Astronaut List Auxiliary Plan Launch Vehicle Flight Test Spacecraft Structure Flying to the Moon Landing Plan 4 Plan Direct Take-off Earth Orbit Setting Lunar Surface Setting Lunar Orbit Setting True and False Analysis Summary Origin Query Basis Refutation Launch Brief Plan Detailed Explanation Astronaut List Auxiliary Plan Launch Vehicle Flight Test Spacecraft Structure Flying to the Moon Landing Plan 4 Plan Direct Take-off Earth Orbit Setting Lunar Surface Setting True and False Analysis Summary Origin Query Basis Refutation Launch
1July, 969 16, the giant Saturn V rocket was launched from the Kennedy launch site in the United States, carrying Apollo 1 1, and began the first human space trip to the moon. American astronauts neil armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and michaeljohn collins flew the Apollo 1 1 spacecraft, and after a journey of 380,000 kilometers, they carried the dreams of all mankind on the surface of the moon. This is indeed a small step for one person, but it is a big step for all mankind. They witnessed the realization of the dream of spanning 5000 years from the earth to the moon.
Apollo was the sun god in charge of poetry and music in ancient Greek mythology. It is said that he is the younger brother of Luna and uses gold.
Man landed on the moon for the first time (1969 July 2 1) and killed the python with an arrow to avenge his mother. It is conceivable that the American government chose this sun god who can avenge himself to name the moon landing program.
Apollo Plan [1] was put forward in the early 1960s when Eisenhower was in power, as a follow-up plan for project mercury. The spacecraft used by project mercury can only enter Earth orbit and carry only one astronaut, while the expected Apollo spacecraft can not only carry three astronauts, but may even land on the moon. Aber silverstein, manager of NASA, chose to name the project after the sun god in Greek mythology. Although NASA has started planning, Eisenhower seems to be not keen on the space program, and the funds for the Apollo program have never been implemented.
1960165438+10, John F. Kennedy, who promised to let the United States surpass the Soviet Union in space exploration and missile defense, was elected president. Although he was enthusiastic about the space program, he did not immediately decide to start the moon landing program after he was elected president. Kennedy doesn't know much about the space industry, and the large amount of money needed for space exploration makes him afraid to make a decision easily. When James Webb, director of NASA, asked for an increase of 3% in the annual budget, Kennedy supported the acceleration of large-scale propeller research and development, but did not support other larger projects.
1961April 12, Soviet astronaut yuri gagarin became the first man to go into space, which deepened the fear that the United States would fall behind in the space race. The next day, at a meeting with the White House Science Committee, many lawmakers hoped to start a space program immediately to ensure that they would not fall too far behind in the Soviet race. On the other hand, Kennedy was more cautious and unwilling to take any major measures at once. On April 20th, Kennedy sent a memo to lyndon johnson, Vice President, asking him what he thought of the American space program and the possibility of the United States catching up with the Soviet Union. In his reply the next day, Johnson said, "We have neither tried our best nor reached the level to keep the United States ahead." Johnson also mentioned that the plan to land on the moon in the future is not only feasible, but will definitely give the United States a leading position in the space race.
A month before Kennedy delivered this speech, the United States had just sent the first astronaut into space and had not yet entered Earth orbit. This unfavorable situation makes some NASA staff less optimistic about the moon landing plan.
Astronaut List Sacrifices Virgil Grissom (Apollo 1)
Edward white (Apollo 1)
Roger chaffee (Apollo 1)
Neil armstrong (Apollo 1 1) was the first American astronaut to land on the moon. He used to be an astronaut, test pilot and naval pilot of NASA, and was famous for being the first human to set foot on the moon by carrying out the first manned spaceship Apollo 1 1. Neil armstrong's first space mission was 1966, the commander of Gemini 8. In this mission, he and David Scott completed the first docking of the spacecraft. Armstrong's second and last space mission was the famous Apollo 1 1 in July, 0969. In this "great leap of mankind", Armstrong and buzz aldrin walked on the surface of the moon for two and a half hours (Michael john collins flew around the moon in the command module).
