What do you know?
First, the responsibility diffusion effect.
It means that when an emergency happens, if other people are present, the responsibility shared by those present will be reduced. Because everyone thinks that the responsibility of helping others and the possible costs of helping others fail should be borne by everyone, that is to say, the responsibility of providing help has spread to others.
Life phenomenon: Chinese-style crossing the road, the law does not blame the public.
Second, the sweet lemon effect
When an individual fails in the process of pursuing the expected goal, in order to dilute the inner anxiety, people will try their best to improve the value of the goal they have achieved, so as to achieve a psychological balance and inner peace.
Life phenomenon: when others have your boyfriend and no boyfriend, they will say: I am so beautiful, no one deserves me!
Third, the foot-in effect.
Also known as push your luck effect, it means that once a person accepts a trivial request from others, in order to avoid cognitive disharmony or give others a consistent impression, it is possible to accept a bigger request. In general, people are reluctant to accept higher and more difficult requirements, because it is time-consuming and laborious, and it is difficult to succeed. On the contrary, people are willing to accept smaller and easier demands. After realizing the smaller requirements, people gradually accept the bigger requirements.
Life phenomenon: Borrowing money, first 1 yuan, then 10 yuan, then 100 yuan, then 1000 yuan, will gradually allow more demands.
Fourth, Barnum effect.
That is, the so-called constellation effect, I believe everyone will easily believe that a general description of personality is particularly suitable for them. Even if this description is empty, he will still think that it reflects his personality, even if he is not such a person at all.
Life phenomenon: Some people read a description of Aries: honesty, kindness and sincerity. Even if he is not Aries, he will think that this is not a description of himself. ?
Fifth, the peer effect.
The efficiency of personal activities changes because of the participation of others. There are two manifestations: the increase of others will lead to the improvement of efficiency, or because of him.
The increase of people leads to the decrease of efficiency.
Life phenomenon: one monk carries water to drink, two monks have no water to drink and three monks have no water to drink.
Sixth, the halo effect.
Also known as halo effect, when someone has a certain trait, they will make similar judgments about other traits. When you see a person with certain characteristics, you can't see other characteristics.
Life phenomenon: Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Love me, love my dog, one is good, the other is bad, and the other is bad.
Seven, the teacher expectation effect
That is, the Rosenthal effect, also known as the Pimarion effect, holds that teachers' expectations are transmitted to students explicitly or implicitly, and students will shape their own behaviors according to teachers' expectations.
Pygmalion: refers to the king of a country, who is also a sculptor and has no wife. Because there is nothing that meets his needs in reality, he sculpted a female statue. Imagine that his wife carves according to her own ideas every day. Finally, one day, he touched God, and God turned this sculpture into his wife.
Eight, the first cause effect
Also known as the initial effect, in the formation of the overall impression, the information obtained at first has a greater influence than the information obtained later.
Life phenomenon: first impression. The first time a student listens to a teacher's lecture, he thinks the teacher speaks well and he thinks the teacher will teach well in the future. ?
Nine, the social stereotype effect
Summarize the characteristics of a group of people, and then impose this characteristic on everyone in this group, ignoring individual differences.
Life phenomenon: southerners are delicate, while northerners are generous. Men are brave and women are delicate.
X. projection effect
Refers to the social psychological phenomenon that it is inferred that others have the same characteristics as themselves because individuals have certain characteristics. There are two manifestations: one is that some people always explain others' speech and behavior from the good side, and the other is that some people always explain others' speech and behavior from the pregnant side.
Example: Su Shi's "Golden Buddha Effect" is suspicious of his neighbors and always tries to hurt me.
Xi。 Leniency effect
Generally speaking, individuals' positive estimates of others are often higher than their negative estimates, and there is a leniency effect in performance appraisal, which involves the accuracy of the results. When the appraisal result is higher than the actual situation of the assessed, it is called leniency effect, and when it is lower than the actual situation, it is called negative leniency effect.
Example: I think this man can do anything.
Twelve. hawthorne effect
When people realize that they are being watched or observed, they will deliberately change the effect of some behaviors or verbal expressions.
For example, when you walk in a hospital corridor with people sitting on both sides, they will pay attention to you and find that you can't walk when you walk. When a boy finds a beautiful woman observing him, he will walk with his head held high.