The political history of the Song, Liao, Jin and Xia Dynasties: the Northern Song Dynasty's southern migration and the Song and Jin Dynasties' wars
The Northern Song Dynasty's southern migration and the Song, Jin Dynasty and their wars
(1) Zhao Gou ( Song Gaozong) ascended to power and the Southern Song Dynasty was established
In mid-November of the first year of Jingkang (1126), Kang Wang Zhao Gou was sent by Qin Zong to Jinying to seek peace. When he came to Cizhou, Zongze, the governor of the state, was building city defenses and preparing for war. gold. Zongze advised Zhao Gou not to go to Jinying, and Zhao Gou stayed in Xiangzhou (now Anyang City, Henan Province).
After the Jin soldiers plundered Huizong, Qinzong, their concubines, and clan members, only Kang Wang Zhao Gou and Zhe Zong's deposed queen, the Meng family, survived among the direct relatives of the Song Dynasty. Zongze fought thirteen battles with the Jin soldiers from Daming to Kaide (from Daming in Hebei to Puyang in Henan), and won consecutively. He also advanced to Weinan (east of today's Huaxian County, Henan) with his lone army and defeated the Jin soldiers in a row.
Zongze learned that the Jin soldiers captured Emperor Hui and Emperor Qin and headed north, so he led his troops to Huazhou and transferred to Daming, planning to cross the Yellow River, cut off the return route of the Jin soldiers, and intercept the two emperors. Zongze sent a message to soldiers from the nearby Song Dynasty to come to the meeting, and they all acted together. Song soldiers from all over the country are due to come. Zongze's plan could not be realized, so he wrote to King Kang Zhaogou to support him as emperor. After the Jin soldiers retreated, the court officials in the capital and the Song generals outside the capital refused to accept the orders of Zhang Bangchang's Chu regime and put pressure on Zhang Bangchang to return the power to the Zhao family and restore Zhao as the emperor. Zhang Bangchang was spurned by the people and could not gain a foothold in Tokyo. Lu Haowen and other officials asked Zhang Bangchang to support Zhao Gou as emperor. Therefore, Zhang Bangchang said that it was only a temporary measure to pretend to be the emperor of Chu, and asked the Meng family after Zhezong was deposed to come out to listen to the government behind the curtain. He also made a statement to Zhao Gou, the king of Kang who was outside, asking Zhao Gou to take the throne as emperor. On the first day of May, Zhao Gou proclaimed himself emperor (Gaozong of the Song Dynasty) in Yingtianfu, Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan), and changed his reign name to Jianyan. This reconstructed Zhao and Song Dynasty was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history.
After the Song Dynasty was reestablished in Nanjing, the primary issue it faced was still: whether to fight against the Jin Dynasty that invaded the south, or to surrender. In response to this, the sharp struggle within the original Northern Song Dynasty between the main war faction and the main surrender faction reappeared in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Shortly after Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty came to the throne, he appointed Li Gang, a popular member of the anti-Japanese war faction, as prime minister. He ordered Deputy Marshal Zong Ze to inform Kaifeng Mansion and lead troops to Tokyo. Li Gang and Zongze became the main representatives of the anti-war faction at that time. Emperor Gaozong also appointed deputy marshal Huang Qianshan as the minister of Zhongshu to participate in government affairs. Wang Boyan also knew the affairs of the Privy Council and took charge of the military.
Huang Qianshan and Wang Boyan are representatives of the capitulation faction.
Song Gaozong, like his father and brother, was afraid of war with the Jin Dynasty. As soon as the Southern Song Dynasty was established, the surrender faction sent people to the Jin Dynasty to seek peace. Zhang Bangchang wrote to Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Zongwang, expressing that the Southern Song Dynasty was willing to use the Yellow River as the boundary and give Hedong, Hebei and many other prefectures and counties still held by the Song army to the Jin Dynasty. For the anti-war faction Li Gang to become prime minister, the capitulation faction strongly opposed it. Yan Qi, the chief censor, said: Li Gang was hated by the Jin people and was not suitable for the post of prime minister. Fan Zongyin, the right-hand admonishment official, said: Li Gang's reputation is too great, he has the power to shock the emperor, and he should not be respected. Li Gang broke through the obstruction of the capitulation faction. In June, he was summoned to the court as prime minister. He put all his thought into planning for Gaozong to revitalize the court and put forward ten suggestions for resisting the Jin Dynasty and establishing the country. In response to the reality of military and political corruption since the Northern Song Dynasty, he promulgated 21 new military regulations and strictly implemented the reward and punishment system. In order to prevent the Jin soldiers from invading again, he readjusted the defense deployment and built commander's mansions along the Yangtze River, along the Huaihe River, and along the river. He also divided the prefectures and counties into important counties and secondary counties, and fixed a certain number of troops in each for defense; he also started building warships and training naval forces along the river, hoping to take advantage of the Song army when resisting the invasion of the Jin soldiers. . In view of the fact that the Southern Song Dynasty had just been established and the regular army had no time to reorganize and had not yet formed an armed force strong enough to resist the Jin Dynasty, Li Gang advocated supporting the military and civilians in the two rivers in their struggle against the Jin Dynasty. He decided to set up the Hebei Recruitment Department and the Hedong Economic Development Department, and appointed Zhang Suo as the Hebei Recruitment Envoy. Fu Liang was the deputy economic envoy of Hedong and allocated money and materials to him to go to Hebei and Hedong to recruit volunteers from all over the country to fight against the Jin soldiers together. The people of Lianghe responded enthusiastically and their morale was greatly boosted.
