Shanwei does not belong to Chaoshan.
On the map, the four cities of Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang and Shanwei in eastern Guangdong are next to each other, and one end corresponds to the other. Many people think that Shanwei is Chaoshan. But in fact, in most cases, Shanwei is not Chaoshan!
Let's start with the origin and development of the word Chaoshan: at the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was a place called Chaozhou House (probably Chaozhou+Shantou+Jieyang, excluding Shanwei), and all the people in this corner originally claimed to be Chaozhou (Fu) people.
Then there is a place called Shantou in Chaozhou Mansion (not Shantou now, this place is a very small place in jinping district, Shantou now). At that time, Shantou (Shantou Port) was an important port, engaged in trade, and business was booming. Shantou people in Chaozhou Prefecture are simply called Chaoshan people. At that time, a railway was built from Chaozhou Prefecture to Shantou Port, named Chaoshan Railway.
Later, with the economic development of Shantou surpassing other areas in Chaozhou (prefecture), the word "Chaoshan" took advantage of the word "Shantou", and the term "Chaoshan" gradually replaced the term "Chaozhou (prefecture)". What I am describing here is a fait accompli. Where is Shanwei now (that is, Haifeng County+Lu Fengxian main jurisdiction at that time)? It's in Huizhou next door Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was really not much relationship between Shanwei and Chaozhou.
before Shanwei, it was called Hailufeng, before Chaoshan, it was called Chaozhou (mansion), Hailufeng and Chaozhou. It doesn't matter. How can it matter after changing the name? Just like you insist that Song Zu Ying and lareina are one family, in fact, they have nothing to do at all. Song Liuying and Sun Fanqing have nothing to do with each other, and there will be no such thing after changing their names.
it was not a family before it was renamed, and it will not become a family just because it changed its name. Next, let's start the discussion. Before starting, we must make clear the angle of cut-in, and the answers from different angles are also different. We mainly analyze this problem from the perspectives of ethnic group and region, so it is necessary to popularize these two words:
ethnic group: a branch within a nation, which has the same or similar language, culture and customs and recognizes each other. Region: refers to a large geographical area, including traditional geographical area and administrative geographical area.
From the perspective of the clan, the question is: Do Shanwei people count as Chaoshan clan? Answer: Most of them don't count. From the perspective of administrative division, this question is: Is the area under the jurisdiction of Shanwei City a Chaoshan area? If you look at it in combination with the ancient history of thousands of years, it doesn't count. If you only look at the history of recent decades, it can count or not.
Although Guangxi is nominally autonomous, there are only 3% of the Zhuang people, so the name is not entirely based on the number of people! Shanwei is also a similar situation. The proportion of Chaoshan people is really small, even less than the proportion of Zhuang people in Guangxi.
the name of Shanwei is more because Shanwei was once classified as a large administrative regional system (it happens that the main ethnic group in other parts of this region is Chaoshan ethnic group). Don't ask why people from the same ethnic group have to be separated. It is common to mix sand when dividing administrative regions since ancient times. See Xuzhou, Hanzhong and so on.
As for the Chaoshan people mentioned in our daily life, they should refer to the people rather than the regions, so it is better not to say that Shanwei belongs to Chaoshan under the premise of taking care of the feelings of the people in the four cities.
here is a long speech.
1. Ethnic groups
Language is an important indicator to distinguish ethnic groups. There are many dialects in Shanwei, and Chaoshan dialect is spoken only in some areas near Jieyang. The main popular dialect in Shanwei is Hailufeng Dialect (also known as Fulao Dialect, Helao Dialect and Xuelao Dialect), followed by Hakka Dialect and Chaoshan Dialect. Then even some villages speak vernacular, and there are at least five or six dialects in Shanwei.
I moved a picture from the Internet. Hai Lufeng talked about Quanzhang film, not Chaoshan film. Here is a practical method to distinguish Chaoshan people from Fulao people, which is effective in most cases: if you look at the pronunciation of the word "you" in the dialect, you must be Fulao people. In other cases, le (sound le) and lu (sound Lu) should be Chaoshan people.
Here's another historical fact, which is not used as a supporting argument for the time being: most of the ancestors of Chaoshan came from Putian in the Northern Song Dynasty, while some ancestors of Shanwei Hailufeng came from Zhangzhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so there is a very interesting situation. Shanwei (Hailufeng) area and Zhangzhou area are not geographically adjacent, separated by Chaoshan, but in dialect, Fulao dialect is more like Minnan dialect than Chaoshan dialect.
