may be heroic or auspicious. Even when some people are still conceived in the mother's womb, their parents and elders can't wait to consult the dictionary, or pay a lot of money to hire a naming "" master" or expert to give the child a good name in advance. Most people's The name may have obvious gender characteristics, such as "" Gang", "" Qiang", etc. are commonly used by men, and "" Hua", "" Ling", "" Hong", etc. are commonly used by women; or have obvious gender characteristics. For example, for men born around 1949 and 1950, names such as "Jianguo" and "Yuan Korea" are more common; people born in the 1960s and 1970s often use names such as "Weidong" and "Weidong" Names such as "Satellite". Since the reform and opening up, people's naming principles have become broader and even "random". Various "weird" names such as Queen Duanmu, King of Glory, and Durex have also been frequently seen in the media. Report. Unlike modern people who still mainly pursue auspicious and wishful meanings, but the naming principles have become very arbitrary and have gradually become more relaxed, the naming etiquette of the royal family in the Qing Dynasty has gone from relaxed to strict. In the course of its development, a relatively strict, even rigid and cumbersome naming etiquette was finally formed during the Kangxi period. Those who violated it would be severely punished. Perhaps readers who have watched many films about the Qing Dynasty will say so easily. The names of the 12 emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Fulin, Xuanye, Yinzhen, Hongli... Puyi, are very ordinary and ordinary. What etiquette should be followed? The fact is that since Emperor Kangxi, the Qing royal family has formulated and implemented strict rules. Naming etiquette. Names such as Yinzhen, Hongli...Puyi are the "" results" of the specific implementation of this etiquette. 1. Naming customs of the Manchus before entering the customs. Before entering the Central Plains of Dingding, the Manchus named their newborns. The birth date is usually after the child is one month old. The naming method is also relatively simple and simple. There are three common naming methods: naming someone based on the age of an elder in the family at the time of birth. For example, when someone is born, he or she is named. /Her grandfather, grandmother and other elders happen to be seventy years old. He/she may be named "Nadanzhu" (meaning seventy in Manchu). Names are given in order of birth, with the eldest son being named more often. With a name like ""Aji"/""Aji (Jing)ga", the second son was named ""Zhuer" (there are also documents recorded as ""Jiaxin"/""Jiaxinga"), and the third son was named "" Yilan", the fourth son was named "" Duiyin", the fifth son was named "" Suncha", and the youngest son was named "" Fu'angku". Named after animals, such as Nurhachi, Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, which means wild boar Pi (In recent years, some scholars have raised objections to this transliteration, believing that the name "Nurhaci" is Uighur. "Nur" means "bright" in Uighur; "Hachi" means "Haqi". ", means ""saint" in Uighur, and also means ""prince" and ""shizi"" in Chinese. ""Nurhaci"'s full meaning should be ""bright saint", a very noble name)" ; His younger brother Shuerhaci means "little wild boar skin"; Yarhaqi means leopard skin. Nurhaci's son Dorgon's name means "badger". Stills of Nurhachi After the Qing Dynasty entered the country, and in the early Kangxi period, the royal family and even the Manchu people focused more on the good luck and safety of their children when naming them, so the names often expressed the meaning of peace and stability, such as Lehe, Nuoqin, etc. 2. Royal naming under the influence of Sinicization. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, due to the influence of Han name culture, especially the lineage of Han emperors, during the Kangxi period, the royal naming method underwent fundamental changes compared with the past, forming a set of comparisons. Strict and cumbersome naming etiquette. This etiquette mainly includes the following three aspects: Stills of Emperor Yongzheng in "Yongzheng Dynasty" (1) Fixed characters. Influenced by the naming etiquette and customs of the Han people, Emperor Kangxi first adopted the long-standing tradition of the Han people to use a certain character to unify a certain generation when naming his descendants, and stipulated that two characters should be used as names.