While carrying out the anti-golden deployment, Li Gang also engaged in a fierce struggle with the capitulationists. The main issues in dispute:
First, the issue of peace and war with Jin.
Gaozong, Wang Boyan, and Huang Qianshan fantasized about compromising and surrendering to the Jin Dynasty in exchange for Jin's recognition of the Southern Song Dynasty's regime. On the pretext of welcoming Emperors Hui and Qin, they constantly sent envoys with gold and silver treasures to offer to the Jurchen nobles to test the possibility of paying gold. And because the two emperors were imprisoned in the Jin Dynasty, vigorous preparations for war would harm the two emperors and suppress the anti-war faction's idea of ??fighting vigorously.
Li Gang believes that blindly compromising and giving in to the Jin Dynasty can only encourage the aggressive ambitions of the Jurchen nobles. Today, it is okay for Fa Goujian to try his bold ambitions, but not for Fa Qi's humble words and bribes. He advocates all peace talks. , specializing in the strategy of self-defense, carefully renovating war preparations, hoping to defeat the Jin soldiers in three years, and show shamelessness in the past, so as to win over the two emperors and return without waiting for them.
The second is how to deal with the issue of Zhang Bangchang, the pseudo-Chu emperor.
Gaozong, Wang, and Huang were afraid of offending the Jin people, so they wanted to use Zhang Bangchang as an important tool for them to contact Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Zongwang about the surrender. Not only did they not punish Zhang Bangchang for his crime of losing national integrity and collaborating with the enemy to surrender, Instead, they praised him for his knowledge and great achievements in making changes, and for his great achievements in the country. He was granted the titles of Taifu, Fengguojun Jiedushi, and Tongan County Prince.
Li Gang firmly asked Gaozong to severely punish Zhang Bangchang to please people's hearts, and said that he was incompatible with the traitors. If Zhang Bangchang was not punished severely, he would resolutely resign.
The third issue is where to establish the capital.
Wang and Huang's group advocated abandoning the capital Kaifeng, abandoning the Central Plains and continuing to flee south, moving the capital to Jiankang Prefecture (today's Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province) where there is danger of the Yangtze River.
Li Gang believed that Kaifeng was the seat of the Song Dynasty's ancestral temple and the foundation of the world, and should not be abandoned. When the capital was destroyed by the Jin soldiers, he could first choose one of the three cities of Chang'an, Dengzhou, and Xiangyang. It is a temporary capital and will be moved back to Kaifeng once the repairs are completed.
The fourth is how to deal with the anti-golden armed forces of the Central Plains people.
The capitulation parties such as Wang and Huang adopted a completely hostile attitude towards the anti-golden armed forces of the Lianghe people and called them thieves. As soon as Gaozong came to the throne, Huang and Wang proposed to put aside all thieves and militiamen and make them rulers. Selecting elites to be incorporated into the official army actually meant disbanding the anti-gold militia and not allowing them to resist the gold.
Li Gang adopted the opposite policy to the capitulationists and relied on the Lianghe militia to fight against the Jin Dynasty. Huang, Wang and others planned sabotage and ordered Zhang Yiqian of the famous magistrate to report: After the establishment of the recruitment envoy, there will be more thieves in Hebei and it should be abolished as soon as possible.
Li Gang argued: How did Zhang Yiqian know about Zhang Suo's harassment before he set out? He also said: Because the people in Hebei had no one to lead, the imperial court set up appeasement envoys to use the power of the people to protect the country. It was not that thieves appeared after the appeasement envoys were set up. Fu Liang had only set out for more than ten days, but Huang Qianshan and Wang Boyan accused him of not staying. Li Gang defended Fu Liang again, but Gaozong refused to listen. He dismissed Zhang Suo and Fu Liang, and abolished the two departments of recruitment and economic management. At this time, Zhang Jun, the royal censor in the palace, slandered Li Gang for being a collaborator with the enemy and undermined the New Deal. He attacked Li Gang's rebuttal of surrender as a way to stop his speech, and to rectify Chao Gang as a monopoly on government affairs. He added more than ten charges to Li Gang and demanded that Li Gang be dismissed from his post. Li Gang only served as prime minister for 75 days and was dismissed from office on August 18. Chen Dong, a student of Taipei University, and Ouyang Che, a Jinshi scholar, wrote a letter stating bluntly that Li Gang could not be replaced and that Huang and Wang could not be used. They also asked Gaozong to return the capital and personally conquer the emperors to welcome back the emperors of Hui and Qin. Emperor Gaozong actually beheaded Chen Dong and Ouyang Che. All the measures that Li Gang put forward to resist Jin and rejuvenate the country were abolished after he resigned as prime minister. Gaozong, Huang and Wang all controlled the military and political power.
