2 English reference ethanol [2 1 Century English-Chinese-English Bidirectional Dictionary]
Grain alcohol [Landau Chinese-English Dictionary]
3 GBNo。 3206 1
Four cases. 64 175
5 Chinese name ethanol
6 English name Ethylalcohol ethanol
7 alias alcohol is ethanol.
8 molecular formula C2H6O；; CH3CH2OH
Colorless liquid with fragrance.
10 molecular weight 46.07
1 1 vapor pressure 5.33kPa/ 19℃
Flash point 12℃
13 melting point 1 14. 1℃
14 boiling point 78.3℃
Solubility 15 is miscible with water and can be miscible with most organic solvents such as ether, chloroform and glycerol.
16 density Relative density (water1) 0.79; Relative density (air 1) 1.59
17 stable.
18 danger sign 7 (flammable liquid)
19 is mainly used in brewing industry, organic synthesis and disinfection as solvent.
Invasive routes of health hazards: inhalation, ingestion and percutaneous absorption.
Health hazard: This product is a central nervous system inhibitor. Excite first, then suppress.
Acute poisoning: Acute poisoning mostly occurs by oral administration. Generally, it can be divided into four stages: excitement, hypnosis, anesthesia and suffocation. When the patient enters the third or fourth stage, he will have unconsciousness, dilated pupils, irregular breathing, shock, heart failure and respiratory arrest.
Chronic effects: Long-term exposure to high concentration of this product during production may cause symptoms of nose, eyes and mucous membrane, as well as headache, dizziness, fatigue, excitement, tremor and nausea. Long-term alcoholism can cause polyneuropathy, chronic gastritis, fatty liver, liver cirrhosis, myocardial injury and organic psychosis. Long-term skin contact can cause dryness, desquamation, chapped skin and dermatitis.
Toxicological data and environmental behavioral toxicity of 2 1: it belongs to micro-toxicity.
Acute toxicity: LD507060mg/kg (taken orally by rabbits); 7340mg/kg (rabbit skin); LC5037620mg/m3, 10h (inhaled by rats); Inhalation of 4.3mg/L×50 minutes caused fever in the head and face, chills in the limbs and headache. Inhalation of 2.6mg/L×39 minutes has headache and no after-effect.
* * * Sex: rabbit eye: 500mg, severe * * *. Rabbit percutaneous open test: 15mg/24 hours, mild * * *.
Subacute and chronic toxicity: given to rats10.2g/(kg day) 12 weeks, weight loss, fatty liver.
Mutagenicity: microbial mutagenicity: Salmonella typhimurium negative. Dominant lethal test: mice were positive after taking1~1.5g/(kg day) for 2 weeks.
Reproductive toxicity: The lowest toxic concentration (TDL0) in abdominal cavity of rats was 7.5g/kg (9 days pregnant), which was teratogenic positive.
Carcinogenicity: The lowest oral toxic dose (TDL 0) of mice is 340 mg/kg (57 weeks, intermittent), which is carcinogenic.
Hazard characteristics: flammable, and its vapor can form an explosive mixture with air. Fire and high temperature can cause combustion and explosion. Contact with oxidant produces chemical reaction or causes combustion. In a fire, the heated container is in danger of explosion. Its vapor is heavier than air, and it can spread to a considerable distance at a lower place, which will lead to tempering when it meets an open flame.
