Prevention and control knowledge of several common occupational diseases
First, pneumoconiosis knowledge
1, what is pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis is a systemic disease mainly caused by diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue caused by long-term inhalation of productive dust in production activities. Pulmonary fibrosis is the overgrowth of interstitial fibrous tissue, which destroys normal lung tissue, reduces lung elasticity and affects the normal respiratory function of lung.
2. What are the legal pneumoconiosis in China?
Pneumoconiosis is a general term for pulmonary fibrosis diseases caused by productive dust. The list of legal occupational diseases in China includes silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, electric ink pneumoconiosis, carbon ink pneumoconiosis, asbestos pneumoconiosis, talc pneumoconiosis, cement pneumoconiosis, mica pneumoconiosis, Potter's pneumoconiosis, aluminum pneumoconiosis, welder's pneumoconiosis, foundry's pneumoconiosis and other pneumoconiosis that can be diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria of pneumoconiosis and pathological diagnostic criteria of pneumoconiosis.
3. What are the clinical manifestations of pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis has no specific clinical manifestations, and its clinical manifestations are mostly related to complications. In the early stage of pneumoconiosis, silicosis has no obvious symptoms or only mild symptoms, which are often found through occupational health examination.
However, with the progress of the disease, especially in patients with advanced silicosis, there will be conscious symptoms mainly in the respiratory system. The common first symptom of patients is shortness of breath. The condition is mild.
Yes, I often feel short of breath when I do heavy manual labor or climb mountains. I can get better after a little rest. More seriously, do some light manual labor and have obvious shortness of breath when going uphill or upstairs.
When the condition is serious or there are complications, chest tightness, shortness of breath, cough, expectoration, chest pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis, weakness, emaciation, insomnia, loss of appetite and so on may occur due to obvious impairment of respiratory and circulatory functions. If there is fever, hepatomegaly and edema, it may be other diseases.
4. How to prevent pneumoconiosis?
The key to the prevention of pneumoconiosis is to prevent the inhalation of harmful dust to the maximum extent. With proper measures, pneumoconiosis can be completely prevented. So, what preventive measures are there? China has formulated the eight-character policy of "skin, water, density, wind, protection, management, education and inspection" for dust prevention and dust reduction, which can be roughly divided into two aspects: technical measures to eliminate or reduce dust hazards by engineering measures are the most fundamental measures to prevent pneumoconiosis.
Health care measures ① Health monitoring of workers exposed to dust: including pre-job physical examination, on-job regular physical examination and off-job physical examination. Workers who have been exposed to dust for a long time are required to follow up after leaving their posts. ② Personal protection and hygiene: Wear dust protective gear, such as dust helmet, dust mask, air supply helmet, air supply mask, etc. Pay attention to personal hygiene, change your work clothes and take a bath frequently.
5. Which industries and jobs are prone to pneumoconiosis?
Mining: The main working environment of pneumoconiosis is the mining of various metal mines, the excavation and coal mining of coal mines and the mining of other metal mines, and the main types of work are drilling, blasting, pillar and transportation;
Metal smelting: crushing, screening and transportation of metal-bearing ores;
Mechanical manufacturing: sand mixing and molding, sand cleaning, sand blasting and electric welding; Building materials industry: such as mining, crushing, grinding, screening and mixing in the production of refractory, glass, cement and stone; Mining, transportation and textile of asbestos;
Excavation and blasting in highway, railway and water conservancy construction.
6. How to choose a dust mask (mask) and how often to change it?
There are three points to pay attention to when choosing a dust mask: First, the mask should be able to effectively prevent dust from entering the respiratory tract. An effective dust mask must be a nationally recognized "dust mask", which can prevent fine dust, especially respirable dust below 5 microns, from entering the respiratory tract. It must be pointed out that ordinary gauze masks have no dustproof effect. The second is suitability, that is, the mask should be adapted to the face to ensure that the air will not enter the respiratory tract from the gap between the mask and the face without being filtered by the mask, and should be worn correctly according to the instructions. The third is comfortable to wear, mainly to effectively prevent dust, but also to wear a mask to facilitate breathing, light weight, wear hygiene, and easy maintenance.
Wearing a dust mask for a long time will reduce or lose the dust-proof effect, so be sure to replace it regularly according to the instructions of the mask. In use, it is necessary to prevent extrusion deformation, water pollution and careful maintenance.
7. I suspect that I may have pneumoconiosis. Where should I go for diagnosis and medical treatment?
Suspected of pneumoconiosis, it should first go to the original work unit to obtain relevant proof materials of occupational history, and then go to the medical and health institutions where the unit is located or where it lives to undertake occupational disease diagnosis according to law for occupational disease diagnosis. The medical and health institution shall be approved by the health administrative department of the people's government at or above the provincial level. You can consult the local health department for details.