Buzz aldrin (Apollo 1 1)
Apollo Project (4) Peter Conrad (Apollo 12)
Alan Bean (Apollo 12)
Alan shepard (Apollo 14)
Edgar mitchell (Apollo 14)
David Scott (Apollo 15)
James owen (Apollo 15)
John young (Apollo 16)
Charles Duke (Apollo 16)
Eugene cernan (Apollo 17)
Harrison Schmidt (Apollo 17)
Frank Pahlman (apollo 8), he didn't land on the moon, but he got close to it.
James Lowell (Apollo 13, apollo 8)
William Anders (apollo 8)
Thomas stafford (Apollo 10)
Michael collins (Apollo 1 1)
Richard Gordon (Apollo 12, another mission planned for Apollo 18 was cancelled)
John Swigert (Apollo 13)
Flanders Hayes (Apollo 13, planned to perform another mission on Apollo 19, but was cancelled)
Stewart rosa (Apollo 14, planned to perform the mission again on Apollo 20, but was cancelled)
Alfred Walden (Apollo 15)
Ken Mattingly (Apollo 16)
Ronald Evans (Apollo 17)
After becoming famous,1July 1969 to1February 1972, 12 American astronauts landed on the moon by Apollo spacecraft. After that, the United States never landed on the moon again. Now the "old story" has been mentioned again, which can't help but remind people of the "human survival" of those who have landed on the moon and many astronauts who have returned to Earth. Especially not long ago, the first female astronaut in France, and the only female astronaut in the European Space Agency so far, once served as Claude Hagnell, Minister of Science and Technology of France. After becoming famous, he unfortunately suffered from depression and attempted suicide by taking medicine, which shocked the whole country of France. It has also aroused people's concern about the living conditions of these "heaven" and "earth" people. Through investigation, they entered the post-space era. Some people became successful businessmen, while others, like haignere, entered politics and continued to contribute to the aerospace industry. Others gradually faded out of people's sight. Like Haigner, success is accompanied by "mental problems" ... In people's imagination, when astronauts return to Earth from space, their lives are always full of applause and smiling faces. Actually, there is a difference.
After interviewing nine living astronauts on the moon, Andrew J. Smith, a British writer, revealed an amazing inside story in his book Dust on the Moon: Looking for those who fell to the earth: almost all American astronauts on the moon could not cope with the sudden fame and the extrasensory psychological impact brought by the moon landing event. Some of them have a nervous breakdown, some become alcoholics, and some are immersed in depression ... The British newspaper The Guardian and other media reported that there is a unique "senior club" with 12 people in this world, and even billionaires can't join it-they are the only 12 astronauts on the earth. Andrew J. Smith interviewed nine of them and reached the above conclusion.
Former US President John F. Kennedy announced in 196 1 that Americans should land on the moon first. This bold dream, even the then director of NASA didn't know how to realize it. Surprisingly, from the summer of 1969 to the summer of 1972, 12 American astronauts landed on the moon by Apollo spacecraft, and the navigation technology used was more primitive than modern mobile phones.
Most astronauts who landed on the moon were US Air Force test pilots in the 1950s. In 1960s, as pilots, they participated in the Apollo moon landing program of NASA. In that era full of space fanaticism, they all thought they were taking risks for the future of mankind. However, since 1970s, with the gradual fading of "space fever", 12 astronauts on the moon have also suffered a series of chaotic "earthly life". Nasa's grand plan failed, but most astronauts on the moon found it difficult to find their goals on earth.
The mysterious feeling of landing on the moon deeply tormented james owen, the pilot of Apollo 15. Owen found a 4.5 billion-year-old crystal called "Origin Stone" on a rock in the Apennine Mountains of the Moon. Owen felt that this "origin stone" seemed to be waiting for him there. Owen began to believe in religion after he returned to earth. He founded a religious organization called "Goofy". He led two expeditions to Alarat Mountain in Turkey to find traces of Noah's Ark. 199 1 year, Owen died of a heart attack.
Edgar mitchell, the pilot of Apollo 14 lunar module, had a strange feeling of being watched by something when he returned from the moon. He felt that he had a spiritual contact with the intelligent life in the universe. After returning to Earth, Mitchell began to study mysterious supernatural phenomena. He established an "abstract science society" in California, specializing in human consciousness and various supernatural events.