Combustion (decomposition) products: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
22 Alcoholism The molecular formula of ethanol (alcohol) is C2H5OH, which is a colorless, flammable and volatile liquid with a special aromatic smell. It is also miscible with water and most organic solvents, widely used in industry, medicine and life, and is the main component of wine. Can be absorbed by digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin. Generally, more than 80% of oral ethanol is quickly absorbed by the upper digestive tract, and it is absorbed faster when drunk on an empty stomach. More than 90% of them are absorbed into the blood circulation within 1.5h after drinking, most of them are oxidized into acetyl coenzyme A, carbon dioxide and water by a series of enzymes in the liver, and heat is generated at the same time, and only a few of them are discharged from the lungs and kidneys. Ethanol is oxidized and metabolized rapidly, so its toxicity is not cumulative. Different individuals have different tolerance to ethanol. Long-term drinkers can induce the production of liver microsomal enzymes and enhance their tolerance to ethanol. Acute poisoning is mostly caused by one-time excessive drinking, commonly known as drunkenness. Other daily necessities containing ethanol can also cause acute poisoning if taken by mistake. Long-term alcoholism can cause chronic alcoholism. The dose of human poisoning varies from person to person, and it is generally 75 ~ 80ml； for adults; The lethal dose of children is 6 ~ 30ml, and that of adults is 250 ~ 500ml. [ 1]
22. 1 Toxicology Alcohol is a fat-soluble substance, which can quickly penetrate the cell membrane of the central nervous system of the brain and act on the enzymes on the cell membrane, so that the function of the cerebral cortex is inhibited, showing that it is excited first and then inhibited. The euphoria is due to ethanol inhibiting the higher central nervous system of cerebral cortex, thus relieving the inhibition of limbic system. When the alcohol intake increases, the inhibition of the central nervous system is enhanced, which first acts on the cerebral cortex and then affects the subcortical center, which can cause paralysis of the medullary vascular motor center and respiratory center. Respiratory center paralysis is the main cause of serious death. Peripheral vasodilation, central nervous system inhibition, thermoregulation disorder and consciousness decline will all lead to hypothermia. In addition, it can also affect the metabolism of sugar in the liver, so that pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, while gluconeogenesis is reduced, leading to hypoglycemia. [ 1]
22.2 Clinical manifestations Acute alcoholism mainly causes the clinical manifestations that the central nervous system is excited first and then inhibited. Generally can be divided into two periods [2]? ：
Excited period: excited state, euphoria, uncertainty of sadness and joy, judgment disorder, incoherent speech, facial flushing, vomiting, unsteady gait, uncoordinated activities, and even insanity and mania.
After the excitement period, people gradually become sleepy and even coma. Urinary incontinence, hypothermia, decreased blood pressure and decreased heart rate. Wet and cold skin, pale face, cyanosis of lips, dilated or normal pupils, slow breathing, snoring, which can often cause aspiration pneumonia due to inhalation of vomit, and even death due to respiratory paralysis.
Children fall into a coma soon after poisoning, which can lead to hypoglycemia convulsion, high fever, shock, acute pulmonary edema, pneumonia, toxic encephalopathy and increased intracranial pressure.
Complications: Adult severe alcoholism may be complicated with toxic pulmonary edema, cerebrovascular accident, frequent ventricular premature beats, atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmia and liver function damage. Acute alcoholic myopathy, myalgia, myasthenia, muscle swelling and rhabdomyolysis can also occur after heavy drinking, leading to acute renal failure. Severe alcoholism can be complicated with brain edema, at which time intracranial pressure increases, and patients' headache, vomiting and disturbance of consciousness deepen, especially fundus edema, which is an important basis for brain edema. Severe brain edema can be complicated with cerebral hernia, which aggravates the condition and endangers the life of patients.
Chronic poisoning: Long-term alcoholics may suffer from malnutrition, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, liver cirrhosis, myocardial damage, polyneuropathy, Wernicke encephalopathy, etc.
22.3 laboratory examination [3]
1. The concentration of ethanol in serum, exhaled breath and urine is high, and non-alcoholic people may be unconscious when the ethanol concentration is greater than 32.6 mmol/L, and the blood alcohol concentration is >; 86.8mmol/L, or coma over 65438±0.2h, the prognosis is poor.
2. Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, mild metabolic acidosis, increased serum osmotic pressure, abnormal liver function, increased blood cholesterol, increased white blood cell count, left shift of nucleus, increased blood creatine kinase and positive urine myoglobin may occur.
3. ECG has various arrhythmia and STT changes.
22.4 The main points of the diagnosis of ethanol poisoning are [3]? ：
1. Poisoning history: excessive drinking or drinking, and children have a history of rubbing with alcohol because of fever. The patient's breath and vomit have a strong alcohol smell.
2. Poisoning symptoms: central nervous system excitement, ataxia or lethargy. Severe coma is in a coma; And eliminate drowsiness and coma caused by drugs, chemical gases and other reasons.
3. Laboratory examination: It is helpful to determine the concentration of vomit or alcohol in the blood of suspected patients.
4. Acidosis should be differentiated from metabolic acidosis caused by hypotension, diabetic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis caused by other alcoholism. Coma patients should rule out coma caused by other reasons.
22.5 the main points of treatment of ethanol poisoning are [4]? ：
Generally, drunkenness does not require treatment. Mild poisoning only requires bed rest, keeping warm and drinking some strong tea and coffee to sober up. Mung bean soup, pears, watermelons and water chestnuts are eaten raw, which also have a good hangover effect. Oral administration of high-dose ethanol can induce vomiting or gastric lavage within 30min, and gastric lavage can be performed with water or 1: 2000 ~ 1: 5000 potassium permanganate solution. Don't wash too much gastric juice, just within 2000~4000ml, and the negative pressure of the aspirator should be small. Frequent vomiting occurs during gastric lavage, and gastric lavage can be stopped. You can take 20g sodium sulfate to relieve constipation (avoid using magnesium sulfate).
