Next, I'll send you a pair: in the actual competition, I will make a mysterious whirlwind leg with the upper part, and the lower part will be divided inexplicably.
Cross-examination unexpected score
In fact, couplets are not difficult. It is mainly to understand the culture of couplets first.
Characteristics of couplets
First, the number of words in the upper and lower couplets must be the same.
A couplet consists of upper couplet, lower couplet and horizontal couplet. Those posted on the right are called upper couplet, those posted on the left are called lower couplet, and those posted on them are called horizontal couplet, also called banners. Horizontal couplets are essential for Spring Festival couplets, usually four words, but also five or six words. The meaning of the horizontal couplet should be coordinated with the upper couplet to make the finishing point. You don't have to use it. There is no limit to the number of words in the upper and lower couplets. There are only two or three words, many of which are long couplets of dozens or hundreds of words, which are composed of several clauses. In any case, the number of words in the upper and lower couplets must be equal. For example, a common Spring Festival couplets: "Spring grass is greener, apricot flowers are still red." 5438+0925. Go away without revolution. "Spring Festival couplets reflecting the achievements of rural reform": "In addition to the old family's ten burdens of grain; Bank deposit 1000 yuan to welcome the Spring Festival. " Horizontal approval of "food and clothing". The number of words in each couplet is equal.
Second, pay attention to the neatness of confrontation;
The antithesis of couplets requires not only the same number of words in the upper and lower couplets, but also syntactic similarity, mainly including sentence equivalence, the same part of speech and structural correspondence.
Sentence equivalence means that if the upper couplet is four or three sentences, the lower couplet must also be four or three sentences; If the couplet is two or four sentences; Then the bottom line must be two or four sentences. For example:
"The bash elbows are cold and strange; Bow your head and be a willing ox. "
This is a sentence pattern of four or three sentences.
"Looking at each other coldly; Bow your head and be a willing ox. "
"Only state officials set fire; No one is allowed to light a lamp. "
In other words, this is a sentence pattern of two four sentences.
"Only-state officials set fire; Don't-people light up. "
Another example is the couplet of Duyuan and Chishi Mountain in Xinhui County, Guangdong Province. First of all:
"Moon Xuan wears away stone water; The wind breaks the rock smoke. "
This is a two-three sentence pattern, that is to say,
"Mingyuexuan-wears away the stone; The wind breaks-rock smoke. " Second:
"The sound of birds and the sound of streams are free from the spring, and they are not fake; Mountain clouds cage tree color, natural picture scroll, painted by He Lao. "
This is a sentence pattern of 23, 22 and 24, namely
"Birds-harmonious with the sound of streams, comfortable-filled with spring water, real-human silk and bamboo; Mountain clouds-cage tree color, nature-picture scroll, He Lao-painter. "
Part-of-speech equivalence refers to the part-of-speech equivalence in the corresponding positions of the upper and lower conjunctions, that is, noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, quantifier to quantifier, adverb to adverb, modal particle to modal particle, and reduplication to reduplication. For example, the couplets of Bibo Temple in Beijing:
"The new green is surrounded by a meadow; Ten acres of rattan flowers are old and fragrant. "
"Yiting" is the quantifier of "ten mu", "Cao Fang" is the official noun of "rattan flower", "wai" is the verb of "falling" and "new green" is the official noun of "ancient fragrance".
Another example is Jinan Baotuquan Trade Union:
"In the pavilion mirror, look at the magic fairy land; Fly over the spring clouds and listen to it written as a clear sound of mountains and rivers. "
Painting pavilion is the official noun of flying, mirror is the noun of cloud, in the middle is the noun of appearance, watching is the verb of action, fantasy is the verb of writing, immortality is the noun of scenery and blessing is the verb.
Another example is the Spring Festival couplets written by a farmer in Yunnan at the end of the Qing Dynasty who resented the landlords and gentry:
"Hey, where to shoot? Oh, they celebrate the New Year. "
"One" is an onomatopoeic word for "Oh", "Oh" is a pronoun for "They" and "Bubble" is a verb for "New Year".
Corresponding structure means that the relationship between the words that make up couplets should be the same. If the upper part is subject-predicate structure, the lower part should be subject-predicate structure. The first couplet is a verb-object structure, the second couplet should be a verb-object structure, and so on. For example, the couplets of Xin Qiji Memorial Hall:
"Holding hands with rivers and mountains, I have a heroic heart;
Famous for the universe, running at dusk, leaving a thousand words tragic. "
Among them, "Liwan River and Mountain" and "Famous Universe" are both subject-predicate structures, in which the predicate part is verb-object structure; "The vast atmosphere permeates the sun and the moon" and "Running at dusk" are also subject-predicate structures, and the predicate part is also a verb-object structure; A spare hero's heart and a thousand words of sadness. "Both are verb-object structures, and the object part is a supplementary structure.
Another example is the Nantianmen couplet in Taishan Mountain, Shandong Province:
"Open the door for nine nights and take a step back for three days; Step by step, look down on the wonders. "
"Open the door for nine nights" and "make a hundred classes" are both subject-predicate structures, and the predicate part is a verb-object structure. "Go back for three days and overlook the wonders" are all verb-object structures, the object part is affirmative and the structure is exactly the same.
