"Fu" means that the yin energy is forced by the yang energy to hide underground. There are three volts every year, and the three volt days are the hottest time of the year.
Starting from the summer solstice, according to the arrangement of stems and branches, the third Geng day is Chufu. The fourth Geng day is Zhongfu, and the first Geng day after the beginning of autumn is Mofu. The character "Geng" in Geng Day is the seventh character in the ten-day stem of "A, B, C, D, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren, Gui". Geng Day is repeated every ten days.
The start and end times of Dog Days vary from year to year, generally ranging from mid-July to mid-August. How is it calculated specifically? The popular "Stems and Days Method" in my country uses 60 different groups of names that match the heavenly stems and earthly branches to mark the days. Every day with the character "Geng" is called "Geng Day".
The saying that "the five elements are mutually reinforcing and restraining each other" was popular in the Qin and Han Dynasties. It is believed that the hottest summer days belong to fire, and Geng belongs to metal. Metal is afraid of being melted by fire (fire overcomes metal), so on Geng day, metal will hide. . So it was stipulated that starting from the third Geng day after the summer solstice is the first day (10 days), and starting from the fourth Geng day after the summer solstice is the middle day (some years have 10 days, and some years have 20 days). The first Geng day after the beginning of autumn is the last day, also known as the last day (10 days), and is generally called the three days.
When there are 4 Geng days between the Summer Solstice and the Beginning of Autumn, the Zhongfu period is 10 days, and when there are 5 Geng days, it is 20 days. Therefore, the period from the Zhongfu period to the last period is sometimes ten days, and sometimes it is twenty days. , and the "first fall" and "last fall" are both 10 days.
In the Chinese lunar calendar, "Nine" is a customary miscellaneous festival, including "Winter Jiujiu" and "Summer Jiujiu". Among them, "Winter Jiujiu" is widely spread. It starts from the winter solstice, and every nine days is a nine, and each year there are nine nines and eighty-one days. March and April are the coldest times of the year.
"Xia Jiujiu" starts from the summer solstice, every nine days is one nine, and there are nine nine days and eighty-one days every year. Similarly, March and April are the hottest seasons of the year. It is in sharp contrast to "Winter Jiujiu". Unfortunately, it is not widely circulated. In fact, "Summer Jiujiu" does vividly reflect the relationship between date and phenology. For example, the one that best reflects the climate characteristics of most parts of my country is the "Summer Solstice Nine-Nine Songs" that was recently placed on an elm beam in the main hall of a Yuwang Temple in Laohe City, Hubei Province. The full text is:
The summer solstice has begun. On the first nine, the feather fan is held in the hand;
2918, taking off the crown and wearing silk gauze;
3927, sweating when going out;
Forty-nine thirty-six, sleeping in the open air with a mat;
Fifty-nine forty-five, like a tiger in the hot autumn;
Six-nine fifty-four, taking advantage of the cool air and entering the temple;
Seventy-nine sixty-three, touch the bedside sheets;
Nine-nine seventy-two, look for quilts at midnight;
Nine-nine eighty-one, open the cupboard Get cotton clothes.
The Dog Days of Old Beijing
Lao Ji
As we enter the sixth month of the lunar calendar, it’s time to count the Dog Days. As the saying goes: “It’s cold in the 39th month and hot in the 39th month. "The hottest days in Beijing are usually 36 or 7 degrees Celsius, and the heat is like gold."
There are calculations on the dog days in the ancient Chinese calendar. The term "three days" has been around since the Qin Dynasty. There is a clear record in "Hanshu Jiao Si Zhi". The note says: "June." Futian did not exist in the Zhou Dynasty, but it existed until this time (referring to Qin). "
The saying about Futian is consistent in the north and south of our country, and there is no distinction between north and south. An ancient annotation by Yan Shi said: "Yin Qi is about to rise, but it is forced by the setting sun and cannot rise, so it is hidden, hence the name Fu Ri."
In our Beijing, the climate is high and cool, although there is no Jiangnan "Huangmei Tian", but there are often continuous rains in the dog days. In the past, many old houses in Beijing were inevitably damp, so clothes should be dried regularly to prevent mold.
"A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Imperial Capital" says: "On June 6th, when people were drying their clothes in the sun, the old Confucians also broke their books, and the poor women wore their hair and kept their clothes dry. If they kept shining in the sun over and over again, they would harvest the preserved meats." Interesting It is a narration about the emperor's ceremonial car driving and "the old scholar's broken book and the poor girl's poor wife" mixed together, which is very interesting and interesting.
