The founder of psychoanalytic theory
The founder of psychoanalysis theory, the times are changing, people's life pressure is increasing, and psychological problems are inevitable. The three schools of psychology are psychoanalysis, behavioral psychology and humanistic psychology. Let me introduce the founder of psychoanalytic theory.
The founder of psychoanalytic theory 1 the life of carl jung, the founder of analytical psychology.
Carl jung, the representative figure of psychoanalysis: a lonely and accomplished life
Loneliness doesn't come from no one around. The real reason for feeling lonely is that a person cannot communicate with others what is most important to him. -this is a famous Swiss psychologist jung's famous saying.
As the founder of analytical psychology and the representative of psychoanalysis, carl jung has an indelible label: loneliness.
As a pioneer of psychology in an era, he is really lonely. Along Jung's growth track, we will find that loneliness is not only the label of his life, but also an effective help for him to awaken his potential and achieve great things. The reason is simple-"high music" must be "harmony".
Jung had a lonely childhood, and his childhood loneliness was divided into two parts.
The first part comes from the family.
As early as Jung can remember, Jung's parents had problems with their marriage. My father has a bad temper and gets angry easily. He is quite difficult to get along with. Because his mother is often in a state of depression, she often has hysterical attacks.
Parents' dormitories are separate, and Jung and his father share a dormitory. He remembers hearing his mother's strange and mysterious voice at night, which made him uneasy all night. He often has some terrible dreams: for example, once, he dreamed that a figure came out of his mother's room, his head and body gradually separated and his head floated in the air; Since then, a head has grown on the neck, and it has gradually separated from the body and drifted away from the air.
These dreams remained in Jung's memory, and Jung wrote them into his autobiography in his later years. When Jung couldn't stand all this, he hid in the attic alone. He carved a portrait from a piece of wood himself and regarded it as his best friend. When he was lonely, Xiao Rong often had a long talk with him, and the conversation with woodcarving gave Rong Rong spiritual comfort.
As early as then, Jung began a dialogue with the ancient spirit in his escape from reality, and it was in this dialogue that he unconsciously found a way out for his spiritual development, without stopping or entering a "dead alley" and a dead end.
The second part is that he has been close to death several times.
Jung mentioned in his autobiography that in remote mountainous areas, local fishermen often die under dangerous and swift waterfalls. Jung clearly kept the memory of those funeral ceremonies until he was old-a big black box was placed next to a dark pit;
The priest wearing a black robe and a high black hat presided over the whole ceremony; Their faces are gloomy and melancholy ... Jung's father is a priest, and all his eight relatives are priests. In Jung's childhood, he was almost surrounded by these black robes and grim-faced clergy. For many years, their faces and expressions always frightened young Jung, which was probably one of the reasons why he later refused to choose the profession of pastor.
When I was a child, Jung once broke his head and bled all the steps of the church. On another occasion, he almost fell off a bridge across the Rhine waterfall and drowned. Fortunately, the maid reacted quickly and caught him from the bridge fence in time.
At the age of eleven, Jung transferred from a rural school to a big school in Basel. Here, Jung came to the classroom in tattered shoes and socks soaked by rain, surrounded by extremely rich people. As the son of a poor priest, he was full of envy for the children of those rich families, and began to look at his family with different eyes, even pitying his father.
School life is boring. It takes up too much time, which Jung thinks could have been used to read books that he is really interested in. He has a strong thirst for knowledge, but he found that what the teacher said in class could not meet his spiritual needs at all. 12 years old, pushed down by a boy at noon in early summer. In the next few months, Jung often fell into a coma and dropped out of school for half a year.
During this half year, he plunged into his father's library and was immersed in the joy of reading according to his own interests. In the countryside, nature gave him a kind of redemption, and he once again felt the cordial connection and mysterious communication with Woods, rocks, swamps and rivers. Jung's parents are very worried about their son's illness. They invited one doctor after another, but none of them could diagnose what the disease was.
