The Kremlin is located on a hill on the north bank of moscow river. It is located in the core of four surrounding cities in Moscow and is the heart of Moscow.
The Kremlin was originally the official residence of the Grand Duke of Moscow and the palace of the Russian czar. It was the crystallization of Russian architectural art and took many centuries to build. It is a complex of charming palaces, gorgeous churches, multi-storey towers and treasure houses with countless treasures.
The central part of ancient Russian cities surrounded by city walls and towers is called "Kremlin", that is, the inner city. The "Kremlin" is usually built on a high mountain along the river. Slav Viadi, the ancestor of the Russians, laid the foundation stone for the Kremlin in a coniferous forest on the Polowitz Mountain on the north bank of Moscow River.
/kloc-In the first half of the 4th century, when Archduke Ivan Kalita was in power, Moscow became the center of Russian national unification. Archduke Ivan Kalita moved the official residence of Russian bishops to Moscow and built some primitive stone churches in the Kremlin. In order to resist the invasion of nomads, Ivan Kalita spent two years building an oak fence for the Kremlin. At that time, the area of the Kremlin was less than one tenth of what it is now.
1367, Archduke Dmitry Donskoi expanded the scope of the Kremlin, ordered a solid and beautiful white stone wall to replace the oak wall, and built a tower above the wall. Since then, Moscow has been called "the city of Grand White Rock".
After a hundred years of vicissitudes, the Baishi city wall was gradually destroyed. From 65438 to 0485, the Kremlin began to build new and stronger city walls. The city wall is made of big and heavy red bricks, each weighing 8.5 kilograms. Because the city walls are all made of red bricks, they are called "red walls". The city wall twists and turns with the height of the terrain, with a maximum height of19m and a thickness of 4-6m. There are 2-4 meters wide passages above the city wall for soldiers to patrol. There are 1045 arrow stacks with a height of 2.5m and a thickness of 0.8m on both sides of the passage. There are gun holes in the pile of arrows, and there are gun holes in the wall for heavy guns. The total length of the city wall is 2235 meters, and the towers on it are one after another, each with its own use. The red wall was designed by Italian engineers and architects and built by Russian craftsmen.
Since then, the walls and towers of the Kremlin have gone through many centuries, and most of them are still intact except for some places that have been repaired and rebuilt. The Kremlin we see now covers an area of 25.5 hectares, which is much smaller than the Forbidden City in China. The building plane of the Kremlin is an isosceles triangle. The acute angle of the triangle faces north, and the bottom is close to the bank of Moscow in the south. There are seven towers on each side of the triangle. These towers have different shapes, some are high, some are short, some are round, some are oval, some are square, and some are 16 angle. Most of these towers are built inside the city wall, some are built above the city wall, and one is built outside the city wall. At the top of the minaret, a five-pointed star inlaid with agate stone was installed. The five-pointed star is installed on the bearing, which can rotate with the wind and shine at night.
The most representative is the tower on the east side of the red wall, near the Red Square. This tower is built in the red wall, corresponding to the tower of St. Vassili Cathedral at the southern end of Red Square. The main body of this tower is square, and it shrinks into a circle at the top. There is a small white steeple in every corner of the tower. The circular green spire in the middle is majestic. There is a huge old clock at the top of the tower, which tells people the time on time. This tower, together with the Red Wall and the Kremlin, has become a symbol of Moscow. There is not a visitor to Moscow who does not take pictures with this bell tower as the background.
"Eight-character yamen facing south" is a fixed pattern of ancient palaces and government offices in China, even the White House in the United States is no exception. But the Kremlin is just the opposite, its palace gate is actually open in the northwest of the red wall!
To enter the Kremlin, you must first pass through Alexandria Garden. Alexander Garden opened along the western wall of the Kremlin during 1820- 1823. Alexander Garden is a royal garden, with a small area, but lush flowers and trees and many tourists. There is a flat grave under the high red wall. There are some flowers in front of the grave, and armed guards stand on both sides. There is an eternal flame burning in the grave. This is the monument to the Unknown Soldier built by 1967. In the monument, the remains of unknown soldiers who moved here from the tomb of martyrs in Kliukovo village are buried. In the village of Klyukovo, the defenders of Moscow fought bloody battles and defended Moscow with their lives. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier burns an eternal flame to commemorate the 20 million martyrs who died in the anti-fascist patriotic war.