Owen's moon landing companion, Charles Duke, could not cope with the huge psychological impact brought by the moon landing. After returning to earth, he began to drink heavily and often abused his children. Duke is the youngest astronaut to land on the moon. He later converted to religion and called the moon landing "the dust in my life".
Alanlavern bean, commander of Apollo 12, was the fourth man to land on the moon. He later became a famous painter. However, there is always only one theme in his paintings: he always uses oil paints mixed with lunar dust to describe the scenes he has seen on the surface of the moon. He brought back all the moon dust from the moon. Bean said that when he returned to Earth from space, he swore to himself: "If I can return to Earth, I will do what I like."
According to the new book, although the astronauts on the moon met unimaginable dangers, no "moonwalker" became rich because of adventure and fame. They still receive an annual salary of about $65,438+07,000 from NASA by rank.
The book also reveals that neil armstrong, the first American astronaut to land on the moon, could not cope with the fame that followed his return to Earth. He once said with emotion, "How long will it take before others regard me as an astronaut?"
At a loss, they hope to return to the moon one day.
Auxiliary plans The four auxiliary plans to prepare for flying to the moon are:
(1) Rover project (1961-1965): * * * Launch 9 detectors to take photos of the lunar surface in different lunar orbits 18000, so as to understand the possibility of the spacecraft landing on the lunar surface. However, the detector failed to launch many times.
(2) Explorer Project (1966 ——1968): * * * Launch five automatic detectors to make a soft landing on the lunar surface, send back 86,000 photos of Zhang Yue surface through TV, and detect the physical and chemical characteristics data of lunar soil.
③ Lunar Orbit Circulator Plan (1966 ——1967): * * * Launch three lunar orbiters to take high-resolution photos of more than 40 pre-selected landing areas, and obtain more than 1000 small-scale high-resolution photos of the lunar surface, and select about 10 projected landing sites accordingly.
④ Gemini spacecraft plan (1965 ——1966): successively launched 10 spacecraft, each carrying two astronauts, conducting medical and biological research, manipulating the spacecraft, docking and conducting extra-vehicular activities training.
The launch vehicle Apollo was launched by the high-thrust Saturn launch vehicle. The launch vehicle is developed in two stages:
(1) Saturn 1 and 1B were developed to gain experience in the development of large launch vehicles and carry out flight tests of Apollo spacecraft.
(2) Develop Saturn V giant 3-stage launch vehicle as the vehicle for the spacecraft to land on the moon.
Flight test 1966- 1968 carried out six unmanned flight tests, identified the command module, service module and lunar module of the spacecraft in low earth orbit, and tested the power device of the lunar module. 1968 to 1969, Apollo 7, 8 and 9 were launched for manned flight test. It is mainly used for flight around the earth and the moon, landing simulation test of the lunar module leaving the orbit around the moon, orbit maneuver and simulated rendezvous, and simulating the separation and docking of the lunar module and the command module. According to the time required for landing on the moon, the flight lasted 1 1 day to test the reliability of the spacecraft. Apollo 10 was launched on May 8, 2009, and made a full-scale exercise flight to the moon, circling the moon for 3 1 circle. Two astronauts descended to the height of 15.2 km from the moon surface in the lunar module.
Spacecraft structure "Apollo" spacecraft consists of three parts: command module, service module and lunar module.
The cockpit where astronauts live and work in flight is also the control center of the whole spacecraft. The command module is conical, 3.2 meters high and weighs about 6 tons. The command module is divided into three parts: front module, astronaut module and rear module. Landing components, recovery equipment and attitude control engine are placed in the front cabin. The astronaut cabin is a sealed cabin, which contains necessities and life-saving equipment for astronauts' life 14 days. There are 10 attitude control engines, various instruments and tanks in the rear cabin, as well as attitude control, guidance and navigation systems, airborne computers and radio subsystems.
The front end of the service module is docked with the command module, and the rear end is equipped with the main engine nozzle of the propulsion system. The cabin is cylindrical, 6.7 meters high, 4 meters in diameter and weighs about 25 tons. The main engine is used for orbit change and orbit change maneuver. The attitude control system consists of 16 rocket engines, which are also used to separate the spacecraft from the third stage rocket, dock the lunar module with the command module, and separate the command module from the service module.