For his sons, the first character is "Yun", and the second character is "礻" for the side house, such as his sons Yunfeng, Yunzhen (later Emperor Yongzheng), Yunhu, Yunxiang, and Yunqi etc.; for the grandchildren, the first character is " " Hong ", and the second character is all with " " 日" as the radical, such as Honghui, Hongzhou, Hongli (the traditional Chinese character is " "李", later Emperor Qianlong) etc.; among the 101 grandsons of Emperor Kangxi, only three grandsons, Fuyi, Fuhui and Fupei, born to Emperor Yongzheng and Concubine Nian, did not follow this ritual system. The first names of their great-grandchildren were all "Yong". The second character all uses ""yu" as the radical, such as Yonglian, Yongcong, Yongyan (later Emperor Jiaqing, changed his name to ""Yongyan"), etc. This naming ritual was followed by subsequent emperors and became a custom . "Returning to the Princess" Qianlong stills During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the sixth son of the emperor Yong Rong carefully drew the "Picture of the New Year" and presented it to the emperor's grandmother, Qianlong's biological mother, the Empress Dowager Xiaosheng. Qianlong inscribed a poem on the painting. Among them, ""The Picture of Yong Mian Yi Zai Feng Ci" quite pleased the Queen Mother. When Emperor Qianlong saw that the Queen Mother particularly liked this poem, he also discovered that the character "" Yong" happened to be the generation name of the prince of this dynasty, so he decided to use "" Yong, The four characters "Mian, Yi and Zai" are used as the generation characters for the descendants of the royal family. Emperor Daoguang set the four characters for generation "" Pu", "" Yu", "" Heng" and "" Qi", and Emperor Xianfeng further settled on " The four characters "Tao", "Kai", "Zeng" and "Qi", as well as the radical of the following character, are used for naming by future generations. They are well-known to future generations as Prince Gong Yi? and Emperor Guangxu Zai. The last emperor Puyi followed this naming etiquette and chose the names Puyi and Wanrong (2). At the same time, Emperor Kangxi also imitated the traditional etiquette of the Han people and implemented the "" taboo" system. All royal families. Those with the same name in the clan should change their names to avoid the taboo of the names of the senior ones. Those who are not descendants of the emperor cannot use the names of those who are not the descendants of the emperor, that is, the emperor's nephews. When naming nephews and grandsons, the first character must be the same as the emperor's direct descendants; the radical of the second character must be avoided and cannot be used casually, except when given by the emperor. In the eleventh year of Qianlong's reign (1746), Emperor Qianlong accidentally saw someone in the clan. There was a man named Yong Cong, who actually had the same name as his seventh son, so he made a special edict: "" I will change the name of Yong Cong outside to Yong Chang. ... Later, when the name is given by outsiders, the words drawn up by the inner court are not allowed to be reused. " In order to clearly distinguish the near-branch clan and the distant clan clan, some emperors in the Qing Dynasty even designated special radicals for the second character of the names of the descendants of the near-branch clan to show their favor. Emperor Qianlong formulated the word ""奕" and "Yi" for his great-grandchildren. At the same time as the radical ""yan", the second character in the names of his great-nephews and grandchildren was also designated as the radical "糳". Any violation will be severely punished. Qianlong stills Emperor Jiaqing in the sixth year of Jiaqing (1801 In the year of Jiaqing (1806), an edict was issued: all the descendants of the emperor's brothers would be named by the emperor, further strengthening the royal naming ceremony established during the Kangxi period. In the eleventh year of Jiaqing (1806), Emperor Jiaqing learned from a memorial that his The nephew and Prince of Duoluocha County, Mianyi, not only secretly named his eldest son and second son Yiming and Yichen, but the latter word also did not use the radical of the word "糸 (纺)" prescribed by Emperor Qianlong. Jiaqing Emperor Long Yan was furious and issued an edict to denounce Mianyi. " " was a private use of the radical of the word '金' to name the two sons of Yi. It was not like a close sect, and they were alienated from each other. What was their intention? "Mian Yi paid a heavy price for this: he quit the Qianqing sect and was dismissed from the post of minister of bodyguards and minister of siege, etc., and handed it over to the clan government for review. He privately named his sons Yi Ming and Yi Zhen. The imperial edict was changed to Yi Hui and Yi Yan. Due to his involvement, Prince Yi Yongxuan, Prince Ding Mian'en, Beile Yongxuan, Beizi Yongshuo and other clan nobles were all handed over to the Ministry for discussion (Photo from "Emperor Jiaqing"). 3) Adhere to the traditional naming customs of the Manchu people. After the Qing royal family established the Central Plains, although they absorbed the naming rituals of the Han people, they did not abandon the naming traditions of the Manchu people. Instead, they worked hard to maintain them. Manchu names are forbidden to be written in single letters and three-character names are prohibited. Manchu characters are written in Pinyin, and the letters are connected when written, which is different from the Chinese characters written separately. Before Qianlong, except for a few royal family members, the names of other clans could be given in Chinese. , all need to have Manchu names and write in Manchu.