We lined up to enter from a white tower named Kutafiya that extended from the red wall, crossed a bridge about 50 meters long to the red wall, and then entered the Kremlin from an arch under a tall spire of three holy towers. This is the wide Kremlin square, which is paved with blue square stones and lined with trees. A white building on the right is the piano room, and a yellow two-story building on the left is the armory. In the past, this was a warehouse for Russian weapons, ammunition and trophies. There are eight ancient cannons in the gallery of the armory, which were captured from Napoleon's invading army in the Russian-French War of 18 12.
Further on, there are two huge exhibitions on the right side of the Palace Square. One is Zhong Wang. 1735, Queen Anna ordered someone to supervise the manufacturing. Wang Zhong is 6 meters high, 5.8 meters in diameter and weighs 200 tons. There is a long and wide crack in the clock king, which is the trace left by a fire. The other is the cannon king, made in 1586, weighing 40 tons and having a caliber of 0.62 meters. The cannon was placed on a two-wheeled ancient chariot with three shells piled in front. It is said that the cannon king was cast to defend the Kremlin, but it was never used.
On the left side of the center of the square, there is a huge building, which is the famous Kremlin hall. The Kremlin Hall was built in 1838, and it took 1 1 year to be successfully completed. The front of the palace faces moscow river, and it successfully connects various Kremlin buildings of different shapes and ages into a whole. The architect decorated the windows of the palace with various white stone triangular lintels and arched window frames, and the hanging part in the center of the window frame was like an inverted weight. The roof of the palace is decorated with sculpture patterns, and a square attic is set up in the central part. At the top is the dome, and the flag of the Soviet Union 70 years ago is flying on the flagpole above the dome. Now it's replaced by a Russian tricolor flag.
The front of the main hall is125m wide and 44m high. There are 700 rooms and a ceremony hall of 20,000 square meters in the palace. The main hall has three floors from the front, but actually there are only two floors, because the ceremony hall has double windows. It used to be the place where the czar lived, handled state affairs, received guests, held ceremonies and held meetings. After the October Revolution, this is the office building of the Central Committee of CPSU. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, it became the presidential palace of Russia, and President Putin worked in this building. But instead of going in and out by car from the main entrance, he took a special "back door".
The most important and oldest square in the Kremlin is the Church Square, which bears witness to the historical events in this country. In the past, the czar usually received foreign envoys here. Whenever the czar is crowned or a religious festival, there will always be a grand celebration parade here.
Around the church square, there are some Russian architectural monuments, such as Ivan the Great Bell Tower, Ascension Cathedral, Baoxing Cathedral, Archangel Cathedral and Polygonal Palace. A common feature of these buildings is that the main building is generally white, and there are many towers of different sizes and heights on the upper part. The upper part of the tower is generally a garlic-shaped gold-plated spire with a metal cross at the top.
Ivan the Great Bell Tower is the music center of the Kremlin complex. In ancient times, it was used for guarding and alarming. At present, there are 2 1 bell on the bell tower, and the largest bell weighs 70 tons. Baoxing Cathedral is the hometown church of the Grand Duke of Moscow and the Tsar. Both the Grand Duke and the later Tsar participated in some daily religious activities here, and the wedding and baptism of members of the royal family were also held here. Baoxin Cathedral is Ivan the Terrible's favorite church. During his reign, the roof of the church and the garlic caps of nine small towers on the roof were all plated with gold. Seen from a distance, the lower part of the whole church is white and the upper part is golden.
Archangel Church is the mausoleum of the czars of past dynasties. The remains of 46 czars before Peter the Great are buried here. Walking into the church, rows of big coffins are all gold-plated and silver-inlaid. Although these czars were luxurious during their lifetime, they were buried centrally after their death, which was simple and economical. Unlike the emperor of China, who was extravagant when he was alive, the mausoleum occupied so much territory after his death.
The Assumption Cathedral of Our Lady is the main church in Moscow. Russian bishops and archbishops are buried here. The inner wall of the church is decorated with murals of icons, which have been well preserved so far. Colorful murals and silver-inlaid icon walls decorate the church magnificently.
Russians believe in the Orthodox Church and go to church to pray at ten o'clock every Friday morning. So there are many churches in Russia. According to tour guide Ji Ma, there are 65,438+0,600 churches in Moscow alone. These churches are not only holy places to purify people's hearts, but also most of them have novel structures, strange buildings and gorgeous decorations. They combine architectural art, sculpture art, decorative art and painting art, which embodies the high sublimation of human artistic beauty. They are indeed a unique landscape and beautiful scenic line of Russian cities!