[Edit this paragraph] Introduction to the Old Summer Palace
Garden architectural features:
The Old Summer Palace brought together the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, and integrated the ancient Chinese gardening art The essence of it is to use the artistic technique of a garden within a garden to blend poetic and picturesque sentiments into ever-changing scenes. The southern part of the Old Summer Palace is the imperial area, where the emperor handled official business. The most famous one is the Zhengda Guangming Hall, where the emperor listened to government affairs. There are 40 scenic spots scattered in the rest of the area, of which more than 50 scenic spots directly imitate famous gardens and scenic spots in other places, such as the Ten Scenic Spots of the West Lake in Hangzhou and the Lion Forest in Suzhou. They not only imitate the architecture, but also copy the names. There are also the Anyou Palace where ancestors are worshipped, the high mountain and long tower where banquets are held, the Pengdao Yaotai that simulates the "Fairy Mountain Pavilion Picture", and the spring scenery of Wuling in the realm of "Peach Blossom Spring". What's even more interesting is that there is also a Western-style garden scenic area in the Old Summer Palace. The most famous "Big Water Method" is a Western fountain, as well as the maze of thousands of flowers and the Haiyan Hall, all of which have the style of the Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of Venice City in the lake. The emperor can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away while sitting on the bank of the mountain.
Artistic features:
The Old Summer Palace is a treasure house and a large royal museum that houses many treasures, books and artistic masterpieces. It contains rare cultural relics such as famous calligraphy and paintings, secret palace books, bells and tripods, gold and silver jewelry, etc., which concentrates the essence of ancient culture. The Old Summer Palace is also a garden of exotic trees and flowers, with millions of rare flowers and trees. Westerners who have completely witnessed the Old Summer Palace call her the "King of Ten Thousand Gardens". Indeed, if it were still the same today as it was 140 years ago, this extremely large garden would be the well-deserved "King of Gardens in the World."
[Edit this paragraph] Historical development
The Old Summer Palace was a famous royal garden in the Qing Dynasty. The Three Yuanming Gardens cover an area of ??more than 5,200 acres and have more than 150 scenes. The Old Summer Palace was originally a garden given by Emperor Kangxi to his fourth son, Yinzhen (later Emperor Yongzheng). In the forty-sixth year of Kangxi's reign (AD 1707), the garden had begun to take shape. In November of the same year, Emperor Kangxi visited the Old Summer Palace in person. After Emperor Yongzheng ascended the throne in 1723, he expanded the original gift garden and built the Zhengda Guangming Hall and Qinzheng Hall in the south of the garden, as well as various duty rooms for the Cabinet, Six Ministries, and Military Aircraft Department, so that the emperor could "avoid the noise and listen to politics." During the 60 years of Emperor Qianlong's reign, he spent tens of millions of dollars on constructing and renovating the Old Summer Palace every day, dredging water and removing rocks. In addition to partial additions and renovations to the Old Summer Palace, he also built a new Changchun Garden to the east and merged it into Qichun Garden to the southeast. By the 35th year of Qianlong's reign, that is, 1770, the layout of the Three Yuanming Gardens had basically taken shape. During the Jiaqing Dynasty, Qichun Garden was mainly repaired and expanded, making it one of the main garden residence places. During the Daoguang Dynasty, the state affairs were declining and financial resources were insufficient. However, they would rather remove the furnishings of the "Three Mountains" of Wanshou, Xiangshan and Yuquan, and stop the summer vacation in Rehe and Mulan hunting, but still did not give up the reconstruction and decoration of the Three Yuanming Gardens.
·Kangxi Period:
In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Emperor Kangxi (Xuan Ye, the Holy Ancestor of the Qing Dynasty) built a building one mile north of Changchun Garden in the northwest suburbs of Beijing. The garden was given to his fourth son, Yinzhen, and he personally inscribed the garden as "Old Summer Palace".
More than 600 acres expanded to more than 3,000 acres. Since then, the Old Summer Palace has not only been a place for Qing emperors to rest and visit, but also a place for them to meet with ministers, receive foreign envoys, and handle daily government affairs.
·Qianlong period:
After Emperor Qianlong (namely Hongli, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty) came to the throne, he adjusted the landscape of the garden in the Old Summer Palace, added architectural groups, and built groups to the east of the Old Summer Palace. Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (renamed Wanchun Garden during Tongzhi) were built next to it in the southeast. These three gardens are all managed by the ministers who manage the Old Summer Palace, and are called the Three Gardens of the Old Summer Palace.
·Xianfeng period:
In August of the 10th year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French forces invaded Beijing. On October 6, the Old Summer Palace was occupied. From the next day onwards, officers and soldiers went on a rampage of looting and destruction.