When there was an emperor, every time I went to the "Huang Shicheng" of the Fuzhong National History Museum (to the north of Changpu River Park in Nanchizi), I would post the "records" of each dynasty; all the major temples in Beijing would post Buddhist scriptures. Some even hold "Sutra Sharing Dharma Meetings".
The houses that Beijingers live in also have a special atmosphere in Futian. Even the two or three "chessboard center" (surrounded by tiles and a gray shed in the middle) houses in simple small triple courtyards, every time they arrive, In the scorching summer days, some cold cloths should be put on the wooden windows and bamboo curtains should be hung to provide some shade to the shadowy flowers in the house, creating a bit of comfort. Standing in the house and looking at the sky through the curtains During the day, the pomegranate tree under the eaves and the pots of jasmine and manicure on the windowsill.
The sky is cloudy and sunny, and the clouds can attract rain. It is very poetic to listen to the sound of rain in the courtyard through the bamboo curtain. After a while, the sky cleared up again, and a ray of setting sun illuminated the wall washed by the rain. Looking at the water in the low-lying areas of the courtyard, a flying red dragonfly skimmed across the water. Suddenly, I looked up and saw it again. There is a rainbow rising in the blue sky...
As the old saying goes: "The spring breeze brings wind to people, and the summer rain brings people to rain." Rain has been closely related to people's lives since ancient times, and the rain in the dog days in Beijing is particularly annoying. Love it, especially the kind of rain with a rainbow after it.
Small summer and big summer talk about the three volts
Zhao Shu
There is a saying in Beijing: Cold comes in the 39th year, and heat comes in the 3rd day.
The solar term of July 7th is Xiaoshu. The ancient book "Qunfangpu" says: "The summer is not yet at its peak." Because after Xiaoshu, the hottest period of the year is here. Dog days are the hottest days of the year when the rain is concentrated, and it is also the time when the clouds rise and the sun sets. "Han Shu Jiao Si Zhi Annotation" says: "Fu Zhe means that the Yin Qi will rise and will not rise due to the setting sun. Therefore, it is Hidden Fu, hence the name Fu Ri." On the summer solstice, the day is long and the angle of the sun is the highest. But it is not the hottest time of the year, because the heat close to the surface is still accumulating at this time and has not reached its maximum. After the summer solstice, the sunshine hours are getting less and less day by day, but the temperature continues to rise day by day. On the third Geng day after the summer solstice, the sun begins to fall. As the saying goes: "Small heat and big heat are closely linked, and the temperature rises and becomes hot." This period of time is called Futian.
The weather lasts for more than a month. The ancients called this period "Three Volts", which consists of the first, middle and last days. The third Geng day after the summer solstice is the first day of the Chufu. Ten days later, the fourth Geng day is called the Zhongfu. If the fifth Geng day is before the beginning of autumn, then the Zhongfu will take 20 days, commonly known as two days. Among them, Zhongfu; if it is after the Beginning of Autumn, Zhongfu lasts for 10 days; the first Geng day after the Beginning of Autumn is called Mofu. The first day of the lunar calendar in 2007 is Gengzi Day, which is July 15th, Gengshen day in the middle, July 25th, and Gengchen day in the last lunar month, August 14th. August 23 is the tenth day of the last period of the winter, and it will start to break out later. As the daylight hours shorten, the weather becomes cooler day by day. Since the fifth Geng Day (Geng Wu) after the summer solstice is August 4, and the Beginning of Autumn is August 6, there are 20 days of incest this year.
"Fu" means hiding yin energy in the heat, which has a warning effect. Geng, ranked seventh among the heavenly stems, belongs to gold when matched with the five elements. Metal is afraid of fire and will decrease day by day in the weather of several volts. Therefore, the ancients used Geng days to calculate "volts". After the fall, heavy rains can easily cause floods, which are called "fall floods". Farmers' proverbs say: "Mild heat and severe heat drown mice", "Farmers rejoice when rain comes, but don't forget to prevent floods during mild heat". Therefore, it is necessary to prevent both heatstroke and floods in hot weather. Our country uses ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches to match each other, and the sixty-day cycle has a history of more than 2,700 years. According to the study of oracle bone inscriptions, it was in the third year of Lu Yin Gong in the Spring and Autumn Period (AD The second day of the first lunar month (722 BC) has already started, and it has never been misremembered to this day. It is a miracle in the history of Chinese calendar. Since there is no certain corresponding rule between the zodiac signs and the lunar calendar months, except for the calculation of personal birthdays and horoscopes, it is rarely used in other fields. It can only be used to calculate "Furi", "Out of Plum into Plum", "Five Dragons", etc. Use it only during special solar terms.