Third, pay attention to leveling.
The parallel lines of couplets are basically the same as those of old-style poems. The emphasis on parallel lines is to make couplets read cadently and harmoniously. Parallel lines of couplets require parallel lines and even lines. You can also "135 regardless" (that is, the first sentence, however, you should distinguish "246" (that is, the second, fourth and sixth even words in the sentence must be in strict accordance with the requirements of leveling). The so-called flat tone refers to the ancient flat tone, which refers to the rising tone, falling tone and entering tone. Modern Pingsheng refers to the pronunciation of Putonghua.
"The bash elbows are cold and strange; Bow your head and be a willing ox. "
The level of this couplet is "level, level, level"
Another example is Xiang Chu's couplet of Su San Temple in Meishan, Sichuan:
"In the Northern Song Dynasty, the article was named father and son, and Zhou Nan was a scene of the ancient ancestral temple."
The level of this couplet is "flat and flat, flat and flat, flat and flat."
Another example is the hanging of Huangguoshu Waterfall Pavilion in Guizhou:
"White water is like cotton, and you don't need a bow to play with flowers; Colorful clouds are like brocade, so you don't have to weave the sky. "
The level of this couplet is "flat and flat, flat and flat; According to the principle of "135 regardless", the first, third and fifth places are allowed to be flat and flat, flat and flat, flat and flat.
The antithetical couplets are flat, forceful, rhythmic and full of musical beauty.
If we want to pay attention to the level tone, the parts of speech of the upper and lower couplets must not be the same, because if they are the same, the rules of level tone will be destroyed. For example, there was a couplet in the old society:
"Sing less romantic flowers to avoid spirit;
Give full play to loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness to save the people of the world. "
The "point" of "singing point" and "point" of "acting point" have the same meaning, but they can't be the same word, so they can't be opposite.
However, according to the principle that words do not harm the meaning, in order to express needs, the same word is allowed to appear under special circumstances, which will also be accepted by people. Of course, this affects the level, but it already belongs to the category of leniency. Tolerance is not very strict with leveling and confrontation. For example, when Zhang Jin, the right assistant minister of the Ming Dynasty, was appointed as the magistrate of Nan 'an, he wrote couplets for Zen House in Haining County and advocated clean government.
"If you are wider, the people will be more;
Take a penny, the official is not worth a penny. "
Among them, the two characters, four characters and eight characters have three homophones, but because of their far-reaching significance, people don't care about their irregularity.
Another example is Zhou Enlai holding a couplet by Cai Yuanpei:
"From Paiman to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Mr. Zhi was in the national revolution;
From the May 4th Movement to the League of Human Rights, Mr. Wang's journey was in democracy and freedom. "
The first, fourth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, thirteenth and fourteenth words in this couplet are the same. However, this couplet highly summarizes the great contribution of Mr. Cai Yuanpei's life, and the content is concise. People will not care whether its flatness is in line with the rules.
Four, the meaning is similar, related or opposite.
From the content point of view, each couplet can express a complete meaning, except for special circumstances, such as the unfeeling couplets that began to appear in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. If the meaning of couplets is the same, similar, complementary and deepening, it is called antithesis; The upper and lower couplets have opposite meanings and relative contents, which is called antithesis.
For example, the Nanhu Revolutionary Memorial Hall with the title of Dong:
"misty rain tower, the revolution is budding, there are sparks here;
In the stormy world, every spring is stinging, and there are voices and thunder everywhere. "
That's right. The upper and lower links complement each other and deepen each other, showing the great influence and contribution of Nanhu Lake in the revolutionary history of China.
Another example is a couplet holding Li Dazhao:
"Fight for the revolution, sacrifice for the revolution, and die without regret;
Living under oppression, groaning under oppression, what is living? "
This is opposition, comparing Li Dazhao's "struggle" and "sacrifice" for the revolution with others' "life" and "groaning" under oppression, and praising Li Dazhao's fearless revolutionary spirit.
Judging from the relationship between the upper couplet and the lower couplet, the upper couplet and the lower couplet of most couplets are juxtaposed, which is usually called "parallel couplet". He Xiangning, for example, take Liao:
"Husband and wife are not all in the afterlife; Children's debts are borne by one person. "
This couplet is about Liao's farewell to his wife and children after being killed by reactionaries. The first couplet is written from the wife's point of view, and the second couplet is written from the child's point of view, which are two parallel aspects.
But there are also upper and lower couplets called "string pairs". For example, there is a couplet in Du Fu's poem "The banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army":
Come back from this mountain and pass another mountain; Come from the south, then go north-to my own town! . "
There is an inheritance relationship between the upper and lower links, that is, the lower link is the continuation of the upper link. Of course, inheritance relations also include conditions and results, succession relations, turning relations and so on.
But there can be no "crossing their hands" in the couplet, that is, the upper and lower couplets are repeated, such as:
"Xu Anni's sorrow is victory; Xijia tears Kong Qiu. "
Here, "Xu Anni" and "Kong Qiu" are the same person; Sadness and crying are synonymous, and forest and hunting in the west mean the same thing.