Jung didn't care about his illness at all. On the contrary, he feels better than when he was at school. If it existed at that time and reached today's level, then it is not difficult for anyone to guess that this mental symptom probably stems from an escape need.
But one day, he overheard a conversation between his father and a friend. The father said, "The doctor can't tell what's wrong with him. It would be terrible if he really has an incurable disease. I spent what little savings I had. If children can't make a living in the future, the prospects are really unimaginable. "
Jung finally realized that he had brought great pain and anxiety to his father. Facing the grim reality, Jung thundered and woke up from a big dream. Since then, the disease has disappeared and never recurred. He immediately ran into his father's library to review Latin grammar; He went back to school and studied harder than ever.
Looking back many years later, he divided himself into two kinds of personality-personality number one and personality number two. The first characteristic is manifested in daily life. At this time, he is like an ordinary child, studying at school, concentrating on his studies and studying hard; Another personality, like an adult, is suspicious, does not trust others easily and stays away from others.
The experience of dropping out of school and getting sick made him really understand what neurosis is about. Jung's second personality gradually disappeared, and the first personality became the main personality; At the same time, he began to contact the history of western philosophy, including Schopenhauer's works.
A continuation of loneliness
Schopenhauer is Jung's favorite philosopher. Schopenhauer said, "When we read, we are thinking with other people's minds."
Since childhood, Jung had many dreams that he was afraid to tell anyone, and the ideas that came from these dreams. In Jung's family and the environment in which he lives, once the question involves religion, the questioner commits a big taboo. Even when Jung was very young, when asked about religious teachings, he could only get such an answer: "There is no doubt about it, and you can't waver on this issue."
Jung's spiritual development cannot be suppressed by any wavering theory, so that Jung can only turn to a lot of reading to find out the problems that plague him. Of course, the answer to the question can't be found at once. In order to get temporary relaxation and relief, literary works and historical works gradually became Jung's spiritual preference, which laid the foundation for his profound knowledge and education in the future.
Jung read a lot of books when he was young, and all the dead authors seemed to be resurrected together in his mind. He is both excited and afraid of this, hoping to gain self-confirmation through communication with others; Because he didn't think about this kind of problem at all, and didn't read related books, others naturally thought his ideas were strange, and even suspected that he was a braggart who fabricated theories and concepts by thinking.
At the same time, some teachers don't believe that he has thought about these problems at his age, so they accuse him of plagiarism. Jung was isolated again and retreated to his inner world. Only there did he feel the sense of security and self-esteem that he could not get in the outside world.
Sublimation of loneliness
Jung said: "The way we look at things, not how things are, determines everything."
He said so and did the same.
From childhood to youth, loneliness always accompanied him. His way of escaping loneliness made him read widely, which laid a solid foundation for later psychological research.
For jung, Freud was the most important person he met.
1907 In March, Jung and Freud formally met in Vienna and talked for nearly 30 hours. Six months later, Freud sent his research results to Jung, and the two began close communication and cooperation for six years.
However, the loneliness of genius is doomed.
19 10 years, Jung expounded the differences between him and Freud in psychological research in his paper "Research on Unconscious Psychology". 19 12 the publication of the study of unconscious psychology completely separated him from Freud. After that, Jung walked into a dead end-his friends and colleagues abandoned him, his theory was severely criticized, and his personal spirit also had problems.
Once again, loneliness did not defeat Jung.
19 14 years, he quit his job and started a series of trips to explore his subconscious. 19 18 years, inspired by Gnostic writers' works and alchemy, he began to study consciousness psychology from a new angle. 192 1 published a book "psychological types" to explore the possible attitude of conscious mind to the world. After the publication of this book, Jung gained a great reputation in the field of psychology.
From 65438 to 0928, Jung cooperated with Richard Wilhelm to study alchemy and the symbol of Manchalo, and achieved fruitful results. His thoughts were suddenly enlightened, and The Secrets and Comments of Golden Flower was also published in 1929, and his theory was welcomed by psychologists.
Since then, Jung has gone deeper and deeper on the road of psychology, published many works in succession, and finally became a generation of unparalleled masters.
