means of expression
Common ones are narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression).
Rhetorical method
There are eight common rhetorical methods: metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions.
1. Metaphor: The structure of metaphor is generally composed of ontology, vehicle and figurative words. The ontology and vehicle of metaphor must be different things, but they are similar. Using metaphor can turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple and abstract into concrete.
2. Analogy: including personification and imitation. Personification is to describe things as adults and give them human emotions, will, actions, etc. Imitation is to describe people as things, or to describe this thing as another thing. Using analogy can make people or things colorful and vivid.
3. Metonymy: replacing noumenon with body. It doesn't directly say the person or thing it wants to express, but uses related things instead. It can replace the whole with parts, the ontology with features, and the class name with proper names. For example, in medicine, replacing words with "white beard" means replacing noumenon with features. Metaphor requires similarity between ontology and vehicle, while metonymy requires similarity between borrowing and ontology. Metonymy can express concrete images.
4. Exaggeration: including reasonable exaggeration or reduction of things. Lu Xun wrote in Medicine: ... eyes are like two knives, cutting the old bolt in half. "The last sentence used the exaggeration of" narrowing ". Exaggeration should be reasonable, its function is to set off the atmosphere, enhance association, inspire people and enhance the expression effect.
5. Duality: commonly known as "antithesis", it is called "antithesis" in poetry. Duality can be divided into wide pair and strict pair. Generally speaking, the number of words, relative parts of speech, structure and related meanings of the upper and lower sentences should be the same; It can be a phrase or a sentence. There are positive, negative and flowing equivalent types. Use duality, neat sentences, concise expression and lyricism.
6. Parallelism: It consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. Its function is to strengthen tone, content and emotion.
7. Ask questions: Ask questions without doubt, attract attention in self-questioning and self-answering, and inspire people to think.
8. rhetorical question: there is no doubt, but the answer lies in the problem, that is, the negative meaning is expressed in a positive form, and the positive meaning is expressed in a negative form. It has the function of strengthening tone and emotion.
Broadly speaking, expression refers to the special sentence organization used by the author when writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings. By analyzing a work, we can grasp its special performance from point to surface. First, there are many rhetorical skills of words and sentences, including metaphor, symbol, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, contrast, personification, allusions and so on. When grasping its expression techniques as a whole, we should pay attention to works with different styles, lyrical prose with colorful expression techniques, lyricism by borrowing scenery, lyricism by supporting objects, and the combination of cadence and symbolism. Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc. Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, analogy reasoning, etc. Novel description, comparison, bedding and reference, suspense and interpretation, real writing and imaginary writing. The analysis of expression is a very general topic. Pay attention to the requirements of solving complete geographical problems when answering questions, and answer them concisely and accurately. For some topics, such as appreciating writing skills, it is necessary to accurately grasp the context, theme and genre style of the article, and choose the most important answer. It is not necessary to cover everything, such as the various methods of shaping characters in novels, such as the various methods of expressing emotions in prose, and try to get points.
Descriptive method
The skill of describing a person or a scene in vivid language.
According to the content, there are two kinds: character description and scenery description. There are six main methods of character description, namely, general description, portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description and detail description; Scenery description includes static and dynamic, objective and subjective, contrast and contrast.
According to the characteristics: 1 draw a line. The so-called "line drawing" refers to a writing method that grasps the main characteristics of things and outlines the image of things with concise language. Mr. Lu Xun is very good at using line drawing techniques, such as an introduction about Mr. Fujino in Mr. Fujino: "At that time, a dark and thin gentleman came in, wearing glasses and holding a stack of books, large and small. As soon as I put the book on the podium, I introduced myself to the students in a slow and depressed tone: "My name is Fujino Genkuro ..." "The language is concise and impressive. 2, fine description, fine description refers to the meticulous carving of things one by one, relative to sketching, fine description can also be called nuanced, for example, A Lei's "One Side" writes that Lu Xun is thinner than Lu Xun's Fujino: "His face is yellow, black and white, so thin that people can worry, like a person recovering from a serious illness, but he is in good spirits and shows no signs of depression. Hair is about an inch long. I haven't cut it for a long time, but I stand briskly one by one. The beard is very striking, like words written in thick ink. "
The new "Silly Brother" is even more nuanced, portraying the characteristics of a worker selling medicine and sugar to the fullest, from the clothes he wears, the utensils he uses, the preparation before shouting, the tone and content of shouting, to his attitude towards customers and poor brothers in the neighborhood, writing a vivid character and image of a kind, diligent, optimistic, poor and ambitious young man. 3, foil, foil refers to the process of writing notes, in order to highlight the main object with another person or thing to set off or contrast. People often say: "safflower is good, but it needs green leaves to support it." The foil can be from the front, from the back, from the scenery to people, from people to people, from things to people, but these should be used according to the needs of the performance content. Lu Xun is a literary master who is very good at contrasting brushwork. His On Restaurants is so well written that students can read it again and again. Here are two paragraphs, please enjoy:
"There are only colored walls outside the window, with dead berries hanging; This is a leaden sky, white, absolutely wonderful, and light snow is flying again. " The scenery sets off Lu's lazy and nostalgic mood from the front.
"A few old plum trees are struggling with snow and are full of flowers, as if there is no meaning of deep winter; ..... Hawthorn trees show more than a dozen red flowers from the dense dark green leaves, which are as bright as fire in the snow, angry and arrogant, as if they despise the heart of a traveler. " Use "plum" and "flower" to compare Lu's lazy mood.