1. Symptom support therapy
Keep airway unobstructed, prevent aspiration, keep warm, correct hypothermia, correct acidosis, and protect important organ functions.
(1) Restrain patients with restlessness when necessary, use sedatives with caution, and inject diazepam 5 ~ 10 mg intramuscularly when necessary. Barbiturate sedatives and morphine should not be used to avoid respiratory inhibition, while paraformaldehyde, chlorpromazine and phenazine all have synergistic effects with alcohol, so use them with caution. If the patient vomits frequently, or retches or vomits bile, antiemetic drugs, such as metoclopramide 10mg intramuscular injection, should be applied as soon as possible to prevent acute gastric mucosal lesions. No vomiting, no antiemetic.
(2) For patients with respiratory depression and severe coma, coramine and lobeline can be used and oxygen can be inhaled. Use artificial respiration for mechanical ventilation when necessary. Positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation is suitable for respiratory failure. PEEP should not exceed 0.98kPa(lOcmH2O) to avoid increasing the burden of cardiac circulation or complications such as mediastinal emphysema, subcutaneous emphysema or pneumothorax.
(3) For patients with brain edema, the water intake should be limited. 1. 20% mannitol 125 ~ 150 ml should be given intravenously once every 6 ~ 8 hours, because it is harmful to the kidneys, especially for the elderly patients, it can be used alternately with furosemide injection, or sodium aescinate or glycerol sodium chloride can be given intravenously. Cold compress of head ice pack can reduce the temperature of head and protect brain cells by reducing oxygen consumption.
(4) Patients with hypotension and shock should be given vasoactive drugs, alamin, dopamine and ephedrine.
(5) correct acidosis.
(6) Rational use of antibiotics in infected patients.
(7) Central venous pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be monitored if conditions permit, so as to know whether the patient has hypovolemia and pulmonary edema, and to facilitate timely symptomatic treatment.
(8) those with bleeding tendency were given fresh plasma of vitamin K. ..
2. Drug therapy
(1) Naloxone: Naloxone therapy has been widely used recently. Naloxone has a certain awakening effect on coma patients, and the awakening time of severe poisoning patients is shortened and the mortality rate is reduced. Naloxone 0.4 ~ 0.8 mg (0. O65438+ children 0mg/kg) intravenous injection, if necessary, every 15 ~ 30 min, until the patient is awake and breathing smoothly. Patients with severe poisoning can add 0.8 ~ 1.2 mg of naloxone to 500ml 10% glucose solution to maintain intravenous drip, and at the same time, the dose is 0.4mg once every half hour. Use with caution in patients with cardiac insufficiency and hypertension. Or methylphenidate 10 ~ 20 mg intramuscular injection or intravenous injection, and l ~ 3/d ethambutol 1g is added to 500ml 10% glucose solution for slow intravenous drip, 1/d, which is contraindicated for acute brain edema. Xingnaojing (Angong Niuhuang Injection) 2 ~ 4 ml intramuscular injection or intravenous injection,1~ 2/d; Or angong Niuhuang pill, nasal feeding, 2/d, each time 1 capsule. Others, such as Qingkailing and Shengmai injection, also have certain curative effects.
(2) Add 8 ~ 12u ordinary insulin into 500ml 10% glucose solution for intravenous drip; Intramuscular injection of vitamin B 1, B6 and nicotinamide (each 100mg) can accelerate the oxidation of ethanol in vivo. According to the condition, it can be given once every 6 ~ 8 hours. Intravenous infusion of 5% ~ 10% glucose solution can also accelerate urine 40mg and promote drug excretion.
(3) For patients with shallow and slow breathing, sodium benzoate and caffeine 0.25~0.5g can be injected intravenously or intramuscularly, or pentylenetetrazol 0. 1 ~ 0.2g can be injected intramuscularly, or ritalin 10 ~ 20mg and nikethamide 0.375g can be used alternately every 2h.
(4) Fructose: accelerate the decrease of ethanol concentration, 5 ~10g/d. ..
(5) Hemodialysis therapy can effectively remove ethanol from the body and is suitable for people in deep coma.