Jung said, "Those who look outward are dreamers, while those who look inward are sober." In the loneliness of his life, Jung has always dreamed, but he chose to be a sober person, and finally let loneliness sublimate in the wilderness of his mind. Jung is the closest contemporary master. He lived to be 86 years old and died in 196 1.
He was born in rural Switzerland, and there are many clergy and psychics in his family. After observing the evocation ceremony of a psychic cousin, he finished his doctoral thesis, that is, the psychology behind supernatural phenomena. His wife Emma is the daughter of a famous family of nations in Paris. This combination helped Jung get out of the embarrassing environment and brought a lot of contacts and social resources.
Breuleux, Jung's teacher at Zurich Medical College, was the first person to support Freud after the publication of Interpretation of Dreams, and introduced them to each other. 1907, after many times of correspondence, they hit it off. Jung even surpassed Adler, became the core figure of Freud's circle and became the first president of the reorganized international psychoanalytic association.
Their letters showed mixed feelings, and Freud hoped that Jung would believe in his theory and not leave him. 19 13 The two broke up completely. Freud forbade people around him to associate with jung. Jung escaped into the dark ages. In the dark period, Jung began to talk to himself, developed the technology of positive imagination, and formed the core concepts of analytical psychology, namely collective subconscious, personality mask, complex and so on.
Jung's painting skills are excellent, and he has published Black Book and Red Book. His concept of spiritual energy and the energy gathered around the complex inspired the appearance of Heeringer family arrangement system. Jung is one of the psychoanalytic masters with the highest interest in mysticism and the grandest view of the world. I have been studying and thinking about culture and history all my life. I have dabbled in the Book of Changes, myths, alchemy, astrology, religion and dreams.
Jung attached great importance to dreams: he put forward the amplification method, which infinitely enlarged and extended the contents of dreams for analysis. He thinks dreams are more important than consciousness. From China's traditional Book of Changes, he discovered the concept of synchronicity, that is, the state of individual existence can be expressed in some way. Some old Jungian analysts still use divination to analyze. Jung once co-authored The Secret of the Golden Flower with the German missionary Wei Lixian, and introduced Lv Dongbin's philosophy to the West.
Unlike Freud's emphasis on personal early experience, Jung emphasized people's lifelong development. For example, an alchemist turns ordinary substances into gold, and people also need to transform their "self-nature" into their own reality. Jung's thought was widely spread in the west in the 1960s, and became an important trend of thought in the new era movement, which triggered the society's renewed concern for spirituality.
Ferini, a famous Italian director, is Jung's younger brother and has been analyzed by Jung School all his life. His masterpiece Eight and a Half shows a strong dream style and a fascinating discussion of the subconscious.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the founder of psychoanalytic theory 2, sigmund freud's influence in the scientific community was unparalleled. Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899, and established the International Psychoanalytic Society in 19 19, which raised psychology to a new height.
Freud's thought attracted a large number of talented students and scholars from all over the world, among which Eric Fromm, alfred adler, carl jung, Sandor Erenczi and Karen Horney were the most famous, and later they all became famous psychologists.
But Freud should be a difficult mentor. He is more like a stubborn old man. He can't tolerate any criticism and opinions of students on the basic principles of psychoanalysis. If Freud were in today's society, it would be difficult for his graduate students to graduate.
But on the contrary, among Freud's students, there are many students who are as stubborn as him (perhaps most talented people are stubborn). These students would rather part ways with their tutors and pursue their own ideas. The most famous of them are Adler and Jung.
In the early 20th century, the relationship between Freud and Jung was very good, and Jung helped Freud develop and perfect psychoanalytic theory. Even, for a time, Freud wanted to train Jung, who was a little younger than himself, into his own "Crown Prince" and heir.
However, it is obvious that scientific research did not adapt to the feudal dynasty. Jung gradually formed his own ideological system after in-depth study of psychoanalysis, and Freud's stubborn paternalism obviously became an obstacle to the development of psychoanalysis.
In Jung's autobiography Memories, Dreams and Introspection, he recalled a conversation with Freud in this way.