In order to force the Qing government to accept the peace terms as soon as possible, British Minister Elgin and British Army Commander Grant used the excuse that the Qing government had imprisoned British and French prisoners in the Old Summer Palace, and ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead an invasion force of 3,000 troops on October 18. More than five hundred people went straight to the Old Summer Palace and set it on fire. The fire lasted for three days and nights.
·After the Tongzhi period:
During the Tongzhi period (1862-1874), Emperor Tongzhi prepared to restore the Old Summer Palace for Empress Dowager Cixi to live. Later, due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop and rebuild other buildings. In 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing and the Old Summer Palace was destroyed again. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians, and bureaucrats stole building materials from the Old Summer Palace, causing further damage to the Old Summer Palace site.
·The Republic of China Period:
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the country attached great importance to the protection of the Old Summer Palace ruins. In 1979, the Old Summer Palace site was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in Beijing. After that, the renovation work of the Yuanmingyuan ruins gradually began. It is now designated as the Old Summer Palace Ruins Park.
[Edit this paragraph] Construction status
·Historical background:
The Manchu people have thrived in the Heilongjiang Basin in Northeast China for generations. In the mid-17th century, they invaded North China on a large scale and completely overthrew the Ming Dynasty. They entered the Customs from the Northeast and made Beijing their capital, seized power across the country, and established the last feudal ruling dynasty in history - the Qing Dynasty. Because the Qing Dynasty rulers lived in the Northeast before entering the Customs Nomadic life, there are forests and snowfields in winter, and the climate is cool in summer. After entering the customs, they were very uncomfortable with Beijing's dry and hot climate in midsummer. Although the Forbidden City was splendid and magnificent, the Qing emperors felt that it was dull and stuffy. Especially in the early years of Kangxi, after a fire broke out in the Forbidden City, high palace walls were built to prevent fires and riots. The inner and outer courtyards of the palace are in harmony with each other, and the water in the creek is too gentle, almost becoming a stagnant water. At that time, the imperial city was known as "red walls, green tiles, and black ditches". This made the emperors somewhat tired of the palace life enclosed by high walls, so they began to build gardens in the early years of Kangxi. This kind of construction project lasted for more than 200 years.
·The influence of terrain characteristics and buildings of the past dynasties on the construction of the Old Summer Palace:
In the western suburbs of Beijing, there are continuous beautiful peaks of the Western Mountains: Yuquan Mountain, Wanshou Mountain, Wanquanzhuang, Beihaidian Artesian springs are everywhere, forming large and small lakes and swamps in low-lying areas. Yuquan Mountain Water flows along the mountain from west to east into Kunming Lake, becoming the largest water surface in the western suburbs. Large areas of rice fields have been reclaimed here, forming a natural scenic area. As early as the Liao Dynasty, feudal emperors chose this place to build their Yuquan Mountain Palace. By the Ming Dynasty, the natural scenery here attracted more tourists, so some dignitaries occupied the countryside to build villas, and large tracts of land were occupied piece by piece. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Li Wei, the prince of the Qing Dynasty and a relative of the Emperor Ming Dynasty, built a large-scale construction project here. He first built the magnificent Tsinghua Garden, known as "the most famous garden in Beijing" (the former site is outside the west wall of Peking University today). Later, Mi Wanzhong guided the lake water outside the east wall of Tsinghua University and created an elegant and beautiful "Spoon Garden", which means "a spoon in Haidian". In the open countryside, pavilions and pavilions appeared, complementing the lakes and mountains, making it a famous garden gathering place in the suburbs of Beijing. In the Qing Dynasty, the emperor also took a fancy to the western suburbs, which was an excellent land for gardening. Construction of gardens began on a large scale.
·The implementation of the construction of the Old Summer Palace:
The Old Summer Palace is located to the north of Guajiatun, about a mile away from Changchun Garden, which is north of today's Peking University and west of Tsinghua University. The Old Summer Palace in the Kangxi era had water surfaces such as the Front Lake and the Back Lake, and landscapes such as the "Peony Terrace" and "Natural Pictures" were built inside. When the Old Summer Palace was still a vassal-granted garden, its scale could not exceed the emperor's Changchun Garden. Therefore, there were not many buildings and its reputation was not great. It was far inferior to Changchun Garden. But later, with the accession of the owner to the throne, the peaceful and prosperous age of the Qing Dynasty came. After more than 60 years of continuous expansion, the most magnificent royal garden in China's history was finally built.
The chief architect of the Old Summer Palace was Lei Jinyu, who was spotted by Kangxi when he was building the Forbidden City.
But in the actual construction, most of them were based on the emperor's opinion, and whether it was Kangxi, Yongzheng or Qianlong, they all personally guided it.