In terms of customs and culture, Shanwei is also different from Chaoshan. At present, there are many ethnic groups in Shanwei, and the number of Hakkas in the second place is obviously different from that in Chaoshan, so I won't make an in-depth analysis here. The following analysis accounts for the vast majority of Fulao people.
Although there are many similarities between the two (such as going out to the garden, singing songs and worshipping culture), there are also differences. Here, I will give a few simple examples:
Diet: Although there is a culture of glutinous rice, a closer look will reveal great differences. The glutinous rice juice is unique to Chaoshan, and the most famous dish in Hailufeng is not common in the other three cities.
folk activities: although there are spirit wandering activities, the camp master is unique to Chaoshan, and Taiping Qingyi is unique to Hailufeng. (Wandering God is a very big concept, and there are such activities in many areas at home and abroad. Master Ying is a sub-category of god-wandering. The god-wandering activities in other areas are different from master Ying in terms of activity name, time, process, place and diet, and are not the same sub-category).
In traditional opera, Chaoshan people listen to Chaozhou opera, while shanwei people listens to Bai Zixi (just kidding, Chaozhou opera is orthodox in Zhaoan, Fujian, just like authentic Anhui beef noodles have to be found in Hebei).
Sacrifice culture: Chaoshan people worship Han Yu and Han Wengong. When Han Yu arrived in Chaozhou, shanwei people's ancestors had not moved to Fujian, so shanwei people did not worship Han Yu.
Throughout the ages, sacrificial culture has occupied a very important position, often with one-vote veto. Although there are many similarities between them, there are differences in sacrificial culture! For example: I set up a monument to Han Yu's temple, but you don't like it? Then we're not on the same page. It's useless to approach other customs and cultural languages. Let's go our separate ways.
(For an extreme example, it's easy for everyone to understand. Just like Shia and Sunni in Islam, they come from two factions, and their language, diet and clothes may be exactly the same. If you just rely on these factors, you can say that they are a good family, and they will definitely think that you are a little cute.).
When we discuss ethnic groups, we mainly look at language, culture and customs, and also consider mutual recognition among groups. I found that most people in the four cities think that Shanwei is not Chaoshan, but many foreigners think that Shanwei is Chaoshan. I jokingly said that my own affairs are of course my own decisions, and the opinions of outsiders are not counted.
Nearly two thousand people from these four cities participated in the survey. Among them, 77% of Shanwei people think that Shanwei is not Chaoshan, 84% of the people in the three cities think that Shanwei is not Chaoshan, and most of the people involved in the survey do not agree with each other. Generally speaking, the composition of Shanwei people is complex, with Fulao people as the most, Hakka people as the second, and Chaoshan people as a minority.
II. Regional Articles
The concept of Chaoshan originated from Chaozhou Prefecture (Yi 'an County in Sui Dynasty and Chaozhou Road in Yuan Dynasty), which was the name of the administrative region from Sui Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. It should be noted that this Chaozhou is much larger than the current Chaozhou City, which mainly includes Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang and some surrounding areas. Moreover, today's Shanwei City is more often under the jurisdiction of Huizhou Prefecture and has nothing to do with Chaozhou Prefecture.
From Chaozhou to Chaoshan, we should start from the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty in 186, when a port named Shantou was opened in the jurisdiction of Chaozhou Prefecture. With the increasing influence of this port, Chaoshan began to replace Chaozhou.
Let's take a look at the historical map of Chaozhou Prefecture. During the more than 1, years from Sui Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, Shanwei was not within the jurisdiction of Chaozhou Prefecture most of the time, and Shanwei was not a Chaoshan area in the traditional sense.
Let's talk about the situation after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Shanwei City was under the jurisdiction of Shantou Special Zone for about 2 years. This Shantou Special Zone not only included the current Shantou City, but also included parts of Meizhou, Shanwei, Jieyang, Chaozhou and Heyuan at the largest time.
From the perspective of administrative division after the founding of the People's Republic of China, it is not wrong to say that Shanwei belongs to Chaoshan. Some news reports also often use the concept of Chaoshan four cities, but it should be noted that this statement is not commonly used in daily life, so it is difficult to stand up from another angle.
3. There are four main reasons why many people mistakenly think that Shanwei (people) is Chaoshan (people).
1. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the area under the jurisdiction of Shanwei City was under the jurisdiction of Shantou Special Zone.