The lunar module consists of a descending stage and an ascending stage. When taking off from the ground, it weighs 14.7 tons, is 4.3 meters wide and has a maximum height of about 7 meters.
① Descending stage: It consists of landing engine, four landing legs and four instrument cabins.
② Upward upgrade: it is the main body of the lunar module. After completing the activities around the moon, the astronauts drove up to upgrade and returned to orbit around the moon to meet the command module. The upper upgrade consists of astronaut cockpit, return engine, propellant tank, instrument cabin and control system. Astronaut seat; The cabin can accommodate two astronauts (but there are no seats) and is equipped with navigation, control, communication, life support and power supply.
Apollo 1 1 spacecraft landed on the moon for the first time on July 20th-21,1969. Since then, the United States has launched six Apollo spacecraft, five of which were successful. A total of 12 astronauts landed on the moon.
Apollo/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/Spacecraft flies to the moon/KOOC-0/July 969/KOOC-0/6, Apollo/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/Spacecraft was launched by Saturn 5 rocket. When the third stage rocket ignites, it sends the spacecraft into the low-altitude parking orbit orbiting the earth. The third stage rocket ignited for the second time and accelerated, sending the spacecraft into the earth-moon transition orbit. The spacecraft separated from the three-stage rocket and began to approach the moon after flying along the transition orbit for 2.5 days. The main engine of the service module decelerated, and the spacecraft entered the orbit around the moon. Astronauts N.A. Armstrong and E.E. Aldrin entered the lunar module, drove it away from the mother ship and descended to the surface of the moon to achieve a soft landing. Another astronaut stayed in the command module and continued to fly around the moon. Astronauts who landed on the moon deployed solar arrays on the surface of the moon, installed lunar seismographs and laser reflectors, collected 22 kilograms of lunar rocks and soil samples, and then drove the lunar module to upgrade and return to orbit around the moon to meet and dock with the mother ship. Then they abandoned the lunar module, started the main engine of the service module to accelerate the spacecraft, and entered the moon-earth transition orbit. When approaching the earth, the spacecraft enters the manned corridor, discards the service module, makes the dome-shaped bottom of the command module move forward, and decelerates under the powerful aerodynamic force. Command module when entering low altitude
Apollo planned the spacecraft (20) to eject three parachutes, further reducing the descent speed. The command module of Apollo 1 1 landed in the southwest of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean on July 24th.
Apollo 12- 17 spacecraft from 1969 1 1 to 12 February, the United States launched Apollo12 and 13.
The Apollo program includes 1 1 manned missions, from Apollo 7 to Apollo 17, all launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Apollo 4 to Apollo 6 are unmanned test flights (there are no Apollo 2 and Apollo 3 officially).
Apollo 1 Spacecraft1967 65438+1October 27th. Astronauts wilkie Gleason, edward white and roger chaffee were killed in a fire that night. At that time, the fire swallowed up their Apollo 1 spacecraft. It was originally planned to launch the spacecraft on February 2 1 day, and put them into Earth orbit 14 days. They died on the ground during the simulation exercise of this launch.
NASA officials said that it was probably the spark that ignited the pure oxygen in the cockpit of the Apollo spacecraft. Three astronauts sat side by side on the top of Saturn 1 rocket at launch pad 34 at Cape Kennedy as if they were really flying. A fire broke out at 6: 3 1 this afternoon.
They were trapped behind the closed hatch and could not use the Apollo safety system because they were blocked by the missile trailer. Emergency personnel tried to get close to them, but they were stopped by smoke billowing from the cabin. The air force and NASA collected all the information related to the fire. Officials said: "The loss of personnel and spacecraft has dealt a serious blow to Apollo's moon landing program. Faced with the difficulty of budget cuts, Apollo planned to land on the moon in the late 1960s.
The first manned space flight of Apollo 7 spacecraft (1968.438+00.6438+00438+0)
After many unmanned earth orbit flights, Apollo 7 finally carried three astronauts around the earth on board 1968 10 1. The mission of spacecraft 7 is to test the docking system of the lunar module.
Apollo 8 spacecraft apollo 8 spacecraft is the first man-made spacecraft to reach the moon (1968+02.38+0).