After Li Gang was expelled from the court, it was Zongze, a veteran in his seventies, who fought resolutely against the capitulationists.
Zongze (1059-1128), courtesy name Rulin, was born in Yiwu, Wuzhou (now Yiwu, Zhejiang). After entering the official career in the sixth year of Yuanyou (1091), Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, he was born as a Jinshi. Although he had been depressed for a long time, he had always been concerned about state affairs. After the Jin soldiers retreated from Kaifeng for the first time, he was ordered to serve as an admonisher in the imperial court. He repeatedly expressed anti-Jin ideas and refuted the words and deeds of surrender. When the Jin soldiers besieged Kaifeng for the second time, Zeng led a lone army to fight against the Jin soldiers. After the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, his clear anti-gold stance was praised by Li Gang. In June of the first year of Jianyan (1127), he was recommended by Li Gang as the governor of Kaifeng. Soon he was appointed as the governor of Tokyo and the governor of Kaifeng.
Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, is a world-famous prosperous city. After being looted by the Jin soldiers, it has been devastated and dilapidated. The Qinwang soldiers who came from different directions had no unified command and their discipline was lax. The city is in chaos, supplies are in short supply, and people's lives are difficult. As soon as Zongze arrived in Kaifeng, he immediately started to rectify the city's order, executed a group of villains who had colluded with the Jin soldiers to rob and harm the people, strictly prohibited theft and price gouging, and gradually restored Kaifeng to normal.
In view of the small number of Song troops in Kaifeng at that time, and they were all Qinwang soldiers from all walks of life, Zongze focused on uniting the anti-Jin soldiers in the Central Plains. Through Zongze's efforts, many rebel leaders, including Wang Shan, Ding Jin, Wang Zaixing, Li Gui, Yang Jin, etc., all surrendered to Zongze's men. The volunteer soldiers gathered in Kaifeng are said to number 1.8 million, and they are indeed an effective force against the Jin Dynasty.
On the basis of calming people's hearts and uniting the volunteers, Zongze actively built Kaifeng's defense. On the four walls of Kaifeng City, there are commanders and guardian envoys who are responsible for guarding certain areas. The volunteers recruited are under the jurisdiction of the commanders and guardian envoys on the four walls. Around Kaifeng, 24 strong barriers were built, each with tens of thousands of troops stationed, to protect Kaifeng's periphery. Fish-scale-style Lianzhu villages were built along the south bank of the Yellow River, and troops were stationed in each village. At the same time, many trenches were dug that were more than ten feet deep and wide, and obstacles were set up along the trenches to prevent the Jin Dynasty's cavalry. Under Zongze's design, it took him four to five months to build such a solid defense system in Kaifeng. This was extremely rare in the Southern Song Dynasty.
After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, people across the Central Plains could not bear the enslavement of the Jin people and rose up one after another to fight against the Jin people. Among them, the larger rebel armies are: the Eight-Character Army - Wang Yan from Hanoi, who was appointed by Zhang Suo as the commander of the capital of Hebei's recruitment department. After Zhang Suo was deposed, Wang Yan led part of the rebel army to the Taihang Mountains to resist the Jin Dynasty. Because the soldiers of the rebel army tattooed on their faces the Eight Characters of "Dedicated to Serving the Country" and vowing to kill the gold thieves, they were called the Eight-Character Army. The Eight-Character Army bravely resisted the Jin and killed the enemy, and received a response from the people of Lianghe. Militia leaders Fu Xuan, Meng De, Liu Ze, Jiao Wentong, etc. led more than 100,000 people in 19 villages to surrender. The Eight-Character Army fought tenaciously with the Jin Army hundreds of times and contained the Jin Army's southern invasion.
The Red Scarf Army—initially operated in Jincheng and Changzhi, and later expanded to Hebei, Shaanxi and other places.
They were massive, well-organized, united and desperate. In one battle, Jin Zuo Deputy Marshal Wanyan Zonghan was almost captured. The Jin army hated the Red Turban Army and pursued them most urgently, but the Red Turban Army's ranks were expanding day by day.
The Wuma Mountain (in present-day Zanhuang, Hebei) village rebel army - its leaders were Song officials Zhao Bangjie and Ma Kuo. Later, they supported the self-proclaimed Xin Wang Zhao Zhen (Gaozong's brother) as their chief general, with a large number of people. More than 100,000, active in Hebei, Shanxi and other regions.
Liangshanbo Water Army - The peasants in Liangshanbo revolted. After being suppressed by the Song army, they continued to use Liangshanbo as a stronghold and persisted in fighting. After the Jin army invaded the Central Plains, the naval army headed by Zhang Rong formed a strong anti-Jin army.