Food customs during the dog days of summer
——Toufu dumplings, Erfu noodles, Sanfu pancakes and eggs
Zhang Xindi
The temperature rises sharply after the summer solstice , forming a scorching hot summer day. The hottest summer day is called "Futian", which originated from the Qin State in the Spring and Autumn Period. "Historical Records Qin Ji Liu" states: "The first Futian was in the second year of Duke Degong of Qin (676 BC)." Zhang Shoujie of the Tang Dynasty said: " During the Dog Day in June, Duke De of Qin started to do this, so those who were hiding in the clouds were hiding to avoid the heat. "In ancient times, like other festivals, many food customs were passed down among the people.
There is a common saying in old Beijing: "The first one is dumplings, the second is noodles, and the third is pancakes and eggs." It refers to the food customs that every family in old Beijing abides by for several days. Why do we have this food custom and saying? It is said to be related to the solar terms and the production skills of vegetable farmers at that time: agriculture was backward, and there were no greenhouse facilities. There were no more summer vegetables to supply the people. The few days of the summer solstice were the time when the vegetables were green and yellow. It was also because the summer days in old Beijing were extremely hot and made people sweat profusely. People in China are willing to make some simple, light and refreshing meals with less oil at this time, so the custom of eating dumplings, noodles, and pancakes on Futian has been derived.
Dumplings have a history of more than a thousand years. Dumplings were originally called "wontons". According to historical records, the book "Guang Ya" written by Zhang Yi from the Wei Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms describes a kind of wonton food: "Today's wontons are shaped like a crescent moon and are popular in the world." In recent years, a Tang Dynasty tomb in Turpan was found More than ten dumplings were found in the unearthed wooden bowl, and their shapes are exactly the same as today's dumplings. In the Qing Dynasty, eating dumplings was called boiled dumplings. "Yanjing Chronicles" says: "Every first day of the Lunar New Year, families, rich and poor, all used white flour as a snack, which was called boiled dumplings." The above shows the old Beijing. People have a long history of eating dumplings.
Beijing people love to eat dumplings all year round. In Futian, there are also various varieties and fillings of dumplings, including boiled dumplings, hot noodle dumplings, fried dumplings, pot sticker dumplings, etc. Some are stuffed with meatballs, some are stuffed with pumpkin, pumpkin or zucchini, some are stuffed with chives that you can eat all year round, and there are dumplings stuffed with lotus root made of fresh lotus root, fungus, eggs, and mushrooms. When I was a kid, my family also liked to make potsticker dumplings stuffed with melon. Pot stickers
Dumplings are also called "Fu (Fu) Stickers" or "Fu (Fu)" dumplings. "Fu" and "Fu" are homophonic, which means receiving good luck and wealth.
More than sixty years ago, when my family had a large population, every summer we would build a small earthen pot stove with bricks in the small courtyard, with firewood burning under the stove and a big pot on the stove. After the mother applied a layer of oil on the pan, she filled the pan with the wrapped dumplings, put a lid on it, and first used high heat and then low heat. The pan was cooked in just ten minutes. Dip the dumplings in some. When you eat it with vinegar, the brown and crispy pot stickers are really mouth-watering! The scene of helping people clean melons and eat pot stickers in the hospital is still fresh in my memory.
Nowadays, there are various varieties of high-end and low-end dumplings. If you don’t want to make your own when you are tired, you can still buy various iced dumplings or go to a dumpling restaurant to eat them. Of course, the taste is not as good as the home-made dumplings.
Erfu Day is already the hottest time of summer. Housewives in old Beijing love to make simple and delicious noodles as their staple food at this time, so they call it "Erfu Noodles".
In ancient times, noodles were called "soup cake" and "butuo". In the book "Night Sailing" written by Zhang Dai, there is a saying that "Wei made soup cakes, Jin made them without support". Noodles developed from soup cakes to noodle soup.