8. What if I get pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis fibrosis is an irreversible disease, and there is no radical cure at present. Therefore, for those who have been diagnosed with pneumoconiosis, first of all, they should be immediately transferred from dust operations and properly arranged for work or rest; Second, carry out fitness therapy, insist on physical exercise, strengthen nutrition and improve physical resistance; Third, pay attention to psychotherapy to help patients eliminate fear and careless thoughts; Fourth, actively treat complications and complications.
Second, the welder's occupational hazards and protection
Today, with the rapid development of social economy, welding operations involve almost all industrial fields, the number of welders has risen sharply, and the occupational hazards in welding have become increasingly prominent. The main occupational hazards of special welding operations are dust, toxic gas, high temperature, arc light and high frequency electromagnetic field.
1, main hazards in welding operation:
The harm of metal dust and the composition of welding dust vary with the use of covered electrode. Covered electrode consists of welding core and coating. The core contains a lot of iron, carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel, sulfur and phosphorus. The materials in the coating are mainly composed of marble, fluorite, rutile, pure salt, water glass, ferromanganese and so on. During welding, the high temperature of 4000℃-6000℃ is generated by arc discharge. When melting covered electrode and weldments, a lot of smoke and dust will be produced, which is mainly composed of iron oxide, manganese oxide, silicon dioxide, silicate and so on.
It permeates the working environment and is easily inhaled into the lungs. Long-term inhalation can cause pulmonary fibrosis, which is called welder's pneumoconiosis, often accompanied by manganese poisoning, fluorosis and metal smog fever.
Harm of toxic gases, under the action of high temperature and strong ultraviolet rays produced by welding arc, a large number of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides will be produced around the arc area. The harm of arc radiation, the arc produced by welding mainly includes infrared, visible light and ultraviolet. Among them, the harm of ultraviolet rays to human body is mainly through photochemical action, which damages eyes and bare skin, causing corneal conjunctivitis (electro-optic ophthalmia) and skin erythema.
Second, the protection of occupational hazards in welding operations
Improve welding technology and improve welding technology and materials. By improving the welding technology, the welding operation is mechanized and automated, and people are isolated from the welding environment, thus fundamentally eliminating the harm of welding operation to human body. Since the welding hazards are mostly related to the composition of covered electrode coating, it is also one of the effective measures to reduce the welding hazards by improving covered electrode materials and choosing non-toxic or low-toxic covered electrode.
Improve ventilation in the workplace. Ventilation methods can be divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, in which mechanical ventilation relies on the pressure generated by the fan for ventilation, and the effect of dust removal and detoxification is better. Therefore, mechanical ventilation measures must be taken when welding in a closed container with poor natural ventilation.
Strengthen personal protective measures. Strengthening personal protection can prevent the harm of toxic gas and dust produced during welding. Operators must use corresponding protective glasses, masks, masks and gloves, wear white protective clothing and insulated shoes, and are not allowed to wear short sleeves or roll up sleeves.
Chapter two: Three measures to prevent dust hazards by publicizing occupational health knowledge.
Dust prevention measures need to optimize the combination of technology, process equipment, materials, operating conditions, labor health protection facilities, personal protective equipment and other technical measures, and take comprehensive countermeasures. Comprehensive measures include technical measures, organizational management measures and health care measures. Technical measures are the key and fundamental measures to control and eliminate dust pollution sources. Organizational management measures are the guarantee of technical measures, and health care measures are the auxiliary measures. Comprehensive dust control measures mainly include: publicity and education, technological innovation, wet protection, closed dust source, ventilation and dust removal, individual protection, maintenance and management, supervision and inspection.
1, technical measures
Technical measures are the central measures to prevent dust hazards, mainly to control dust-producing operations and operations that do not meet dust-proof requirements, with the aim of eliminating or reducing the generation and escape of productive dust and reducing the dust concentration in the working environment as much as possible.
L) The fundamental way to eliminate dust hazards is to transform the process flow and production equipment. Starting from the production process design and equipment selection, the dust-producing machinery should have equipment that meets the dust-proof requirements before leaving the factory.
2) Wet operation is an economical and effective measure to prevent dust flying. Any operation that can be produced by wet method can be used. For example, wet drilling, mine roadway scouring and air purification, timely wet crushing or spraying of ore, wet mixing of materials in glass and ceramics industry, wet sand modeling in foundry industry, wet out-of-box sand cleaning and chemical sand cleaning, etc.