After the Jin army invaded the Central Plains, the anti-Jin rebel army, composed mainly of farmers, soldiers, junior officers, small traders, and peasant revolutionary armed forces who had originally revolted against the rule of the Song Dynasty, was active in the north and south of the river, and in the east and west of Taihang. Become an important force in resisting the invasion of Jin soldiers.
Contrary to the broad masses of soldiers and civilians who rose up to resist the Jin Dynasty, Gaozong, Huang Qianshan, and Wang Boyan and their group squeezed out the anti-war faction, dismissed Li Gang in August, and implemented a plan to flee south in October. Emperor Gaozong took his surrender faction favorites and fled along the canal from Yingtian Mansion to Yangzhou. The Song court finally moved from north to south.
The Jin Dynasty learned of the news that Gaozong had fled south, and in December, his troops divided into three groups and once again marched into the Central Plains.
The Jindong Route Army, led by Wanyan Zongfu and Wanyan Zongbi (Wushu), captured Qingzhou and Weizhou in Shandong Province in the second year of Jianyan (1128), and reached Qiancheng in the first month of the year. The county was defeated by the people's armed forces, and the Jin army abandoned Qingzhou and Weizhou and retreated. Zhang Rong's waterborne rebels, who were active in the Liangshanbo area, dispatched thousands of ships to fight and dealt a heavy blow to the Jin army.
The Middle Route Army led by Wanyan Zonghan captured Luoyang, Xijing in December of the first year of Jianyan (1127).
In the first month of the second year of Jianyan (1128), Zhai Jin, the commander of Xijing, and his brother Zhai Xing defeated the Jin soldiers at Zaofun Ridge and Lvdaoyan in Yichuan. In March, he defeated the Jin army in Fuchang and Longmen, drove the Jin army back to Hebei, and recaptured Luoyang, Xijing.
After Zhai Jin died, Zhai Xing kept in close contact with the rebels in Hedong and Hebei and cooperated in fighting.
The Jinxi Route Army led by Lou Bao captured Chang'an in the first month of the second year of Jianyan, and in February they captured the Hua, Qi (now south of Fengxiang, Shaanxi), Long, and Qin states. Wang Shu, the commander of the Jin Dynasty in Yanyan, recruited volunteers from the north and south of the Yellow River to fight against the Jin Dynasty. Within ten days, Meng Di, Zhong Qian, Zhang Mian, Zhang Jian, Bai Bao, Li Jin, Li Yanxian and other tribes were captured, each with ten thousand troops.
The rebels led by Li Yanxian, a native of Gongzhou (now Longxi, Gansu), fought many battles with the Jin soldiers. In mid-January, they defeated more than fifty enemy bases. In March, they recaptured Shaanzhou (now Shaanxi County, Henan). Then he crossed the Yellow River and recaptured Jiangzhou (now Xinjiang, Shanxi) and Jiezhou (now Jiezhou Town, Yuncheng, Shanxi). Shao Xing led the rebels to Li Yanxian, who ordered him to lead the troops across the river to recover the four towns in Pinglu County. Liu Xiliang, another rebel leader, recaptured Fengxiang, and Zhang Zong'e recaptured Chang'an. When the Jin soldiers arrived in Xianyang, they saw that the rebels on both sides of the Wei River were raising anti-Jin flags. They did not dare to fight anymore and had to retreat.
The people's anti-golden struggle was heroic and heroic, with frequent victories, once again creating a great opportunity for the anti-golden forces to regain lost ground. Gaozong and a group of surrendering factions ignored and supported them. Instead, they issued an edict in the first month of the second year of Jianyan (1128), slandering the rebels and falsely claiming the name of King Qin. They were clearly a danger to the bandits and ordered them to disband. The veteran general Zongze received the order. After this edict, he immediately went to Shu and asked Gaozong to withdraw his orders, depose his ministers, punish his own edicts, and set a period for returning the emperor, in order to greatly comfort Yuan Yuan's eagerness. In response to Zongze's correct proposition, Gaozong Ignore it.
Zongze learned that the anti-Jin rebels in Lianghe and other places did not receive support from the Song Dynasty. Once the rebels were suppressed by the Jin soldiers, it would be more difficult for the Song Dynasty to regain the lost territory. Zongze sent a message to Gaozong and asked him to return the capital to Kaifeng. Zongze also started preparations for crossing the Yellow River to regain the lost territory. In May of the second year of Jianyan, he submitted a letter to Gaozong, proposing a plan to cross the river in February, and asked Gaozong to make an immediate decision and return to Kaifeng to command this Northern Expedition.
At this time, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty was living in Yangzhou with a group of surrender factions, living a decadent life of poverty and wealth. They set up numerous obstacles and obstructed Zongze's anti-gold deployment in Kaifeng from the very beginning. They were even more worried about Zongze's growing reputation in Kaifeng. Not only did they ignore Zongze's plan to launch the Northern Expedition, but they also prepared to send Guo Zhongxun, the commander of the guard and horse army, to Kaifeng as deputy guard in Tokyo to monitor Zongze's actions.
