The ancestors of Zhou in Gongliu era were still an agricultural tribe. "July" describes the working life, food, clothing, housing and transportation of this tribe all year round:
Fire is full in July, and clothes are delivered in September.
The first day I was fat, the next day I was fierce.
No clothes, no brown, why did you die?
On the third and fourth day, I stood on tiptoe.
And my daughter-in-law.
The Guardian said, "Very good".
Fire is full in July, and clothes are delivered in September.
In spring, the sun shines and Amin is in the sky.
The woman took the basket and followed it.
Therefore, I implore Sang Rou.
Spring came and Qi Qi was adopted.
The woman was so sad that she almost took her son home.
Fire is full in July and reeds are full in August.
Silkworm, moon, mulberry, pick up the axe,
I'm afraid of mulberry if I want to cut far and wide.
Singing in July, achievement in August.
I'm Zhu Kongyang,
Lord's clothes are ready.
Beautiful in April, singing in May.
Harvest in August and crush in October.
One day in raccoon city, bring the fox,
The lords got supplies. The next day, they were still the same, carrying martial arts.
Privately, publicly.
In May, geese move, and in June, pheasants vibrate.
July in the wild, August in the rest,
I was at home in September, and crickets came under my bed in October.
The dome suffocated the mice and stuffed them into the door.
Hey, my wife, she said she wanted to change her age and entered this room.
In June, food is depressed and stinging, in July, anemones and stingrays.
Peel dates in August and get rice in October.
To this end, spring wine, with the help of eyebrows.
Eat melons in July, break pots in August, and uncle in September.
Pay for picking tea and eat my farmer.
Nursery will be built in September and crops will be harvested in October.
The millet is heavy, and the grass is shelled.
Well, I am a farmer, because my crops are the same.
Enter the palace to perform palace affairs.
The day is in the grass and the night is in the rope.
I was so anxious to hitch a ride in the house that I began to broadcast Baigu.
The next day, I cut the ice and rushed, and on the third day, Lingyin was satisfied.
On the fourth day, its flea sacrificed the lamb to the leek.
First frost in September, washing the floor in October.
Friends drink and say they killed the lamb.
Go to court. Call him: long life without borders!
The whole poem consists of eight chapters, which shows the process of farmers' perennial work at that time from all sides. It is also like a vivid social genre painting, which spreads out colorful paper and vividly depicts spring ploughing, autumn harvest, winter storage, mulberry picking, dyeing and performing, sewing clothes, hunting, building houses, brewing, labor and feasting, and slowly unfolds to us.
As Yao Jiheng's General Theory of the Book of Songs said:
"Birds sing and insects sing, and the leather is glorious and solid, like" Moon Order "; When the wife and son entered the room, Mao Mao stood up like a custom book; Fire and cold wind, like "five elements"; Caring for and caring for young people, Tang Ji said, is like a ceremony; Celestial officials dye their posts, hunt and store ice and sacrifice to the palace, just like credentials. Among them, there are mulberry picking maps, family music maps, recipes, cereal maps and wine classics: all in one poem, the best in the world! "
According to the first person, this poem tells the story of the hard work of the workers all year round. The first chapter begins with spring ploughing, the second chapter is about women picking mulberry, the third chapter is about making cloth and silk, the fourth chapter is about hunting wild animals, the fifth chapter is about cleaning up the house for themselves for the winter, the sixth chapter is about collecting fruits and vegetables for the government to make wine, and the seventh chapter is about repairing houses or indoor work for the government after harvesting, and then repairing their huts. From the beginning of the year to the end of the year, from farming and sericulture to hunting and cutting ice, it reflects the multi-level working face and high-intensity labor of workers all year round, and compares the gains of rulers and officials in vain.
Let's look at each chapter:
Fire is full in July, and clothes are delivered in September.
The first day I was fat, the next day I was fierce.
No clothes, no brown, why did you die?
On the third and fourth day, I stood on tiptoe.
And my daughter-in-law.
The Guardian said, "Very good".
Here is a common sense, which means "July fever". If Wang Wensheng understands it as a hot July, in fact, July here refers to the summer calendar, flowing: condensation. Fire: The name of the star is also called fire, which means that the big Mars descends from south to west, and the weather will turn cold. Give clothes: sew winter clothes. The first day is November in the summer calendar, and the second day is December. Hair (b √): the sound made when the cold wind blows against an object. Li Lie: Cold and cold. Brown: coarse clothes. Age of death: last year, end of the year. Yi (yè): Send food. Tian Jia: an agricultural official who supervises the work of the Lord.
Mars sets in July, and women sew cold clothes in September. 1 1 the north wind blows hard in the month,1the cold wind blows hard in February. How can we spend the end of the year without good clothes and coarse clothes? In the first month, we began to hoe and plow, and in the second month, we went to farm. Take his wife and children, send rice to the south, and Tian Guan will eat wine and food.
Fire is full in July, and clothes are delivered in September.
In spring, the sun shines and Amin is in the sky.
The woman took the basket and followed it.
Therefore, I implore Sang Rou.