During the Qianlong period, influenced by the writing habits of Chinese characters, the method of writing Manchu pinyin names separately among the Qing Dynasty royal families gradually became popular. In response to this, Emperor Qianlong specifically issued an edict in the 25th year of Qianlong's reign (1760): "" decree that names such as Manchuria should be written consecutively and not written in single characters. ...Anyone who writes a duplicate letter will be punished. "However, since it had become a common practice at that time to write the names of clans in single letters, if the edict was strictly implemented, the penalty would be severe. Qianlong had no choice but to adopt a flexible approach and issued an edict saying: ""The names of clans from nearby clans can still be written in single names, but the same cannot be done for clans from distant clans. Single writing. " The ban on three-character names also became one of the methods used by the Qing Dynasty rulers to ""stubbornly" maintain the Manchu tradition and refuse to ""assimilate"" to the Han people. Before the Tang Dynasty, Han people often used one character in their names, which was combined with their surname. Since the Tang Dynasty, two-character names have gradually become popular, such as Li Shimin, Wu Zetian, Zhao Kuangyin, Zhu Yuanzhang, etc., which together with the surname are called three-character names. The Qing Dynasty royal family was originally named with Chinese characters. Only two characters are used. Since the Qianlong period, people in the clan have been imitating the naming method of the Han people and naming their descendants with three Chinese characters. For example, Manbao named his son Manjishan. In view of this growing trend, some people have forgotten their roots. Suspected of violating the regulations, Emperor Qianlong issued an edict in the 32nd year of Qianlong's reign (1767), severely reprimanding him: ""The man whose name is Man, a good and auspicious person, actually takes Man as his surname. ... Jishan is related to Jueluo, which is very noble. Jishan actually didn't respect Jueluo, took Man as his surname, and named him according to ***. What's the reason? ... Let the princes and princes of Jiao Zongren Mansion find out and make changes. This is strictly prohibited and will not be allowed to happen in the future. "In the 19th year of Jiaqing (1814), Emperor Jiaqing also issued an edict because the clan members often used three-character names, ""If Chinese characters are used, only two-character names are allowed, and three-character names are not allowed." Those who did not care about this The kings and beizi who were in charge of the clan were each fined three months' salary; the clan leaders and seniors were all fined six months' salary. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, with the collapse of the Qing regime, more and more Manchus began to use Han names. However, some Qing clans, especially those close to the royal family, still followed the royal naming etiquette. It was not until the founding of the People's Republic of China that many people chose names according to Chinese customs. Wen Shijun said that in the early nomadic life, the Manchu people's naming method was relatively simple. Simply, it may be based on the order of the children in the family, or things closely related to production and life, or based on their appearance, or based on the age of the elders in the family at the time of birth, etc. After the Qing Dynasty entered the Guan Dingding Central Plains, As the Manchus interacted more and more with the Han and other ethnic groups, their cultures became increasingly integrated. The Manchu rulers were influenced by the traditional culture of the Han people. By the time of Kangxi, they formulated a relatively strict naming ceremony for the children of the royal clan, such as predetermining the seniority characters. , the radical of the name, the younger ones need to avoid respecting the elders' names, etc. Later, in the Yongzheng, Qianlong, and Jiaqing dynasties, there were many improvements. In order to maintain the purity of the royal blood, rulers such as Qianlong and Jiaqing also did not follow the ancestral system for their descendants. , naming names without authorization, violating the naming etiquette of the late emperor, envying and imitating the Han custom of naming with three characters, etc., are all severely punished. However, with the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the various naming etiquette systems established by the Qing Dynasty rulers were mostly. In name only, the naming methods of most Manchus are increasingly the same as those of the Han people. References 1. Feng Erkang: "The Naming of the Manchus in the Seventeenth Century", "Proceedings of the Palace Museum" Issue 1, 1996 2. Li Xuecheng: "Manchus." "A Preliminary Study on Names", "Journal of Liaoning Radio and Television University", Issue 1, 2002. 3. Ma Jingyu: "A Preliminary Study on the Historical Evolution of Manchu Names", "Manchu Language Studies", Issue 1, 2011 (Author: Haoran Literature and History·Yosheng. ) This article is an original work by Haoran Literature and History, a self-media for popularizing literature and history. Reproduction without authorization is prohibited! Unless otherwise specified, the pictures used in this article are from the Internet. If there is any infringement, please contact the author to delete it. Thank you!