Zongze saw that his plan of crossing the river and regaining the lost territory that he had prepared for many years had come to nothing. He couldn't help but feel sad and angry. Finally, he became ill from worries and got gangrene on his back. He fell ill in June of the second year of Jianyan. . On his sick bed, he said sadly to the generals who came to visit him: I am trapped in dust because of the two saints (referring to Huizong and Qinzong), and I am sick with accumulated anger. If all the gentlemen can help me to annihilate my common enemies and fulfill the Lord's ambition of restoration, I will have no regrets even if I die. The generals responded with tears: I am willing to do my best! With tears in his eyes, Zongze recited Du Fu's poem: "Died before leaving the army, it makes the hero burst into tears." On July 12, the second year of Jianyan's reign (1128), this 70-year-old veteran who had fought all his life to fight against the Jin Dynasty finally shouted three times to cross the river and passed away with his unfinished business.
After Zongze's death, Gao Zong surrendered and sent Du Chong to succeed him and stay in Tokyo. After Du Chong arrived in Kaifeng, he completely destroyed Zongze's anti-gold facilities.
The rebel soldiers gathered by Zongze dispersed one after another because they were dissatisfied with Du Chong's perverse behavior. Kaifeng, the capital that the Jin soldiers coveted but could not enter, had become an undefended city.
(2) Confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties
Song Gaozong and his group of surrender factions attacked and squeezed out leaders of the anti-Jin faction such as Li Gang and Zongze, and also slandered and The rebels who fought bravely against the Jin in various places were banned. Some state and county officials who had contact with the rebels were accused of collaborating with thieves and were brutally executed. The actions of Song Gaozong and the surrender faction were to please the Jin Dynasty, and they knelt down and begged for surrender. However, Song Gaozong's shameless actions of destroying the Great Wall to resist the Jin Dynasty further encouraged the Jurchen nobles' ambition to invade. Seeing that after Zongze's death, the Jin Dynasty saw that Kaifeng's defense facilities had been destroyed and the Lianghe Rebel Army had become a lonely army, they thought it was a good time to invade south. In the autumn of the second year of Jianyan (1128), the Jin soldiers invaded the south again, aiming directly at Yangzhou. Jin Taizong also issued an edict to attack Zhao Gou, ordering the Jin army to capture Zhao Gou and pursue him wherever he went. The Jin soldiers went south and captured Wuma Mountain Stronghold, and the anti-Jin rebel army was defeated. Wanyan Zonghan's army came out of the clouds, fell into Puzhou and Chanyuan, and entered Shandong. In the first month of the third year of Jianyan (1129), Zong Han's army successively captured Xuzhou, Huaiyang, and Sizhou, and sent troops to attack Yangzhou. Gaozong, Wang Boyan, Huang Qianshan and others who were living a life of promiscuity in Yangzhou were horrified in early February when they heard the urgent report that Jin soldiers were attacking Yangzhou. On the third day of February, Emperor Gaozong heard the news that his troops had captured Tianchang Army (now Tianchang, Anhui Province). He led Wang Yuan, the commander of the imperial camp, and Kang Lu, his trusted eunuch, to flee Yangzhou in panic, and then crossed the river and fled to Zhenjiang. At that time, the Jin soldiers were not ready to cross the Yangtze River and invade south. After entering Yangzhou, they looted and burned the city and then withdrew their troops.
1. After Song Gaozong fled to Zhenjiang during the Miao-Liu Incident, hundreds of officials arrived one after another, and then fled to Hangzhou in a hurry. Huang Qianshan and Wang Boyan were notorious for their acts of surrender, which aroused the anger of both the government and the public. Emperor Gaozong was forced to remove Wang and Huang, and appointed Zhu Shengfei as prime minister, and Wang Yuan as Privy Councilor and governor of the capital. The generals Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan had an old grudge with Wang Yuan and were dissatisfied with Wang Yuan's promotion. They also heard that Wang Yuan was in contact with Kang Lu, the domineering eunuch, and thought that Wang Yuan's promotion was obtained by colluding with the eunuch. Out of resentment against Wang Yuan and the eunuchs, the two launched a mutiny in Hangzhou in March in the name of eliminating harm for the people. They killed Wang Yuan, Kang Lu and many eunuchs, and forced Gaozong to give way to the three-year-old crown prince Zhao. 旉, let Longyou Empress Dowager Meng (that is, Empress Zhezong's abolition) listen to politics behind the curtain. This is the Miao-Liu Rebellion. Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan launched a mutiny out of personal grudges against Wang Yuan and Kang Lu. However, the articles published after their mutiny revealed that treacherous ministers harmed the country and manipulated power, causing many lives to be lost in the Jin Dynasty. He died innocently when the soldiers invaded. He accused the ministers and servants of not doing anything to build the province and stuck to the old ways. Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty trusted the middle officials and unfair rewards and punishments. etc. It truly reflects the true situation of political corruption in the Southern Song Dynasty and tells the story of the military and civilians at that time. Opposed to escape and surrender, and demanded to rise up to fight against the Jin Dynasty.