[Edit this paragraph] Garden structure
Historically, the Old Summer Palace was composed of the Old Summer Palace, Changchun Garden, and Qichun Garden (Wanchun Garden). The three gardens are closely adjacent to each other and are commonly known as the Old Summer Palace. *** covers an area of ??more than 5,200 acres (about 350 hectares), which is nearly a thousand acres larger than the entire Summer Palace. It is a large-scale royal palace created and operated by the feudal emperors of the Qing Dynasty for more than 150 years. The emperors of the Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng dynasties all lived in the Old Summer Palace for many years to enjoy themselves and enjoy themselves. They held court meetings and handled political affairs here. Together with the Forbidden City (Forbidden City), it was the national political center at that time and was specially named by the Qing emperor. It is called "Royal Garden". There are more than 600 plaques hanging there.
·Old Summer Palace:
It was mainly built in the late Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties. By the end of the Yongzheng period, the garden scenery had spread over 3,000 acres of the entire garden. During the Qianlong period, many additions and renovations were made in the garden. The main garden scenery groups of the garden include the famous "Forty Scenes of the Old Summer Palace" (namely, Uprightness and Brightness, Diligence and Friendship, Jiuzhou Qingyan, Yue Kaiyun, Natural Pictures, Bitong Academy, Ciyun Puhu, Shangxia Tianguang, Xinghuachun Pavilion, Frankness and magnanimity, Rugu Hanjin, Changchun Fairy Pavilion, Wanfang Anhe, Wuling spring scenery, high mountains and long waters, moon and earth clouds, Hongci Yonghu, Huifang Academy, Ritian Linzi , tranquility, the fragrance of orchids reflected in the water, the clear water and trees, the happy place of Lianxi River, many crops like clouds, flying fish and flying kites, Beiyuan Mountain Village, the beautiful scenery of Xifeng, Siyi Bookstore, Fanghu Scenic Spot, bathing body and bathing virtue, Pinghu Qiuyue, Pengdao Yaotai, Jiexiu Shanfang, Biyoudongtian, Jiajing Mingqin, Hanxulangjian, Kuoran Grand Duke, Sitting on a Stone and Linliu, Quyuan Fenghe, Deep in the Cave), as well as Zibi Shanfang, Zaoyuan, Ruo Fanzhi Pavilion, Wenyuan Pavilion and other places. At that time, there were about 600 major garden buildings with plaques hanging on them, which was actually the highest number of royal gardens at home and abroad today.
·Wanchun Garden:
It was originally a residence given to Prince Yunxiang of Qia. It was built around the end of Kangxi's reign. Later, it was given to Fu Heng, a great scholar, until the 30th year of Qianlong's reign. In the fifth year (1770), it was officially included in the Imperial Garden and named Qichun Garden. The scope at that time did not include its northwest. In the fourth and sixteenth years of Jiaqing, two more gardens were granted to the western part of the garden, one was Xishuang Village owned by Prince Cheng Yongxuan, and the other was Hanhui Garden owned by Princess Zhuang Jing and Heshuo. After large-scale repairs and reconstructions, , after the expansion, the garden began to reach a scale of one thousand acres and became one of the main gardens where the Qing emperors lived. At this point, the Three Gardens of Yuanming Dynasty were in their heyday. Jiaqing first wrote the poem "Thirty Scenes of Qichun Garden", and then successively added more than 20 new scenes. The more famous garden scene groups at that time included Fuchuntang, Qingxiazhai, Hanqiu Pavilion, Shengdong Room, Siyi Bookstore, Chunzezhai, Fenglinzhou, Weizaotang, Zhonghetang, Bixiang, Zhulinyuan, Xiyushanfang, Yanyu Tower, Hanhui Tower, Chengxintang, Changhetang, Zhanqingxuan, Zhaoliangxie, Ling There are nearly 30 places including Xu Pavilion. There are more than a hundred garden buildings with plaques hanging on them. The Qichun Garden Palace Gate was built in the 14th year of Jiaqing (1809). Because it was built more than half a century later than the Grand Palace Gate of the Old Summer Palace and the Second Palace Gate of the Changchun Garden, it is also called the "New Palace Gate" and is still in use today. Since the early years of Daoguang's reign, the Fuchuntang area on the east side of the garden has been renovated and used as a place to support the empress dowager. However, the scenery on the west side of the garden has always been the garden residence of Emperor Daoguang and Xianfeng. After the garden was destroyed in 1860, it was renamed Wanchun Garden when attempts were made to rebuild it during the Tongzhi period.
·Changchun Garden:
It was first built around the 10th year of Qianlong (1745). When the general manager of the garden was formally established in 1751, the main scenic spots on Yuanzhong Road and West Road were It has been basically completed, such as Danhuai Hall, Hanjing Hall, Yulinglong Hall, Siyongzhai, Haiyue Kaijin, Dequan Pavilion, Liuxiangzhu, Fahui Temple, Baoxiang Temple, Aishan Tower, Zhuan Xiangfan, Cong Fangxie et al. Later, Qian Garden and Xiao Youtian Garden were built successively. The scenic spots in the eastern part of the garden (Yingqingzhai, Ruyuan, Jianyuan, and Lion Grove) were added on a large scale from the 31st to the 37th year of Qianlong's reign, including the Western-style Building Scenic Area and the Changchun Garden's largest area. One dry acre. There are approximately 200 garden buildings with plaques hanging on them.