Apollo 8 took the first step of manned lunar exploration. The apollo 8 team, composed of Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, took off on February 26th, 20438+0 on the Saturn 5 rocket, which went from orbiting the earth to orbiting the moon. On February 2 1 day, members of the apollo 8 spacecraft flew from the Earth to the moon. The mission is to test the performance of the Apollo command module system between Earth and Moon orbits and around the Moon, including communication, tracking and life support. Evaluate the performance of astronauts in the mission around the moon.
The first flight of Apollo 9 spacecraft Apollo 9 manned lunar module in earth orbit (1969.3.3)
Apollo 9 flew around the earth for a long time and further inspected the lunar module. The task is to test the human reaction and weightlessness in the space environment.
Apollo 10 spacecraft Apollo 10 flew into orbit around the moon and lowered the lunar module to less than 15 km from the lunar surface to test its performance.
Apollo/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/spaceship Apollo/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/A giant step for mankind (/KOOC-0/969.7./KOOC-0/6-24)/KOOC-0/July 969 Apollo/KOOC-0. In addition, the study of moon rocks and dust brought back also played a great role. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced the top ten discoveries of Apollo's moon landing program.
Apollo 12- 17 spacecraft "Apollo" 12- 17 spacecraft from19691to1February, the United States launched successively.
The most brilliant failure of Apollo 13 (1970.4.1-17) Apollo 13 is the third manned mission to the moon in the Apollo program. Two days after launch, the explosion of the oxygen tank in the service module seriously damaged the spacecraft, resulting in a large amount of oxygen and power loss; Three astronauts used the lunar module of the spacecraft as a lifeboat in space. The command module system was not damaged, but it was shut down before returning to the earth's atmosphere in order to save electricity. Three astronauts experienced the problems of lack of electricity, normal temperature and drinking water in space, but they managed to return to the earth. Afterwards, Lovel, a crew member of Apollo 13, recalled: We finally survived, but we were very close. Our task failed, but I prefer to regard it as a brilliant failure.
After landing on the moon became the main goal, the decision makers of Apollo program began to face how to send astronauts to the moon as safely, economically and simply as possible. Four options were considered:
The plan of direct take-off puts forward a huge new rocket, carrying a spaceship and flying directly to the moon. The rocket landed on the moon, took off again after the mission was completed, and flew back to Earth.
Earth orbit assembly This plan requires two small rockets half the size of Saturn V to send different parts of the spacecraft to the moon to enter Earth orbit, assemble and dock. The whole spaceship landed on the surface of the moon. At that time, there was little experience in assembling multiple spacecraft in orbit, and it was unknown whether it was feasible to assemble spacecraft in earth orbit, so this scheme was not adopted.
The lunar surface assembly plan needs to launch two spacecraft: an automatic spacecraft with propulsion system will land on the moon in advance; Manned spaceship will launch later. The propulsion system was moved to the manned spacecraft on the surface of the moon and then returned to Earth.
The lunar orbit assembly project was put forward by the team of John C. Hobert. This scheme is a larger spacecraft called command/service module, carrying a spacecraft to take astronauts to the moon, called lunar module. The command/service module carries fuel and daily necessities from the earth to the moon and back, as well as the heat shield needed to enter the earth's atmosphere. After entering the lunar orbit, the lunar module was separated from the command/service module and landed on the lunar surface; Command/service module to remain in lunar orbit. Of the three astronauts, 1 stayed in the command/service module. After landing on the moon, the lunar module took off again, assembled with the command/service module in the lunar orbit, and then returned to Earth.
Different from other schemes, the lunar orbit assembly only needs a very small spacecraft to land on the surface of the moon, which greatly reduces the quality of the spacecraft taking off on the moon when it returns. Leaving part of the lunar module on the moon can reduce the take-off quality of the lunar module again.
The lunar module itself is divided into two parts, including the landing part and the take-off part. The former is used to land on the moon, and the latter will take off after the mission is completed and will merge with the command/service module and return to Earth. Due to the weight reduction of spacecraft, only one rocket launch is needed for a mission. At that time, we were concerned about the technical difficulties caused by frequent docking and separation.