"Dear Jung, promise me never to give up the theory of sex. This is the most fundamental thing. You know, we must worship it as truth, and we should regard this theory as an unshakable fortress. "
We can understand Freud's anxiety very well. After all, "sex theory" is the core of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including subconscious, Oedipus complex, dream research, instinct theory and personality theory. This is like Christianity treating Heliocentrism of Copernicus. Once the core theory is untenable, other theories will be questioned more.
In addition, most classical psychoanalysis can not be scientifically observed and tested, and it is difficult to be generally accepted by the scientific community without the support of objective experimental evidence. If there are differences in the theoretical system, it will be a blow to psychoanalysis.
After listening to this passage, Jung realized that he could no longer work with Freud, because he thought Freud loved authority more than truth. Although Jung's professional status declined after parting ways with Freud's theory. But he had no choice but to develop his own theoretical system.
What are the characteristics of Jung's theoretical system, the founder of psychoanalysis theory? There are mainly the following three points:
1, Collective Subconsciousness: As we all know, Freud put forward the famous concept of "Subconsciousness". He believes that people's psychological activities are divided into consciousness and subconscious.
Consciousness is a psychological activity that we can feel, which only accounts for a small part of psychological activity. The subconscious mind includes all our experiences, memories and repressed needs and motives. It is beyond our control, but it can affect our consciousness and behavior. The main demand and desire of the subconscious mind is sexual desire. Freud's sexual desire is not simply "sex", but includes all needs such as appetite, production and reproduction. This is what Freud called "personal subconscious".
But Jung believes that the subconscious mind includes not only sexual desire, but also something more important "belief", which is as important as sexual desire. If sexual desire is a "personal subconscious", then faith is a "collective subconscious".
The collective subconscious is deep in the soul, accumulating the experience we inherited from our ancestors. Just like the genetic code shared by all races, it is stored in our deepest prototype memory, including survival, death, history, heroes, myths, families, clans and so on. In China's words, it's more like the inheritance of blood.
Then the most important things in this are male intention and female intention. Representing male masculinity and female femininity respectively.
Jung was represented by animus and Anima respectively. The so-called personality mask.
2. Anima and animus.
Jung described many kinds of personality masks, the most important of which were Anima and animus.
Animus is the image of a man in every woman's heart, and it is the male component in a woman's heart. Animus has all the advantages that women think men have. Every woman has different intentions. A woman will like the characteristics of animus in her heart. When she meets a man like animus, she will experience a strong attraction.
Anima, on the other hand, is the female image in every man's mind and the female component in men's mind. The principle is the same as that of animus.
Jung believes that it is the image of Anima in men's mind and the image of animus in women's mind that promotes the communication and contact between men and women, so that both men and women can show their masculine and feminine side, thus making people reach the balance of emotion, thinking and feeling and making people more humanized. This is more like the so-called beauty of harmony between Yin and Yang in ancient China.
3, personality type theory:
Another great contribution of Jung is that he founded analytical psychology through the analysis of human nature and put forward the opposite personality tendency. He described personality as a state of balance between a pair of relative tendencies.
Such as consciousness and subconscious, extroversion and introversion, intuition and feeling, masculinity and femininity. He believes that most people's personalities have found balance and stability in this opposition. Among them, extroversion and introversion are the most significant.
Extroverts pay more attention to external experience. They are more harmonious with the people and things around them, but they are not good at reconciling their inner needs. They are more extroverted and unaffected by self-awareness.
Introverts pay more attention to their inner experience, that is, their own feelings and emotions, which makes them look more shy and not good at talking.
Jung's personality type theory promoted the development of temperament, characteristics and personality type theory, and a large number of personality tests originated from Jung's theory. Including MBTI, which is popular recently, are all based on Jung's personality type theory.
Jung has many theories, including the new interpretation of dreams, psychological changes in middle age and so on. If you are interested in Jung's psychology, you can read Jung's autobiography "Memories, Dreams and Reflections" to have a deep understanding of Jung's life and his theory.
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