·Western-style Building:
In order to pursue various pleasures, the Qing emperor also introduced an area of ??European-style garden buildings in the northern boundary of Changchun Garden, commonly known as "Western-style Building", which was composed of Xieqi It consists of more than ten buildings and gardens, including Qu, Xianfa Bridge, Wanhua Array, Bird Cage, Fangwai, Haiyantang, Yuanyingguan, Dashuifa, Guanshuifa, Xianfa Mountain and Xianfa Wall. Planning began in the 12th year of Qianlong (1747) and was basically completed in the 24th year (1759). It was designed and guided by Western missionaries such as Lang Shining, Jiang Youren, and Wang Zhicheng, and built by Chinese craftsmen. The architectural form is in the late European Renaissance "Baroque" style, and the gardening form is in the "Le Notre" style. But it also absorbed many traditional Chinese techniques in gardening and architectural decoration. Most of the building materials are white marble, the stone surface is finely carved, and the roof is covered with glazed tiles. The main body of the Western-style building is actually an artificial fountain, which was called "water method" at that time. It is characterized by large numbers, great momentum, and unique ideas. It mainly forms three large fountain groups: Xiequququ, Haiyantang and Dashuifa.
The entire area of ??Xiyanglou Scenic Area does not exceed one-fiftieth of the total area of ??the Three Yuanming Gardens. It is only a small part. But it is a successful attempt to imitate European-style gardens. This occupies an important position in the history of exchanges between Eastern and Western gardens. It caused a strong response in Europe. A Western European missionary who had witnessed it praised the Western-style building: It is a collection of beautiful scenery and interesting things in one place. It has all the magnificent and strange fountains that people can imagine. The largest of them can be compared with the Palace of Versailles and the Saint-Claude Church. Fountains go hand in hand. The missionary concluded: The Old Summer Palace is China's Versailles.
[Edit this paragraph] Main scenery of the Old Summer Palace
Dagongmen has 5 rooms, facing south, with a large platform in front of the door, and rooms in the east and west. 5 rooms; there are 27 curved-foot-shaped corner court rooms behind the house; in the east are the Zongren Mansion, the Cabinet, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of War, the Metropolitan Inspectorate, the Lifanyuan, the Hanlin Academy, the Zhanshi Mansion, the Imperial College, and Luanyi There are duty rooms in the four banners of Wei and East; in the west are the Ministry of Husbandry, Ministry of Punishment, Ministry of Works, Qintianjian, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Guanglu Temple, General Affairs Department, Dali Temple, Honglu Temple, Taichang Temple, Taipu Temple, and Yushu There are rooms on duty in Chu, Shangsiyuan, Wubeiyuan and Xisi Banner.
The Zhengda Guangming Hall is the main hall of the Old Summer Palace. Every year, the emperor holds birthday congratulations, a new official banquet for his vassals, a small banquet for courtiers, a Zhongyuan banquet, a Dragon Dance viewing ceremony, a grand examination of Hanzhan, and a banquet. The place where the provincial examination and re-examination are held. There is a plaque in Yongzheng's handwriting "Upright and Bright" hanging on the hall. There are 7 halls with a wide platform in front, and 5 east and west auxiliary halls.
Qinzheng Qinxian Hall Qinzheng Qinxian Hall is located to the east of Zhengda Guangming Hall. It is where the emperor works during the summer and has 5 halls.
Jiuzhou Qingyan Jiuzhou Qingyan is located on the north bank of Qianhu Lake across the lake from the Zhengda Guangming Hall. It consists of three south-facing halls. The first one is the Yuanmingyuan Hall, the middle is the Fengsan Selfless Hall, and the northernmost is Jiuzhou Qingyan Hall; to the east of the central axis is "Heaven and Earth Family Spring", which is the birthplace of Daoguang; to the west is "Le'anhe", which is Qianlong's palace; to the west is Qinghui Pavilion, with a huge panoramic view of the Old Summer Palace hung on the north wall. The picture is now in the Museum of Paris, France; in the 10th year of Daoguang's reign, palaces such as "Shende Hall" and "Shende Hall" were built near "Yi Qing Shu Shi", which were all the emperor's palaces; in the 16th year of Daoguang's reign, the Old Summer Palace Hall, the Fengsan Selfless Hall, and the Kyushu Qingyan Hall were built. They were burned by fire at the same time; Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Daoguang both died in the Qingyan Hall of Kyushu.