3) sealing, air suction and dust removal. For dust-producing posts that cannot be wet-operated, closed air suction and dust removal methods should be adopted. All equipment that can produce dust should be closed as much as possible, and local mechanical suction should be used to keep a certain negative pressure in the closed equipment to prevent dust from escaping. The extracted dusty air can only be discharged after dust removal and purification, so as not to pollute the atmosphere.
2. Health measures
To prevent the harm of dust to human health, we must first eliminate or reduce the source, which is the most fundamental measure. The second is to reduce the dust concentration in the air. Finally, reduce the dust entering the human body.
Opportunities and reduce the harm of dust. Health care measures are the last link in prevention. Although they are auxiliary measures, they still occupy an important position.
1) Personal protection and personal hygiene. It is an important measure to wear a suitable dust mask for operations where the dust concentration cannot meet the allowable concentration standard due to conditions. Dust mask should have high dust filtration rate and air permeability, and light weight, which will not affect workers' vision and operation. Carrying out physical exercise and paying attention to nutrition is of certain significance to strengthening physical fitness and improving resistance. In addition, pay attention to personal hygiene habits, do not smoke, abide by dust-proof operation procedures, and strictly implement the system of not wearing dust masks and not working on the job.
2) Before taking up the post and having regular physical examination, the new workers engaged in dust operations must undergo health examination, the main purpose of which is to find the employment contraindications of dust operations as health information. The purpose of regular physical examination is to find out the damage of dust to health in the early stage and transfer it out in time when diseases unsuitable for dust operation are found.
3) Ensure that pneumoconiosis patients are properly arranged, enjoy the due treatment allowed by national policies, conduct labor ability appraisal and properly resettle.
3. Organizational measures
Strengthen supervision and inspection, and do a good job in occupational health promotion.
Heatstroke prevention and cooling measures
1. Technical measures
1) Reasonable design of process flow: Reasonable design of process flow and improvement of production equipment and operation methods are the fundamental measures to improve working conditions in high temperature operation.
2) Thermal insulation: Thermal insulation is an important measure to prevent radiation. Water or materials with low thermal conductivity can be used for heat insulation, especially water, which has the best heat insulation effect, high specific heat and can absorb radiant heat to the maximum extent.
3) Ventilation and cooling: ① Natural ventilation: Any house can be naturally ventilated through doors, windows and gaps. This method is not enough for high temperature workshops. In the high-temperature workshop with large heat and scattered heat sources, ventilation should be carried out for more than 30 ~ 50 times per hour to eliminate residual heat in time. At this time, air intake must be excluded.
Dispose the air outlet and exhaust outlet reasonably, make full use of the comprehensive function of hot pressing and wind pressure, and let natural ventilation play its maximum efficiency. ② Mechanical ventilation: Mechanical ventilation can be used when natural ventilation can't meet the need of cooling down or the workshop is required to maintain a certain temperature and humidity in production.
2. Health measures
1) supply drinks and supplement nutrition: when working at high temperature, water and salt equivalent to sweating should be supplemented. The best way to replenish water and salt is to supply salty drinks. Generally, the daily water supply is 3 ~ 5L, and the salt is about 20g.
2) Personal protection: Workers working at high temperature should choose fabrics with heat resistance, low electrical conductivity and good air permeability. In order to prevent thermal radiation, you can use overalls made of white canvas or aluminum foil.
3) Strengthen medical prevention: Workers working in high temperature should have physical examination before taking up their posts and in summer to find out occupational contraindications in time.
3. Organizational measures: strengthen leadership, improve management, strictly abide by health standards related to high-temperature operation, and do a good job in heatstroke prevention and cooling in this unit.
Measures to prevent noise hazards
1. Controlling noise sources: taking technical measures to control or eliminate noise sources according to specific conditions is a fundamental way to solve noise hazards.
2. Control noise propagation: In noise propagation, sound absorption and noise reduction technology can achieve good results.
Sound absorption is an important measure to reduce noise intensity. Decorating the inner surface of the workshop with sound-absorbing materials, such as hanging sound absorbers on walls or roofs or workplaces, can reduce the noise intensity.
Noise elimination is the main measure to reduce dynamic noise, which is used in air ducts and exhaust pipes. Resistive muffler and reactive muffler are commonly used, and the combination of the two is better. In some cases, the sound source or the place that needs to be quiet can be sealed in a small space with certain materials and devices to isolate it from the surrounding environment, that is, sound insulation, such as sound insulation room and sound insulation cover. for
In order to prevent noise from spreading through solids, in building construction, vibration isolation or damping devices can also be installed at the joints of machine foundations or vibrating bodies with floors and walls, which can also reduce noise.