Some people will say that Hailufeng was under the jurisdiction of Shantou Special Zone in the early days of the People's Republic of China, and Shanwei must be Chaoshan! This logic is very touching! For example, if you are on a business trip these days and leave your son with a neighbor for a few days, you can't suddenly become someone else's son. For thousands of years in China, Hai Lufeng of Huizhou Prefecture did not belong to his neighbor Chaozhou Prefecture most of the time, that is, he lived in his neighbor's house for a period of time after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
2. There is a word "Shan" in Shanwei-this is highly confusing.
there happened to be a small town called Shanwei when the market was established, so the name of this town was put on the market, which coincided with Shantou, so many people would think that one end was Chaoshan, but in fact there was no connection between the two ends. Shanwei, whose real name is Shanmei, has no corresponding relationship with Shantou, and there is no corresponding relationship between head and tail.
3. There are some similarities in language, customs and culture between them.
They are similar in language, customs and culture. Many people (including some people from shanwei people and Chaoshan) tend to confuse the two, and then think that Shanwei is Chaoshan. We should look at the clan in an all-round way, and we should not just look at the similarities and ignore the differences. Moreover, don't ignore the one-vote veto of sacrificial culture.
This paper focuses on the next dialect. Fulao dialect and Chaoshan dialect are two parallel dialects and two branches of Minnan dialect. Hailufeng and Fujian and Taiwan belong to the blue Quanzhang film, and Chaoshan is the Chaoshan film. Objectively speaking, compared with Chaoshan dialect, Hailufeng's Fulao dialect is closer to the dialect in southern Fujian, so shouldn't Shanwei be included in southern Fujian? This is obviously unreasonable!
4. misleading of various encyclopedias.
Many Baidu entries in Chaoshan area, Chaoshan dialect, Fulao dialect, etc. all deviate from the facts. Among them, this Baidu entry in Chaoshan area has been edited more than 8 times. As can be seen from version history, Shanwei has been moved out and moved in repeatedly in recent ten years. What's more interesting is that the most comment under this entry in Chaoshan area is that Shanwei is not Chaoshan.
There is a joke in the debate circle that changing Baidu Encyclopedia is a necessary work before the competition, which shows that this thing is not authoritative and can be submitted for revision by an individual.
Sogou Encyclopedia was also edited in 219. Before that, there was no Shanwei in the Chaoshan area entry of Sogou Encyclopedia. At present, Wikipedia has not fallen, and it is estimated that those who change the entry still don't know how to get on Wikipedia.
IV. About the Guangdong Yearbook
Some people like to talk about the Guangdong Yearbook of the Guangdong Provincial People's Government in 218. I can only say that the Editorial Committee is more about compiling, and it is impossible to thoroughly research all the contents. You'd better read it in combination with your own understanding.
There is an overview of the three major ethnic groups in the official website of Guangdong Provincial People's Government. This material shows that the Chaoshan ethnic groups are mainly distributed in Shantou, Chaozhou, Jieyang and Shanwei. I have written so much before, it is obvious that Shanwei is not the main distribution area of Chaoshan people.
Let's say two more points to show that this material is not rigorous:
1. Please look at the Guangfu ethnic group part of this material, in which southwest Guangdong is mentioned, but the problem is that Zhanjiang in southwest Guangdong has little relationship with Guangfu ethnic group. As we all know, Zhanjiang is mainly a Leizhou native who speaks Leizhou dialect, which should be very clear.
2. Let's talk about another point. Let's look at the Guangfu people's family. The Guangfu people's family here did not mention Zhuhai, but actually expelled Zhuhai from the Guangfu people's family.
If you use your brain a little, you can find that there are many loopholes in this overview of the three major ethnic groups, and the loopholes are very obvious. On the website of Shanwei Municipal People's Government, we can see that the main dialect in Shanwei is Fulao dialect, and the distribution area and population of each dialect are also introduced in detail.
There is also a language introduction in the official website of Guangdong Provincial People's Government. This material only mentions the Chaoshan Leizhou dialect in Min dialect, and connects Chaoshan dialect with Shanwei, but it doesn't mention Fulao dialect at all. In the introduction of Chaoshan films in Min dialect, Shantou, Chenghai, South Australia and Chaoyang are juxtaposed.
The four relationships are not juxtaposition, but inclusion. Chenghai, South Australia and Chaoyang are all part of Shantou. For another example, according to this logic, Putonghua is mainly popular in China, Beijing and Shanghai. See the problem? Put things at different levels together).
in the face of this low-level mistake, it is hard for us not to question the professionalism of this material. By contrast, the content published on the website of Shanwei Municipal People's Government looks more substantial and credible.
Finally, it is necessary to give some examples. For example, there are many Hakkas in Jiexi County under the jurisdiction of Jieyang City in Chaoshan area, and there are also Chaoshan people in Fengshun County under the jurisdiction of Meizhou City with strong Hakka flavor. Ethnic groups and regions are not completely corresponding. There are always exceptions to everything, and we must not generalize.