Changchun Immortal Pavilion Changchun Immortal Pavilion is located to the west of Qianhu. Qianlong once lived here before he came to the throne. It has three palace gates and five main halls.
Luoyue Kaiyun Luoyue Kaiyun was originally called Peony Pavilion. It is located in the southeast corner of Houhu Lake. The building materials are mainly harvested wood, and the roof of the hall is covered with two-color glazed tiles. After Qianlong ascended the throne, it was renamed "Luoyue Kaiyun". "Yun", in the 31st year of Qianlong's reign, he personally inscribed a plaque with "Jisitang"; hundreds of peonies of various colors were planted in the courtyard.
Natural Pictures Natural Pictures are located to the north of the Moon Kaiyun, a square pavilion; to the east is Su Causeway at Spring Dawn.
Bitong Academy Bitong Academy is located in the northeast corner of Houhu Lake. It is a study room.
Shangxia Tianguang Shangxia Tianguang is located in the northwest of Houhu Lake. It is a two-story building. You can have a panoramic view of the lake and water by climbing up the stairs.
Xinghuachun Hall Xinghuachun Hall is located to the west of Shangxia Tianguang. The east and west sides of the building face the lake. There is Xinghua Village in the west courtyard and a vegetable garden in front of the hall.
Tantan Dang is located close to the west bank of Houhu Lake. It is a special fish breeding area in the Yuanmingyuan. It is surrounded by buildings and a large pool is dug in the middle.
Wanfang'anhe Wanfang'anhe is located to the west of Xinghuachun Hall. It is a large glyph-shaped palace building built on the water, with 33 rooms.
Where banquets were held to entertain foreign vassals, martial arts and archery contests were often held.
Tongyuan Tongyuan is located in the northeast of Houhu Lake. It is the largest stage in the garden. It has 3 floors of Qingyin Pavilion, 10 feet wide, and a stunt axis on the lower floor; there are 5 dressing rooms in the south and 5 dressing rooms in the north. There are 5 theater viewing buildings. During the Qianlong reign, every year from the 13th day of the first lunar month, a festival was held here, where the royal family, princes and ministers from outside the vassal were entertained and played for several days. On every emperor's birthday, plays were performed here to celebrate for several days.
Anyou Palace Anyou Palace is located in the northwest corner of Yuanmingyuan. It was built in the seventh year of Qianlong's reign. It is a complete replica of the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the Forbidden City. The portraits of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong were once displayed in the palace.
Mizuki Mingse Mizuki Mingse is located in the center of the small garden area north of Houhu Lake. It is modeled after the Yangzhou Water Bamboo House and is equipped with a hydraulic earth fan. It is the earliest water viewing method in the garden.
Savatthi City is located to the east of Shuimu Minser. It is a small town specially developed in the park. It is built after the layout of the city of the capital of the ancient Indian bridge Saro Kingdom. It is dedicated to various Buddha statues and A place where Buddhist scriptures are collected. The city outline is rectangular, long from north to south and wide from east to west. It is surrounded by walls and has four gates. The streets in the city are in the shape of a cross, with 326 palaces and houses built inside, connected by verandas; there are also several magnificent archways. In front of the city, there was a special trading street running from north to south, called Suzhou Street. The eunuchs from the palace dressed as merchants opened the market and hawked goods. The French priest Wang Zhicheng had a relatively detailed record of the trading street.
Wenyuan Pavilion Wenyuan Pavilion is located to the north of Shuimu Mingse. It was originally called Sida Pavilion. After Qianlong's southern tour of Zhejiang, it was remodeled after Tianyi Pavilion, a Ming Dynasty library in Ningbo, to store the "Sikuquanshu".
Koran Maharaja Koran Maharaja, also known as Shuanghezhai, is located in the northeast of Savatthi City. It is a group of larger buildings in the garden. The main building is adjacent to the big pool in the north. The scenery in the garden is reflected in the water and there are two scenes. ; There are also scenic spots such as Shiyong Hall and Linghe Deep.
The beauty of Xifeng The beauty of Xifeng is known as Xiaolushan in the garden, which is modeled after Lushan in Jiangxi; the Huagang Fish Viewing Garden in the back wall is modeled after the scenic West Lake in Hangzhou. Every Chinese Valentine's Day, a special banquet is held here.
Siyi Bookstore Siyi Bookstore is located northeast of Grand Duke Kuoran. It has five halls. The main hall is called Anlan Garden. It was remodeled after Qianlong's southern tour and was modeled after the Chen Yuyuan in Haining on the bank of Hangzhou Bay.
Beiyuan Mountain Village Beiyuan Mountain Village is located in the east of Dabei Gate, with rice fields all over the place. The names of each house are related to farming, presenting a rich pastoral scenery.
Fanghu Scenic Spot Fanghu Scenic Spot is located in the northeast corner of Fuhai water surface. It is a huge mountain-shaped building.