3. Personal protection: Wearing personal protective equipment is an effective measure to protect the hearing organs. Such as earplugs, earmuffs, helmets, etc.
4. Health monitoring: According to the requirements of the state, workers are regularly examined for health, especially for hearing organs, and contraindications are found in time.
5. Reasonable arrangement of work and rest: In noisy operations, overtime or long-term continuous work should be avoided, and the contact time should be shortened as much as possible.
Eight rights and three obligations of employees
Eight rights:
① Right to know: the right to know the risk factors, preventive measures and emergency measures of their workplaces and posts;
(2) the right to make suggestions, that is, the right to make suggestions on the safety production work of the unit;
(3) the right to criticize, report and accuse, that is, the workers have the right to criticize, report and accuse the problems existing in the safety production work of their own units;
(four) the right to refuse, that is, the right to refuse illegal command and force risky operations;
(5) Emergency avoidance right, that is, employees have the right to stop operations or evacuate the workplace after taking possible emergency measures when they find an emergency that directly endangers their personal safety;
6. The right to claim compensation, that is, employees who have suffered from production safety accidents have the right to claim compensation from their own units in accordance with relevant civil laws in addition to enjoying social insurance for work-related injuries according to law;
The right to obtain labor protection articles that meet the requirements of national or industrial standards;
(8) The right to receive education and training in production safety.
Three obligations:
(1) Self-discipline and law-abiding obligation, that is, employees should strictly abide by the safety production rules and regulations and operating procedures of their own units, obey management, and correctly wear and use labor protection articles;
(2) the obligation to consciously learn the knowledge of safety in production, that is, to master the knowledge of safety in production required by the post, improve the skills of safety in production, and enhance the ability of accident prevention and emergency handling.
(3) danger notification obligation, that is, when employees find hidden dangers of accidents or other unsafe factors, they should immediately report to the on-site safety production management personnel or unit leaders.
How should workers improve their awareness of self-protection?
1) workers should first consciously accept the publicity, education and training of the employer on occupational disease prevention and control knowledge, and master the types, consequences, prevention and emergency treatment measures of harmful factors in the workplace. Strictly implement the operation procedures, and strictly prohibit illegal operations to prevent accidents.
2) Workers must undergo occupational health examination before taking up their posts to find out whether they have occupational contraindications. Workers with obvious respiratory and cardiovascular diseases should not engage in operations that contact irritating gases and dust; Laborers suffering from obvious diseases of nervous system and mental system shall not engage in operations that contact with poisons that mainly damage the nervous system, such as metals, nonmetals, organic solvents and organophosphorus pesticides. Workers must have regular occupational health check-ups after employment, so as to find occupational hazards at an early stage and take preventive measures in time.
3) Workers must learn to use personal protective equipment. Personal protective measures are an important preventive measure in the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases, which can prevent the harmful factors of occupational diseases from harming the human body. Commonly used personal protective equipment includes dust (poison) masks, protective masks, protective clothing, etc.
Article 3: Occupational Health Publicity Materials ● What occupational health rights do workers enjoy according to law?
(1) Receiving occupational health education and training;
(two) to obtain occupational health examination, occupational disease diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation and other occupational disease prevention and control services;
(three) to understand the occupational hazards in the workplace, the harmful consequences and the occupational disease protection measures that should be taken;
(4) Requiring the employing unit to provide individuals with occupational disease protection facilities and articles that meet the requirements of occupational disease prevention and control, and improve working conditions;
(five) to criticize, report and accuse the acts that violate the laws and regulations on the prevention and control of occupational diseases and endanger life and health;
(six) in violation of regulations, refusing to command or force the operation without occupational disease protection measures;
(seven) to participate in the democratic management of the occupational health work of the employer, and to put forward opinions and suggestions on the prevention and control of occupational diseases.
● What is the employer's responsibility?
We should create a working environment and conditions that meet the national occupational health standards and health requirements for workers, take measures to ensure that workers get occupational health protection, and take responsibility for the occupational hazards generated by their own units. No unit or individual may transfer the operation that causes occupational hazards to a unit or individual that does not have the conditions for occupational disease protection. The employer shall not arrange for minors to engage in operations that are exposed to occupational hazards; Female workers during pregnancy and lactation shall not be arranged to engage in operations harmful to themselves, the fetus and the baby.
● What are the occupational hazards? What are the occupational hazards?