Spring came and Qi Qi was adopted.
The woman was so sad that she almost took her son home.
The first sentence of the second chapter remains unchanged, and the second sentence begins to write that spring blossoms and women pick mulberry midges. Cang Geng: Huang Li. Basket: deep basket. Follow: along. Microline: path. Midges: Artemisia, or midges, can be used to make silkworm foil. Qiqi: There are many people. Return: get married.
Mars sets in July, and women sew cold clothes in September. The sunshine in spring is warm, and Huang Peng is singing softly. The girl is walking along the path with a deep bamboo basket. Reaching for tender mulberry leaves, the days of spring are getting longer and longer. People come and go to collect Artemisia annua, and the girl is heartbroken and wants to marry a foreign aristocrat.
Fire is full in July and reeds are full in August.
Silkworm, moon, mulberry, pick up the axe,
I'm afraid of mulberry if I want to cut far and wide.
Singing in July, achievement in August.
I'm Zhu Kongyang,
Lord's clothes are ready.
The third chapter is about sericulture textiles used to make clothes for the aristocratic class. The silkworm month is March in the summer calendar, and mulberry: pruning mulberry branches. Axe fork (qiānɡ): The round hole on the handle is called an axe, and the square hole is called a fork. Profound: especially tall mulberry branches. Yi (yT): Climbing. Female mulberry: tender mulberry. Songbird (jú): The name of the bird, namely Shrike, has a loud cry. Zhu: Red. Kong Yang: The color is very bright.
Mars sets in July and reeds are cut in August. Trim mulberry branches in March to get an axe. Cut off the tall and long branches and climb the thin branches to pick the tender mulberry. Shrike started screaming in July and weaving hemp in August. The dyed silk is black and yellow, and my red is brighter, which is specially made for nobles.
Beautiful in April, singing in May.
Harvest in August and crush in October.
One day in raccoon city, bring the fox,
The lords got supplies. The next day, they were still the same, carrying martial arts.
Privately, publicly.
Chapter four: After farming, slaves had to hunt wild animals for the rulers. Repair: The vegetation bears seeds and has long ears. Naan: Polygala tenuifolia, a medicinal plant. Dior: Cicada. Tuò: fallen leaves. Yu Gou (hè): Take Gou. Raccoon: Like a fox, it is now commonly called badger. Zu ǐ n: Go on. Private: own. Raccoon (z?n ɡ): One-year-old pig, which generally refers to small animals here. Jiān: Three-year-old pig, generally referring to big beast. Palace: refers to the ruler.
Polygalae bears seeds in April and cicadas sing in May. The harvest in the fields is very busy in August, and the leaves on the trees fall in October. I went hunting in the mountains in November. I hunted fox skins and gave them to nobles to make fur coats. Hunters get together in1February and continue to practice their hunting skills. Beat the pig for yourself and hunt the big pig for the maharaja.
In May, geese move, and in June, pheasants vibrate.
July in the wild, August in the rest,
I was at home in September, and crickets came under my bed in October.
The dome suffocated the mice and stuffed them into the door.
Hey, my wife, she said she wanted to change her age and entered this room.
The fifth chapter, the sun and the moon fly, a year is almost over, and people are preparing their houses for the winter. Zh！ π: Grasshopper. Move your legs: Grasshoppers should move their legs when singing. Sand chicken: that is, weaver girl, insect name. Dome suffocation: blocking the cave. Direction: North-facing window. Yan: Put mud on it to keep out the cold. Change age: except age.
In May, grasshoppers bounce and scream, and in June, weavers flap their wings. Crickets are in the fields in July and come under the eaves in August. Crickets enter the door in September and get under my bed in October. Block the rat hole and smoke the rat, and seal the north window. Alas, poor wife and children. The end of the year, the new year is coming, I want to move into this house and settle down.
In June, food is depressed and stinging, in July, anemones and stingrays.
Peel dates in August and get rice in October.
To this end, spring wine, with the help of eyebrows.
Eat melons in July, break pots in August, and uncle in September.
Pay for picking tea and eat my farmer.
The sixth chapter tells about slaves engaged in various sideline businesses for the rulers to enjoy. Y: Sir. Y: Wild grapes. Xiaomi: Xiaomi. Xiaomi: Sorghum. H: chef. Kwai: Slippery vegetables. Beans: beans. Interface: ask. Longevity of eyebrows: longevity. Pot: same as "praise", gourd. Uncle: Lift it up. Me: hemp seed in autumn. Tea: Bitter vegetables. Salary: chopping wood. Ailanthus altissima
Eat plum grapes in June and cook sunflower beans in July. In August, we started to beat red dates, and in October, we went to the fields to harvest rice. Spring wine smells good, for the sake of longevity. You can eat melons in July and pick gourds in August. In September, we picked the seeds of pockmarked autumn, picked bitter vegetables and cut wood to feed the farmers.
Nursery will be built in September and crops will be harvested in October.
The millet is heavy, and the grass is shelled.
Well, I am a farmer, because my crops are the same.
Enter the palace to perform palace affairs.