Pengdao Yaotai is located in the center of Fuhai. It has three islands. Its structure and layout are designed based on the "Fairy Mountain Pavilion" painting by the ancient painter Li Sixun; there are 3 palace gates and 7 main halls. In front of the hall, there are Changjin Tower in the east and three islands of Shenzhou in the west. The east side hall is Sui'an room, and the west side hall is for daily peace and good news. There is a crossing bridge in the southeast, which can lead to the east island, and the Yinghai Fairy Mountain is built on the island. Small pavilion; there is a curved bridge in the northwest, which leads to the North Island. There are three palaces built on the island.
Jiexiu Shanfang Jiexiu Shanfang is located in the southeast corner of Fuhai. The interior decoration is all made of rosewood lacquerware, which is inlaid with gold, silver, gems, ivory, etc. These rare treasures are engraved with landscapes and pavilions. , characters, flowers, trees, insects and birds. This kind of decoration, from design to carving techniques, was created by a craftsman named Zhou Zhou in Hangzhou in the late Ming Dynasty, so it is called Zhou system and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese sculpture.
Pinghu Qiuyue Pinghu Qiuyue is located in the northwest corner of Fuhai. The shape of Pinghu Qiuyue combines the essence of Hangzhou West Lake Pinghu Qiuyue and the twin peaks piercing the clouds.
Quyuan Fenghe Quyuan Fenghe is located south of Tongyuan Garden on the west bank of Fuhai. The main hall has 5 rooms in a row. It is modeled after the Quyuan of West Lake in Hangzhou. There is also a 9-hole large stone bridge across the pond.
Chunhua Pavilion Chunhua Pavilion is the main building located in the middle of Changchun Garden. When it was built, it coincided with the completion of the "Chunhua Pavilion Re-engraving Poster", so the engraved panels were embedded in the walls of the left and right corridors, and the pavilions were combined. Hence the name. "Reengraving Chunhua Pavilion Posts" has 144 blocks and 10 volumes. It collects the authentic works of 99 famous figures in the past. After it was carved, 400 copies were made and distributed to royal family members, ministers, and various palaces in Zhili, Shandong, and Zhejiang. and famous places. Chunhuaxuan has therefore become a famous forest of steles in Beijing.
Haiyue Kaijin Haiyue Kaijin is built in a pool, with a circular platform base, upper and lower floors, and is surrounded by white marble railings. There are three floors built on the platform, the lower floor is Haiyue Kaijin, with the south eaves inscribed with the three characters "Qingyao Island"; the middle floor is the Dejin Pavilion, with the four characters "Tianxin Water Surface"; the top floor is inscribed with the three characters "Cheng Liulong"; There is an archway on each side of the platform. Among all the pavilions in the Old Summer Palace, this group of buildings is the most luxurious.
The Lion Grove is located in the northeast corner of Changchun Garden. After Emperor Qianlong visited Suzhou, he imitated the Suzhou Lion Grove. He built 8 scenes first, then 8 scenes, and finally 16 scenes, forming a unique small group. Garden area.
Ruyuan Ruyuan is located in the southeast corner of Changchun Garden. After Emperor Qianlong visited Jiangning (today's Nanjing City) on his southern tour in the 32nd year, he imitated the Zhanyuan Garden of Ming Dynasty general Xu Da.
Xieqiqiqu is the first building built in the autumn of the 16th year of Qianlong's reign. The main body is three stories. There is a large sea hall-style fountain in the south of the building, which is equipped with bronze geese, bronze sheep and Western stonefish. fountain. On the left and right sides of the building, an octagonal hall protrudes from the curved corridor, where Chinese and Western music are played.
Haiyantang is the largest palace in the Western Building. The main entrance of the main building faces west. There is a large pool in front of the steps. On the left and right of the pool, there are twelve bronze statues of animal faces and human figures (rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog). , pig, twelve zodiac animals), every day and night, the water is sprayed in sequence, one hour (2 hours) each. At noon, the twelve zodiac animals spray water together, commonly known as the "water clock". It was originally a European-style statue of a naked woman, but Emperor Qianlong felt that a naked woman was not in line with Chinese customs, so he changed it to a bronze statue of the twelve zodiac animals, made of bronze.
Dashuifa is the most spectacular fountain in the Western-style building. The building is shaped like a stone niche, resembling a doorway. There is a large lion head spraying water below, forming a seven-layer water curtain. There is an oval chrysanthemum-style fountain at the front and bottom. In the center of the pool is a copper sika deer, which sprays eight jets of water from its antlers. There are ten bronze dogs on the two servants, which spray water columns from their mouths and hit the deer's body directly, causing waves to splash. Commonly known as "hunting dogs chasing deer". There is a huge water spray tower on the left and right fronts of the Great Water Method. The tower is square and has thirteen floors. Water jets are sprayed out from the top. There are eighty-eight copper pipes around the tower, all of which spray water at the same time. At that time, the emperor sat in the Guanshuifa opposite and watched this group of fountains. The British envoy Macartney and the Dutch envoy Sheng Sheng all "visited" the wonders of the Waterfa here. It is said that if all the fountains are opened, it will be like a mountain torrent. The sound will be so loud that people must make gestures when talking close by. You can imagine how spectacular it will be.