Occupational hazards refer to various hazards that may lead to occupational diseases for workers engaged in occupational activities. Occupational hazards include all kinds of toxic and harmful chemical, physical and biological factors existing in occupational activities and other occupational hazards generated in the process of operation. Chemical factors include metals and nonmetals, such as lead, mercury, manganese, chromium and arsenic. Irritating and suffocating gases, such as phosgene, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, etc. Organic solvents and polymer compounds; Various pesticides; Productive dust; Physical factors include noise, vibration, high temperature, microwave, high frequency and ionizing radiation. Biological factors include Bacillus anthracis, Brucella and forest encephalitis virus.
● What is an occupational disease and what is an occupational frequently-occurring disease?
Occupational disease refers to the diseases caused by workers in enterprises, institutions and individual economic organizations (employers) who are exposed to dust, radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful substances in their professional activities.
Occupational frequently-occurring diseases refer to diseases related to occupations, but occupational hazards are not the direct cause of diseases, but only one of many factors leading to diseases, or only aggravate existing diseases, such as miners' susceptibility to peptic ulcer.
● What are the statutory occupational diseases and their scope?
Statutory occupational disease refers to the occupational disease expressly stipulated by the competent department of the state government. Due to the social system, economy
With the different economic conditions and the popularization of diagnostic technology, the scope and types of occupational diseases stipulated by different countries are also different. According to China's current economic conditions and diagnostic technology level, in 2002, the Ministry of Health published a new catalogue of statutory occupational diseases, with a total of 10 categories 1 15. Including pneumoconiosis 13, radiation disease 1 1, occupational poisoning 56, occupational diseases caused by physical factors 5, occupational diseases caused by biological factors 3, occupational skin diseases 8, occupational eye diseases 3, occupational otorhinolaryngology oral diseases 3, occupational tumors 8 and other occupational diseases 5.
● What are the main characteristics of occupational diseases?
The main characteristics of occupational diseases are as follows: (1) The cause is clear: the cause is occupational hazards; (2) Most of the causes of exposure are chemical factors or physical factors, and usually exposure can be detected. Only when exposure exceeds a certain limit, people will get sick; (3) Among the people exposed to the same occupational hazards, a certain number of people often get sick, and a few patients are rare; (4) Early detection, reasonable treatment is easier to recover, the later detection, the worse the curative effect, and many occupational diseases have no specific treatment.
How to deal with patients suspected of occupational diseases?
When a medical institution discovers a suspected occupational disease patient, it shall inform the employee himself and the employer; The employing unit shall timely arrange patients suspected of occupational diseases for diagnosis; During the period of diagnosis or medical observation, the employer may not terminate or terminate the labor contract signed with the suspected occupational disease patient; The expenses incurred by patients suspected of occupational diseases during diagnosis or medical observation shall be borne by the employing unit.
● What treatment do patients with occupational diseases enjoy according to law?
The employer shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, arrange treatment, rehabilitation and regular examination for patients with occupational diseases; The employing unit shall transfer the occupational disease patients who are not suitable to continue their original jobs and make proper arrangements; Social security for the treatment, rehabilitation expenses, disability and loss of working ability of patients with occupational diseases shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of the state on social insurance for work-related injuries; The medical care and living security of occupational disease patients who have not participated in social insurance for work-related injuries by the employing unit shall be borne by the last employing unit. If there is evidence that the occupational disease is caused by the occupational disease hazards of the previous employing unit, it shall be borne by the previous employing unit.
● Hazards and prevention of productive dust
Productive dust refers to the solid particles that people produce in production activities and can float in the air for a long time. Long-term inhalation of dust can cause diffuse and progressive fibrous hyperplasia of lung tissue, and eventually lead to pneumoconiosis. Asbestos dust can cause bronchial lung cancer and mesothelioma, radioactive mineral dust can cause lung cancer, and silica dust and nickel dust are also related to the high incidence of lung cancer. Many organic dusts can cause bronchial asthma.
The clinical manifestations of pneumoconiosis patients are mainly respiratory symptoms such as cough, expectoration, chest pain and dyspnea, in addition to wheezing, hemoptysis and some systemic symptoms. Once the pneumoconiosis patients are diagnosed, they should get rid of dust work in time, carry out comprehensive treatment according to the needs of their illness, and actively prevent and treat complications such as tuberculosis, so as to alleviate symptoms, delay the progress of their illness, prolong their lives and improve their quality of life.
Comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent pneumoconiosis. The eight-character policy of "skin, water, density, wind, protection, management, teaching and inspection" summarized by decades of dust prevention work in China is valuable experience of effective comprehensive management. The specific meaning of the eight-character policy is-innovation: technological innovation; Water: wet operation; Dense: closed dust source; Wind: ventilation and dust removal; Protection: personal protection; Management: strengthen management; Teaching: publicity and education; Inspection: Regular inspection.