Since the organizers of the mutiny, Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan, had no clear political ideas or strategies, they did not receive widespread support among the civil servants and generals of the Southern Song Dynasty. Lu Yihao and Zhang Jun, who opposed the mutiny, led their troops to Hangzhou, forcing Miao and Liu to agree to Gaozong's restoration. The mutiny failed, and Miao and Liu were killed.
2. After Emperor Gaozong knelt down and sued for peace, and the Jin soldiers again invaded the south to invade Miao and Liu, the uprising was suppressed. Prime Minister Zhu Shengfei resigned, Lu Yihao became prime minister, and Zhang Junzhi took charge of the Privy Council. Seeing the danger of the current situation, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty ordered the Jiangning Prefecture to be renamed Jiankang Prefecture (today's Nanjing City). In May of the third year of Jianyan (1129), he went north from Hangzhou and stationed here, moving his capital with him. On the one hand, he ordered to fight against the Jin Dynasty and dug ditches to divert water in the Jianghuai area to block the Jin Dynasty cavalry. He also appointed Zhang Jun as the Xuanfu Disposal Envoy of Sichuan and Shaanxi and authorized him to organize the anti-Jin Dynasty struggle in Shaanxi; on the other hand, he still did not give up his request to the Jin Dynasty. and claims. As soon as he arrived in Jiankang, he sent Hong Hao as the envoy of Dajin Tong and asked Hong Hao to bring a letter to Zong Han asking for peace. The Jin Dynasty refused and detained the Song envoy. In August, Emperor Gaozong sent Du Shiliang as the envoy to the Jin Army to seek peace. He said in the peace petition: If you keep the rules now, there will be no one, but if you run, there will be no land. Therefore, day and night, the troops are busy. I just hope that your Excellency will feel sorry for you and forgive me. He asked Zonghan to give him a way out, expressing his willingness to remove the title of emperor and use the title of the Jin Dynasty to become a vassal of the Jin Dynasty. This peace letter is Gaozong's confession of surrendering and living in peace.
The Jurchen nobles were not moved by Song Gaozong's shameless plea. At the end of August in the third year of Jianyan (1129), the Jin army, led by Wanyan Zongbi (Wushu), launched a massive attack on Jianghuai, preparing to eliminate the Southern Song Dynasty in one fell swoop. When Gaozong heard the news that the Jin army was moving south again, he hurriedly handed over the important task of guarding the Yangtze River to Du Chong, who had escaped from Kaifeng. He asked Queen Mother Longyou to flee from Jiankang to Jiangxi, and he hurriedly fled from Jiankang to Zhenjiang.
In early September, he fled from Zhenjiang to Changzhou. In October, he fled to Hangzhou again. The Jin soldiers marched in two directions. Crossing the Yangtze River from Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei Province), they headed east to capture Hongzhou (now Nanchang, Jiangxi Province), preparing to capture Empress Dowager Longyou. The other group, led by Wu Shu himself, crossed the river from Majia to capture Taiping Prefecture (today's Dangtu, Anhui) and advanced on Jiankang Prefecture. Du Chong did not make defensive arrangements before the Jin soldiers crossed the river. When the Jin soldiers invaded Jiankang Prefecture, he hurriedly fled by boat to Zhenzhou in the north of the Yangtze River (today's Yizheng County, Jiangsu) and surrendered to the Jin soldiers. The Jin soldiers then occupied Jiankang Mansion. In December, Zongbi marched to Hangzhou, preparing to capture Song Gaozong alive. As if entering uninhabited territory, the Jin soldiers successively conquered Hangzhou, Yuezhou, Mingzhou, and Dinghai.
When Song Gaozong saw the Jin soldiers chasing after Hangzhou, he accepted the advice of Prime Minister Lu Yihao and hurriedly fled from Hangzhou to Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), and then from Yuezhou to Mingzhou (Ningbo, Zhejiang). Zhou Xiahai fled to Dinghai, and fled along the sea route to Wenzhou for refuge. After Zongbi pursued Gaozong to Hangzhou, he stationed himself on the spot and sent troops to pursue Gaozong to Mingzhou. He also took a boat into the sea to pursue him. The Jin soldiers were not used to naval battles, so they pursued them by boat and encountered strong wind and rain. They were scattered by a large ship led by Hezhou defense envoy Zhang Gongyu. In addition, the climate in the south of the Yangtze River and the geography of water towns with rivers and lakes were not suitable for the cavalry of the Jin Dynasty. Seeing that Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty had not been captured, and fearing that his lone army would be cut off from retreat, Zongbi looted various places in the south of the Yangtze River and the city of Hangzhou. He loaded boats with looted property and left Hangzhou in February of the fourth year of Jianyan (1130). The canal was withdrawn northward. The Jin soldiers who invaded Jiangxi and Hunan also retreated northward. When Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty saw the Jin troops retreating north, he returned to Yuezhou from Wenzhou and promoted Yuezhou to Shaoxing Prefecture as the temporary seat of the Southern Song government.