Guan Shui Fa Guan Shui Fa is located at the southern end of the central axis of Yuanying Guan. The main building has a platform on which the emperor's throne is placed. A tall stone carving screen is erected behind it. There are Bakru Gate on both sides. A giant water tower and pool that receives spray water. Various beasts are set up beside the pool in a semicircle, representing games such as beast fighting and deer chasing in the forest; a clock is installed at the nozzle of the water spray. According to the traditional Chinese timekeeping method, the names of 12 animals are used to represent the day. For 12 hours, water will be sprayed into the pool from the mouth of a beast every hour.
The Ten Thousand Flower Array, also known as the Yellow Flower Array, is a garden modeled after a European maze. The carved brick walls with four-foot-high Chinese characters are divided into a number of maze formations, hence the name "Ten Thousand Flowers Array". Although the diameter distance from the entrance to the central pavilion is only more than 30 meters, because the array is easy to enter and difficult to exit, on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Qing emperor sat in the round pavilion in the center of the array, and the eunuchs and maids held lotus flowers tied with yellow silk. Lantern, run around in search of a path, and whoever comes first will receive the emperor's reward. Therefore, it is also called Huanghua Array or Huanghua Lantern. The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty sat on a high place and took great pleasure in watching the lotus lanterns flowing east and west.
Xianfa Mountain Between Xianfa Mountain and Xianfa Wall, there is a square river. A water tank is set up under the Xianfa Wall. A model of Venice is placed in the water tank. The emperor sits on Xianfa Mountain and watches.
[Edit this paragraph] Architectural Features
The Old Summer Palace is a large-scale artificially created garden with magnificent scale and beautiful scenery. The flat land is stacked with mountains and waters, the garden buildings are refined, and trees and flowers are widely planted. Intermittent hills, zigzag water surfaces, pavilions, winding corridors, islands, bridges, embankments, etc. divide the vast space into more than a hundred landscape groups of different sizes, surrounded by mountains and rivers. The water surface in the park accounts for about four-tenths of the total area of ??the three gardens. Large, medium and small water surfaces are artificially excavated on the flat land, and are connected in series by looping rivers to form a complete river and lake system. The garden is dotted with 250 large and small earth hills, which are combined with the water system. The water rotates with the mountains, and the mountains are active due to the water, forming a garden space with mountains and water, and layers upon layers. The entire garden is as blurred as the water town in the south of the Yangtze River. Although it is made by people, it seems to be created by the sky.
·The water-themed features of the building:
Most of the garden landscaping in the Old Summer Palace is water-themed, because water is the source of interest, and many of them directly draw on the interest of the famous waterscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. The Back Lake Scenic Area of ??the Old Summer Palace has nine small islands built around the back lake, which are symbols of the "Yu Gong" and "Nine Continents" in the country's territory. The small gardens or landscape groups built on each island not only have their own characteristics, but also borrow from each other to create scenery. The skylight above and below the north bank is like climbing the Yueyang Tower to have a panoramic view of Dongting Lake. "A hanging rainbow dominates the lake, meandering for a hundred feet, with railings and wings, and a wide pavilion in the middle. The reflection of the pattern, between the lintel sills, overlooking from the sky, a Vast expanse of green." The openness of the west bank resembles that of Yuquan Fish Watching in Hangzhou, commonly known as the Goldfish Pond. "The pond was dug to be a paradise for fish, with thousands of brocade scales surrounding the pond." West of the Yuanmingyuan, Wanfang Anhe, houses were built in the lake, shaped like The swastika is warm in winter and cool in summer. Looking at the other shore, the strange flowers are as delicate as embroidery. Emperor Yongzheng liked to live here. The Shuimu Mingse in the north of the Old Summer Palace uses the Taixi (Xize) water method to introduce water into the room and turn the fan. "Lin Sese, the water is cool, the stream wind is roaring, and the mountain birds are singing." Emperor Qianlong liked to cool off here. Haiyue Kaijin in the West Lake of Changchun Garden has a three-story palace built on a huge round white jade platform, which looks like a mirage from a distance.