Including demonstrating the flight path of the spacecraft to the moon and determining the overall layout of the manned spacecraft. The lunar orbit assembly scheme is selected from four flight schemes of Apollo spacecraft, and the overall layout scheme of the spacecraft consisting of command module, service module and lunar module is determined accordingly.
In mid-July, 2000, Eternal Weekly published an article entitled "The Biggest Forgery of this Century" published by Russian researcher Alexander Goldov, which questioned the photos of the US landing on the moon taken 3 1 year ago. This article was not only reprinted by many newspapers, but also immediately attracted the close attention of readers. For a time, the discussion about the authenticity of Apollo landing on the moon, which had been silent for a while, heated up again. According to the statistics of an authoritative social investigation agency in the United States, 10% (about 25 million) of Americans believe that the so-called Apollo landing on the moon was a big scam made by NASA. Strangely, so far, we haven't seen any official response from the United States. Neil armstrong, a 69-year-old (now dead) American astronaut, is still alive. Why not let him come out and clarify the facts? Is the United States dismissive of this, or is it hiding something? News media all over the world have the momentum to investigate and interview this.
According to the generally accepted concept, from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, Americans who were at a disadvantage in the space race were determined to revive their previous scientific, technological and military leadership at all costs. 196 1 year, American president Kennedy officially announced that the United States would achieve the goal of sending a man to the moon in the late 1960s. This is the world-famous "Apollo moon landing program".
1July, 9691On the morning of June, the giant Saturn V rocket was launched from the launch site at Cape Kennedy, USA, carrying Apollo 1 1, and the first space flight on the moon began. American astronauts neil armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael john collins took part in the flight. At 4: 0017: 42 pm EST, Armstrong carefully stepped on the surface of the moon with his left foot, which was the first time that man set foot on the moon. Then he photographed Aldrin's landing on the moon with a special 70mm camera. They planted an American flag near the lunar module. In order to make the star-spangled banner look like it is flying in the wind on the windless moon, they elongated it through the action of a spring-like metal wire. Then, the astronauts installed a "seismograph" and a "laser reflector" ... They stayed on the surface of the moon for 2 1 hour and 18 minutes and collected 22 kilograms of lunar soil and rock samples. On the morning of July 25th, Apollo 1 1 command module landed safely in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and the first moon landing was successfully completed.
Questioning but more than 30 years later, Goldov published an article publicly, expressing doubts about the photos taken by the United States on the moon. He believes that all the photos and video recordings taken by the so-called American astronauts on the moon were made in Hollywood studios. He stressed that he came to this conclusion after careful scientific analysis and certification. The main reasons are as follows:
1. No image can see the stars in the space background;
2. The direction of the shadow left by the object on the image is multi-directional, while the shadow formed by sunlight on the object should be in one direction;
3. In the photographic record, the stars and stripes inserted on the moon are flying in the wind, so it is impossible for the wind to blow up the flag on the moon;
Seeing astronauts walking on the surface of the moon from the documentary is just like walking on the ground. In fact, the gravity on the moon is much smaller than that on the earth, so every step on the moon is equivalent to jumping 5 to 6 meters on the ground;
When the lunar landing instrument moves on the surface of the moon, the speed of pebbles ejected under the wheel is the same as that on the earth, and the speed on the moon should be six times that on the earth.
Goldov said that he questioned the photos and video records taken by American astronauts more than 30 years ago, not to deny the feat of American astronauts landing on the moon. He believes that American astronauts were close to the surface of the moon at that time, but failed to set foot on the moon for technical reasons. At that time, because the United States was eager to show its achievements to the whole world, it forged a number of moon landing photos and a documentary film, deceiving and deceiving the world for decades. He said that Ralph René, a famous American engineer, David Perry and Mary Bert, British scientists, all agreed with him.
Coincidentally, Professor Bill Kane, who claimed to be involved in the Apollo program, wrote a book called "We have never landed on the moon". In the book, he also listed some doubts about Apollo's moon landing plan, and even thought that the rocket carrying astronauts was indeed launched, but the target was not the moon, but the inaccessible South Pole, where the rocket was ejected from the command module and recovered by military aircraft. Then the astronauts went to the moon in the laboratory on earth, and finally entered the command module and were put into the Pacific Ocean to complete the so-called moon landing process.