The Jin soldiers retreated north, burning, killing and looting along the way, which further aroused people's anger. Some anti-Japanese war generals commanded the army and rose up to fight against the Jin soldiers.
3. Song generals' anti-gold activities (1) Battle of Huangtiandang Han Shizhong, the envoy of the Zhexi system of the Song Dynasty, stationed in Zhenjiang. In March of the fourth year of Jianyan (1130), when Zongbi's fleet retreated north to Zhenjiang, Han Shizhong and his wife Liang were already waiting there with a large number of warships. Zong Bi went to Jinshan Dragon King Temple to inspect the terrain and was almost captured by Han Shizhong's ambush. During the battle, Jin Bing's boat was small and not used to water warfare, so he was unable to fight against Han Shizhong. Han Shizhong commanded the Song army, and Liang himself played the drums. The Song army had high morale and fought bravely against the enemy. Zongbi was defeated miserably. The Jin soldiers were besieged in Huangtiandang for 48 days. Zongbi's Jin army fell into a desperate situation and sent someone to express to Han Shizhong that he was willing to give up the looted property and also presented famous horses in exchange for a way out. Han Shizhong severely refused. Later, a spy told Zong Bi that the Qinhuai River could be connected as long as the old blocked Old Stork River was dug out. Zong Bi ordered the Jin army to dig 50 miles of the old path of the Old Stork River overnight, and then fled from the Qinhuai River to Jiankang. This is the famous Battle of Huangtiandang in history. Although the Song army did not win a complete victory in this battle, Han Shizhong used a team of 8,000 men to surround the Jin army, which was said to be 100,000, and reversed the trend of the Southern Song Dynasty blindly surrendering and fleeing, which is of great significance.
(2) Battle of Jiankang Zongbi fled back to Jiankang from Huangtiandang, where he looted and set fire to the city. The Jin soldiers gathered the looted property in Liuhe. From Guabukou to Liuhe, there were countless ships carrying looted items. The Jin soldiers burned Jiankang Mansion and prepared to cross the river north from Jing'an Town. After arriving in Jing'an, the Jin soldiers suffered another heavy blow from Song general Yue Fei.
Yue Fei (1103-1142), courtesy name Pengju, was a native of Tangyin, Xiangzhou, Hebei West Road (now part of Henan). He was a famous anti-Jin general in the Southern Song Dynasty and a national hero. Born in a farm family, he worked as a tenant. In the fourth year of Xuanhe (1122), he surrendered to the army and participated in the campaign to conquer Liao. In the first year of Jingkang (1126), the Jin army invaded south and captured Kaifeng, Tokyo. Kang Wang Zhaogou built the Military Marshal's Mansion in Xiangzhou (today's Anyang, Henan). Yue Fei volunteered to join the army to fight against the Jin. In the first year of Jianyan (1127), the Northern Song Dynasty collapsed and Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty came to the throne. Yue Fei wrote a letter urging Emperor Gaozong to return the capital and regain his lost territory, but was deprived of his military position by the Song court. Later, Zhang Suo, Wang Yan, Zongze and others fought against the Jin army and made many military exploits. After Du Chong succeeded Zongze, Yue Fei came under the jurisdiction of Du Chong. In the third year of Jianyan (1129), Jiankang fell, and Du Chong rebelled and paid gold. Yue Fei gathered the rest of his troops to continue fighting against the Jin Dynasty, and moved to Yixing County, under the control of Zhang Jun. The 27-year-old young general Yue Fei had been fighting on the battlefield for four years and always insisted on resisting the Jin Dynasty. Yue Fei led a well-trained, disciplined and highly motivated Song army in the fight against the Jin Dynasty.
When the Jin soldiers burned and plundered Jiankang Mansion, Yue Fei's army was stationed on the front line not far from Jiankang. When Yue Fei learned that Jin Bing had arrived in Jing'an Town, he took the initiative to launch a sudden and fierce attack on Jin Bing without waiting for Zhang Jun's order. Originally, Jiankang Tong was in need of money, but after the fall of Jiankang, he refused to pay the money. He united with the anti-gold rebels and rural soldiers near Jing'an Town and persisted in resisting.
The Yue army attacked the Jin soldiers, and the country soldiers fought out from behind the enemy, cooperating closely. Under the attack of the two armies, the Jin soldiers were defeated. More than 170 Jin soldiers, large and small, were killed. The Song army seized nearly 200 pairs of golden soldiers' vests and more than 3,500 pieces of bows, arrows, knives, flags, gold drums, etc. The Jin soldiers were too lazy to send troops to respond, so they drove a small boat and burned it with rockets. Han Shizhong rushed from Zhenjiang to the Jiankang River to intercept the Jin soldiers' Haizhou, and then they were able to retreat north. The Jin soldiers were defeated and retreated. Yue Fei and Qian Xiang stationed in Jiankang Mansion and recovered Jiankang.