Pengdao Yaotai in the sea of ??blessings is based on the mythical Penglai Island, formerly known as Penglai Island. According to legend, Qin Shihuang once sent a man named Xu Fu to lead more than a thousand boys and girls across the sea to find fairy lands and elixirs for him, so as to achieve immortality. Of course, this can only be "Hai Ke talks about Yingzhou, but Yan Tao's letter is hard to come by." Emperor Yongzheng asked craftsmen to build three large and small islands with huge phosphorus stones in the East Lake of the Old Summer Palace, symbolizing the legendary Penglai, Yingzhou and Abbot "Three Immortals Mountains". There are five golden halls and twelve jade towers." According to the meaning of "Xu Fuhai Zhongqiu", the East Lake was named "Fuhai". There are also more than ten beautiful gardens on the four sides of Fuhai. Fuhai is five to six hundred meters wide from east to west and from north to south. Including the surrounding small waters, it covers an area of ??about 35 hectares, which is equivalent to the water surface of Beihai Park. The water here is wide and the scenery is beautiful. During the Dragon Boat Festival, large-scale dragon boat races are held here. On the night of July 15th, the Qing Emperor watched the river lanterns here. After the ice froze in winter, the emperor took a ride on the ice bed to tour Fuhai. Fuhai is actually the water entertainment center of Yuanmingyuan.
·The architecture embodies the characteristics of the whole country:
Another notable feature of the Old Summer Palace is that it has been built in large quantities with imitations of many famous gardens and scenic spots from all over the country, especially those in the south of the Yangtze River. Emperor Qianlong Hongli visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang six times in the south, Wutai in the west, Daiyue in the east, and Rehe, Shengjing (ie Shenyang), Panshan and other places many times. Everywhere he went, he would have the accompanying painters copy the famous mountains, rivers, and gardens that he liked, and then build replicas of them in the gardens after he returned to Beijing. According to incomplete statistics, there are no fewer than forty or fifty direct copies of the garden scenery of the Old Summer Palace. The ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou, including their names, are all replicated in the park without changing their names. As the saying goes: Who knows the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, it will move the sky and shrink the earth in your arms.
·Architectural modeling features:
There are more than 100 gardens within gardens and scenic building groups in the Three Gardens of Yuanming Dynasty, which are commonly referred to as 100 sceneries. It integrates various garden buildings such as halls, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, corridors and verandas, covering an area of ??approximately 160,000 square meters.
It is 10,000 square meters larger than the entire construction area of ??the Forbidden City. The buildings in the park not only draw on the advantages of palace-style buildings in the past dynasties, but also break through the constraints of official norms in terms of plane configuration, appearance shape, and group combination. They are widely collected and come in various forms. It has created many architectural forms that are extremely rare in the south and north of my country, such as Zixuan, Meiyuexuan, Tianzidian, fan shape, bow shape, round mirror shape, I shape, mountain shape, cross shape, square shape, etc. Victory shape, scroll shape, etc. In addition, in the layout of the garden, the scenery changes with the situation, and the scenery is in various shapes; the scenery in the garden is surrounded by each other and deepens layer by layer, forming a rich, colorful, natural and harmonious overall beauty. French missionary Wang Zhicheng once gave a vivid description. He said: The architecture of the Old Summer Palace has many changes in form, and is uneven and unconventional. Each of its small palaces seems to be made according to strange models, as if arranged at random, and no one is the same as the others. Everything is so interesting that one cannot take in the scene at a glance, but must study it carefully bit by bit.
·Religious characteristics of architecture:
The temple gardens of the Old Summer Palace also reflect an aspect of ancient Chinese culture. Anyou Palace (Hongci Yonghu) was built according to the old practice of Jingshan Shouhuang Palace. It is used to worship the "Shenyu" of Emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng. It is the royal ancestral temple in the garden. The palace has nine rooms, with a main ridge and double eaves resting on the mountain, and a roof covered with yellow glazed tiles. It is the largest building in the garden. There are pine trees and caps around it, and there are two pairs of Chinese tables at the south end of the central axis, giving people a sense of solemnity. The Fanghu Scenic Spot, located on the shore of the northeastern bay of Fuhai, was built according to the fantasy fairy mountain Qiongge. According to historical records, here There are more than 2,200 Buddha statues enshrined and more than 30 pagodas. The front base of this building is built with white marble in the shape of a "mountain" and extends into the water. The whole building is huge and magnificent. Whenever the mist begins to rise in the morning, the building disappears and appears in the smoke, just like a Qiongge Yaotai. The style and momentum of this building are rare among existing garden buildings in my country. Savatthi City is a typical Buddhist building. It is said to be built after the layout of the capital of the ancient Indian state of Qiaosara. There are 326 palaces and houses in the city. Since the Kangxi reign, whenever the emperor, empress dowager and empress dowager celebrate their birthdays, the Buddha statues enshrined by princes, princes and ministers have been stored here. Among them are pure gold, silver-plated, jade carvings, and bronze sculptures. Year after year, there are hundreds of thousands of them. The Old Summer Palace was looted and burned. The damage caused by this single place, whether in terms of economic value or cultural and artistic value, is difficult to estimate in numbers.