The day is in the grass and the night is in the rope.
I was so anxious to hitch a ride in the house that I began to broadcast Baigu.
Chapter VII Home to the tiller. Weight (chónɡ):: Same as "species", late-maturing crop. Rudder (Lu: the same as rudder, an early-maturing crop. Same as: collected. Gong Gong: Building a palace. Mao Yu: Cut the thatch. Suomao: Rub the straw rope. Urgent: hurry. Ride a house: climb on the roof to repair it.
The field will be played in September, and the crops will be put into storage in 10. Millet, millet, early rice and late rice, millet, beans and wheat are all put into storage. Sighing that the farmers are really hard, the crops have just been packed and the palace has been officially built. Cut the thatch during the day and rub the rope at night. Go to the house and fix it. We must plant hundreds of kinds of grain in spring.
The next day, I cut the ice and rushed, and on the third day, Lingyin was satisfied.
On the fourth day, its flea sacrificed the lamb to the leek.
First frost in September, washing the floor in October.
Friends drink and say they killed the lamb.
Go to court. Call him: long life without borders!
Chapter 8 writes that after a year of hard work, there will be a big banquet to celebrate the birthday of the ruler. Rush: The sound of cutting ice. Lingyin: a cellar for storing ice. Flea: the same as "making", flea: making, the ceremony of ancestor worship. Frost suppression: Frost reduction. Ti: clean the yard. Peng wine: refers to two pots of wine in pairs. Item: entertain guests with wine and food. Ji: Board of Directors. Court: Temple. Weigh: lift. A bronze glass in the shape of a rhinoceros.
/kloc-in October/February, they chiseled ice and moved into the ice room in the first month. In early February, they offered leeks and lambs before offering sacrifices to their ancestors. Frost began to fall when the cold current came in September, and the threshing floor was cleaned in October. Two tanks of wine are for guests, and the lamb is slaughtered for everyone to taste. Climb the master temple and raise a glass to master. Shout in unison that life is endless.
This is a long narrative poem, much like the four seasons or December songs in folk songs now. At the same time, it is also a picture of class oppression in ancient slave society. In a year, as the lowest-level workers in society, they have to adapt to the four seasons and keep working, but they still can't wear warm clothes and eat good things, which implies the voice of slaves against exploitation and oppression.
One by one tells their own living conditions, so comprehensive and so sad. Although there is no strong resentment, there is resentment and sadness between the lines from time to time, revealing the evil and cruelty of slave owners with living facts.
Sometimes I really admire the poetry collectors at that time and the supreme ruler of the Zhou royal family. They were able to keep these different voices, unlike some later dynasties who engaged in "literary inquisition" to ban freedom of speech. It can be seen that the Zhou Dynasty was more enlightened in feudal society.
In addition, the most beautiful thing about this poem is that it captures the characteristics of various phenology to express the evolution of festivals, which makes the whole poem full of natural scenery and strong local flavor. I especially like the phrase "May is a good season, June is a good season". . July is in the wild, August is in, September is in the house, and October crickets come under my bed. "Through the migration of small crickets, it shows the process of seasonal change.
The cricket jumps from the field to the house step by step. At night, it will play the harpsichord intermittently and sing the year-end Long song affectionately. The weather is getting colder every day, and the long winter is coming. There is no word "cold" here, but it makes people feel chilly. At this moment, the earth in the north is unusually quiet, and the cricket's cry is naturally crisp and loud. Because the poet experienced it personally, he wrote it vividly.
The remote villages in the Western Zhou Dynasty were made at sunrise and slept at sunset. Although poor, they also "met in court" in April and February, inviting each other to drink and raising wine to celebrate. This is the farmers' natural free and easy feelings.
In the Song Dynasty, Qin Guan wrote in four poems by Tian Ju:
"Family, emphasize the agricultural gap, Weng you invited him.
The whole class sat in the mash and thanked them three or four times. "
Lu You's poem "Tour Shanxi Village" also said:
"Don't laugh at farm wine, keep chickens and dolphins in good years."
The pastoral poems written by later generations are indifferent and refined, just like July:
This old friend prepared a delicious meal and invited me to his hospitable farm.
Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city.
Banquet nursery, holding cups to talk about Sang Ma.
Please come here to see chrysanthemums when the ninth festival comes.
-Meng Haoran
In the countryside where the sun is setting, cattle and sheep go home along the path.
A rugged old man in a thatched door leaned against a cane and thought about his son, the shepherd boy.
There are whistling pheasants? Full ears of wheat, sleeping silkworms and peeled mulberry leaves.
The farmers who came back with hoes greeted each other cordially.
No wonder I long for a simple life and sigh the old song, oh, back to the past! .
-Wang Wei
Newly-built fields are mud and flat, and every family cooks, and first frost is clear.
Laughter thundered and flail rang all night.
-Fan Chengda
The mountains and plains are all green, and the sound of Zigui is raining like smoke.
In April, there were few idle people in the countryside, and sericulture was planted in the fields.
Weng Juan
Time is stumbling, turning around, the most beautiful is July, and the favorite is Tianjia.