(3) Battle of Fuping Zongbi has always been afraid since his failure to cross the Yangtze River and invade the south of the Yangtze River. From then on, he did not dare to invade the south of the Yangtze River easily. Under the new situation, the Jin Dynasty nobles also changed their strategy of attacking the Southern Song Dynasty: on the one hand, they sent Qin Hui to sneak into the Nanjing court as a traitor to induce surrender and destroy the anti-Jin activities of the anti-Japanese war faction; on the other hand, they sent Qin Hui into the Central Plains between the Yellow River and the Huaihe River The region established Liu Yu as Emperor of Da Qi and established a buffer zone between the Jin and Song Dynasties.
When Gaozong fled south and decided to abandon the Central Plains, Jin Taizong told Wanyan Zongwang that another vassal auxiliary should be established like Zhang Bangchang's puppet Chu regime. Liu Yu, the prefect of Jinan Prefecture in Song Dynasty, in the second year of Jianyan (1128) Year)
When the Jin army invaded the south, they killed the Jinan defender Guan Sheng and rebelled against the Jin. Liu Yu shamelessly offered bribes and gifts to the Jin general Wan Yanchang (Ta Lan), requesting that he be made a puppet emperor. The Jin army successively captured Daming and Guide during their southern invasion. After Du Chong abandoned his post and fled, they captured Nanjing in February of the fourth year of Jianyan (1130).
In September, the Jin Dynasty established Liu Yu as Emperor of Daqi, and Zhang Xiaochun, the former Song Dynasty magistrate of Taiyuan who had surrendered the gold, as prime minister.
In the fourth year of Jianyan, the focus of the Jin Dynasty's military use against the Song Dynasty shifted from the Jianghuai River to Shaanxi, with the purpose of capturing Shaanxi and eliminating the side threat of the Song Dynasty to the Lianghe area that the Jin Dynasty had occupied. In the autumn of the fourth year of Jianyan (1130), Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty misjudged the movements of the Jin soldiers and thought that the Jin soldiers would cross the Yangtze River and invade south again. While preparing to escape again, he ordered Zhang Jun, the Xuanfu Disposition Commander of Sichuan and Shaanxi, to send troops to contain them. Jin soldiers went south.
When the Jin Army's Zongbi Division invaded the southeast, the West Route Army's Lou Bao Division attacked Shaanzhou. General Li Yanxian of the Song Dynasty led his troops to hold on for two years. After more than 200 battles, the Jin army was unable to advance. Zhang Jun ordered Qu Duan, the commander of the capital, to go to the rescue, but Qu Duan stood still. In the end, Shaanzhou City ran out of food and had no help, and was defeated by Jin. Li Yanxian died heroically in the line of duty. Jin Bingzhang drove into the pass. Among the Song army, only Quduan's deputy general Wu Jie led his troops to resist, and defeated the Jin army in Qingxiling and Pengyuandian successively.
In September of the fourth year of Jianyan (1130), the Jin Dynasty sent the prince and right deputy marshal Zong Fu to Shaanxi to join Zongbi's army heading north and Lou Bao's tribe in Shaanxi, intending to go deep into Shaanxi and Sichuan. , then went eastward along the Yangtze River and invaded the southeast. At this time, Zhang Jun received an order from Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty to send troops to Shaanxi Province. The ambitious and self-willed Xuanfu envoy of Sichuan and Shaanxi desperately summoned Liu Xi, Wu Jie, Liu Qi, Sun Wo, Zhao Zhe and other five Qin and Sichuan troops. There were about 300,000 passers-by, with Liu Xi as the capital commander. He issued a proclamation to accuse the Jin soldiers and launched a large-scale counterattack. Before the battle, Zhang Jun and some Song generals all relied on their superior strength and thought they could guarantee victory. They neither carefully surveyed the terrain nor arranged the array well. Although there were many people, the fortress was not solid and riddled with holes. The Jin soldiers took advantage of Song Bing paralyzed the thought of underestimating the enemy, and waited until the opponent's fighting spirit relaxed due to underestimating the enemy, and then attacked in one fell swoop.
The Fifth Route Army led by Liu Xi was completely defeated in the battle of Fuping, discarding a large amount of military supplies. This is the Battle of Fuping. The Battle of Fuping was the first large-scale resistance by the Song army since the Jin army invaded the south. The Song army was defeated and retreated, and the Jin army invaded Guanlong.
(4) Fuping was defeated in the Battle of Heshangyuan. Zhang Jun only led more than 1,000 troops and retreated to Xingzhou (now Lueyang, Shaanxi Province) at Shukou, and fled from Xingzhou into Langzhou (now Lueyang, Shaanxi). Today's Langzhong, Sichuan). The armies of the Southern Song Dynasty all retreated in Shaanxi. By March of the first year of Shaoxing (1131), the five roads in Shaanxi were basically occupied by the Jin.
Then, the Jin soldiers attacked the outpost position at Shukou, Heshangyuan (southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi today), with the purpose of occupying Shukou and marching into Sichuan.