(6) For dehydration due to alcoholism, intravenous rehydration can be used to maintain electrolyte and acid-base balance. High dose of vitamin B 1, vitamin B6, vitamin C, glucurolactone and tiopronin were given to protect the liver. Avoid morphine so as not to suppress breathing. For patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 800mg of Taiweimei can be taken orally or 20mg of famotidine can be injected intravenously.
3. Patients with chronic poisoning should give up drinking completely and treat nerve injury. Because there are often low magnesium, low potassium, low calcium, hypophosphatemia and various vitamin deficiencies, it is necessary to supplement them in time.
22.6 The prognosis is poisoning caused by excessive drinking, which usually recovers within 5 ~ 6 hours. Adults take 5 ~ 6g/kg once, children take 3g/kg, and the blood concentration is >; 4g/L, easy to die. If accompanied by aspiration or other basic diseases, the mortality rate will increase. [5]
22.7 Prevention [5]
1. Avoiding excessive drinking is the key to prevention.
2. Take medicinal liquor to master the dosage, and avoid excessive dosage and concentration when rubbing with alcohol.
3. People with heart, lung, liver and kidney diseases and upper digestive tract ulcers should be forbidden to drink alcohol.
23 field emergency monitoring method gas detection tube method; Portable gas chromatograph
Gas rapid measuring tube (product of Beijing Labor Insurance Institute)
24 Laboratory monitoring methods Gas chromatography "Air and waste gas monitoring and analysis methods" compiled by the State Environmental Protection Agency.
Manual for Testing, Analysis and Evaluation of Solid Waste by Gas Chromatography translated by China National Environmental Monitoring Center, etc.
Potassium dichromate method "Determination method of harmful substances in the air of chemical enterprises", Chemical Industry Press.
25 Environmental Standard The maximum allowable concentration of harmful substances in the air of the workshop in the former Soviet Union is 1000mg/m3. The air quality standard of the former Soviet Union (1977) was 5.0mg/m3. The olfactory threshold concentration is 50ppm. 26 Emergency treatment of leakage will quickly evacuate the personnel in the leaked contaminated area to a safe area, isolate them and strictly restrict access. Cut off the fire. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and fire protection clothing. Don't touch the leak directly. Cut off the source of leakage as much as possible to prevent it from entering confined spaces such as sewers and flood discharge ditches. Small amount of leakage: adsorbed or absorbed by sand or other nonflammable substances. It can also be washed with a lot of water, and the lotion is diluted and put into the wastewater system. A large number of water leaks: build a dike or dig a pit to accommodate; Cover with foam to reduce steam disaster. Use explosion-proof pump to transfer to tank car or special collector. Recover or transport to the waste disposal site for treatment.
27 Protective measures Respiratory system protection: Generally, special protection is not needed, and a filter gas mask (half mask) can be worn when exposed to high concentration.
Eye protection: generally no special protection is needed.
Physical protection: wear anti-static work clothes.
Hand protection: wear gloves for general operation.
Others: Smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace.
28 first aid measures skin contact: take off contaminated clothes and rinse with running water.
Eye contact: Lift eyelids and rinse with running water or normal saline. See a doctor.
Inhalation: leave the scene quickly and go to a place with fresh air. See a doctor.
Ingestion: Drink plenty of warm water, induce vomiting and seek medical advice.
Fire extinguishing method: move the container from the fire to the open place as much as possible. Spray water to keep the burning container cool until the fire goes out. Extinguishing agent: soluble foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand.
29 ethanol pharmacopoeia standard 29. 1 Chinese name 29. 1. 1 ethanol
29. 1.2 Chinese Pinyin Yichun
29. 1.3 English name ethanol
29.2 molecular formula and molecular weight C2H6O? 46.07
29.3 Characteristics This product is a colorless clear liquid; Slightly smelly, with the smell of burning; Volatile, easy to burn, with light blue flame when burning; Boil when heated to about 78℃.
This product can be mixed with water, glycerin, chloroform or ether at will.
29.3. 1 relative density The relative density of this product (Appendix ⅵ a of Pharmacopoeia Part II, 20 10) is not more than 0.8 129, which is equivalent to a C2H6O content of not less than 95.0%(ml/ml).
29.4 Identification (1) Take this product 1ml, add 5ml of water and 1ml of sodium hydroxide test solution, and then slowly add 2ml of iodine test solution, that is, it has the odor of iodoform and yellow precipitate.
(2) The infrared absorption spectrum of this product should be consistent with the reference substance (Appendix Ⅳ c).