When making noodle soup in ancient times, one hand was used to hold the mixed noodles, and the other hand was used to tear the noodles into the pot to form "piece soup". The slices were torn very thin, like butterflies. It looks like wings, so it is also called "Butterfly Noodle". This method of making soup noodles is similar to the current Shanxi shaved noodles. It was not until the Jin Dynasty that people began to use chopping boards, rolling pins and knives, and no longer held them with their hands, so at this time the noodles were also called "Bu Tuo". During the Northern Song Dynasty, long noodles were made, called "suo noodles". By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were more varieties of noodles. Before and after liberation, there were many types of noodles including hand-stretched noodles, knife-cut noodles, machine-cut noodles and dried noodles, as well as white flour and cornmeal noodles.
The folk custom of eating noodles during the dog days has been around since the Three Kingdoms period. "Wei Style Spring and Autumn" says: "When eating soup cakes during the dog days, take a towel to wipe the sweat, and your face will look bright." So why is it so hot on a hot day? It's unbearably hot and you still want to eat hot noodle soup that makes you sweat? There was a book in the Southern Dynasties that said: "Soup cakes made during the solar eclipse in June are called to ward off evil." Because in ancient times, people believed that the fifth month of the lunar calendar was an evil month, and in June, people should ward off evil, and the method of "heating with heat" It has always been a good health prescription for summer heat advocated by traditional Chinese medicine health experts. In addition, the Erfu period coincides with the wheat harvest just after the summer harvest. People have the habit of "trying new things". They eat two bowls of noodle soup made with new wheat and break out in a sweat. This not only tastes new things but also drives away the evil spirits of the plague. That’s why we eat noodles during the second lunar month!
When old Beijingers were young, they not only loved to eat cold pork fried noodles, small bowls of dry fried noodles, and sesame sauce noodles, but also liked to eat them with pepper oil, cucumber shreds, radish shreds, green beans, Hot fried soybean noodles and sesame paste noodles are selected from the pot with minced green garlic and other vegetables. At that time, it was common to eat braised noodles with sliced ??meat, egg yolk, flower fungus and thick soup, as well as "meat and oil pickled noodles in soup" and "lamb noodles" that are rarely known today.
The so-called lard oil refers to boiled lard, and the pickled soup is made by adding the leftover pickles
from the previous year and adding pepper and aniseed to the fire. The oil-pickled soup is mixed with some vegetables. It is very smooth, delicious and refreshing. It is a delicacy of the old days.
"Mutton noodles" originated in the Song Dynasty. In the book "Yinshan Zhengyao" written by Hu Sihui of the Yuan Dynasty, mutton mushrooms were used to top the noodles, and the sauce was seasoned with pepper, salt and vinegar. Description of Buzhong and Qi. Old Beijingers often choose mutton breasts and shank meat, add water to stew them until they are seven or eight times mature, then cut them into cubes and add soaked dried shrimps, mushrooms, yellow flowers, black fungus and ginger slices, pepper salt, soy sauce, cooking wine, and MSG. Cook it, pour the noodles with the soup, and sprinkle some coriander, minced pepper, and vinegar. The food will be fragrant and not greasy, and it will replenish qi and blood. You will break out in a sweat after eating, and your whole body will feel comfortable.
In the dog days of summer, old Beijingers still eat eggs from pancake stalls.
Every year, the three days of summer fall after the beginning of autumn, and the climate is cooler than the middle days of autumn. Housewives can stand in front of the stove and cook pancakes for their families.
In ancient times, cake was a general term for foods made from grains and flour. It was not until the Tang and Song dynasties that pancakes began to become round pasta made of flour. Pancakes with various ingredients and fillings, thousand-layer pancakes, butter pancakes, homemade pancakes, and thin pancakes appeared.
In old Beijing, there were cake shops everywhere in the markets, mainly making thousand-layer cakes for the common people to buy food. Housewives who kept the house often made scallion pancakes, yeast cakes, etc. all year round. Stuffed zygotes, fat cakes, sesame paste sugar cakes, etc. are used as staple foods. In the dog days of summer, I like to make pancakes and lotus leaf pancakes, then cook mung bean porridge, spread a few eggs, buy some soy pork head, mix with garlic and tomato puree, mix with jelly or fish, and eat it as a family. It is a refreshing and delicious food in Futianli.
Although the food customs in the dog days of old Beijing are not big fish or meat, and are somewhat light and vegetarian, they are seasonal foods that are suitable for the season and are worthy of being passed down and promoted.