29.5 Check the pH value to be 29.5. 1 Take 20ml of this product, add 20ml of water, shake well, and add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicating solution, which should be colorless; Add 0.0 1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution 1.0ml, and the solution should be pink.
29.5.2 Clarity and color of solution This product should be clear and colorless. Take a proper amount of this product and mix it with equal volume of water, and the solution should be clarified; After standing at 10℃ for 30 minutes, the solution should still be clear.
29.5.3 Absorbance Take this product, take water as a blank, and measure the absorbance according to ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (Appendix Ⅳ a of Pharmacopoeia Part II, 20 10 edition), which shall not exceed 0.08 at the wavelength of 240nm; The wavelength range of 250 ~ 260 nm shall not exceed 0.06; The wavelength range of 270 ~ 340 nm shall not exceed 0.02.
29.5.4 Volatile impurities shall be determined by gas chromatography (Appendix ⅴ e of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10).
29.5.4. 1 chromatographic conditions and system applicability test: 6% cyanopropyl phenyl 94% dimethyl polysiloxane was used as stationary liquid; The initial temperature is 40℃, maintained at 12 minutes, and the temperature is raised to 240℃ at the rate of 10℃ per minute, and maintained at 10 minutes; The temperature of that sample inlet is 200 DEG C; The detector temperature is 280℃. The resolution between acetaldehyde peak and methanol peak in control solution (B) should meet the requirements.
29.5.4.2 method accurately measures 100μl anhydrous methanol, puts it in a 50ml volumetric flask, dilutes it to scale with the test sample, shakes it evenly, accurately measures 5ml, puts it in a 50ml volumetric flask, dilutes it to scale with the test sample, and shakes it evenly as a control solution (a); Accurately measure 50μl of anhydrous methanol and 50μl of acetaldehyde, put them in a 50ml volumetric flask, dilute them to scale with the sample, and shake well. Accurately measure 100μl, put it in a 100 ml volumetric flask, dilute it to scale with the test sample, and shake it evenly as a control solution (b); Accurately measure 150μl acetal, put it in a 50ml volumetric flask, dilute it to scale with the sample, and shake well. Accurately measure 100μl, put it in a 10ml volumetric flask, dilute it to scale with the test sample, and shake it evenly as a control solution (c); Accurately measure 100μl of benzene, put it in a 100ml volumetric flask, dilute it to scale with the test sample, shake it well, accurately measure 100μl, put it in a 50ml volumetric flask, dilute it to scale with the test sample, and shake it well as a control solution (d); Taking a test solution as a test solution (a); Accurately measure150μ l of 4 methyl 2 pentanol, put it in a 500ml volumetric flask, add the sample, dilute it to scale, and shake it evenly as the sample solution (b). Accurately measure 65438 0 μ l of the control solutions (a), (b), (c) and (d) and the test solutions (a) and (b), respectively, and inject them into the gas chromatograph to record the chromatogram. If an impurity peak appears in the test solution (a), the area of the methanol peak shall not be more than 0.5 times of the main peak area of the reference solution (a). The total amount of acetaldehyde and acetal shall be calculated according to formula (1), and the total amount shall not exceed 0.005438+0% (calculated by acetaldehyde); The benzene content calculated by formula (2) shall not exceed 0.0002%; The sum of the peak areas of other impurities in the test solution (B) shall not be greater than the peak area of 4 methyl 2 pentanol (0.03%, calculated as 4 methyl 2 pentanol).
Total content of acetaldehyde and acetal% [(0.00 1 %× AE)/(atae)]+[(0.003 %× ce)/(ctce)] formula (1).
Where AE is the peak area of acetaldehyde in the test solution (a);
AT is the peak area of acetaldehyde in the control solution (b);
CE is the peak area (a) of acetal in the test solution;
CT is the peak area (c) of acetal in the control solution;
Benzene content% (0.0002% be)/(BTBE) ×100% formula (2)
Where BE is the peak area of benzene in the test solution;
BT is the peak area of benzene in the control solution. [6]
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29.5.5 Take 40ml of this product as nonvolatile, put it in an evaporating dish with constant weight, evaporate it in water bath at 105℃, and dry it at 105℃ for 2 hours. The residue shall not exceed 1mg.
29.6 categories of disinfection and antiseptic drugs and solvents.
29.7 Storage shall be covered and sealed.
29.8 edition of People's Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia (20 10 edition)
30 ethanol instructions 30. 1 alias ethanol alcohol; Alcohol, ethanol
30.2 mbth alcohol
30.3 instructions