Northwest of Zhangjiajie, 60 kilometers away from downtown Zhangjiajie, is the hometown of Marshal He Long. The scenic tourism resources here are very rich, integrating mountains, forests, water, caves, ethnic customs and revolutionary ideas, forming a scene in the East and a large number of scenic spots in the West. This is another good place for tourists to visit Zhangjiajie.
At present, the developed tourist attraction here is the scenic spot of Loushuiping Lake Canyon in the east. Visitors can take a boat to Jiangya Power Station via Wulingyuan. In the west, there are Jiutian Cave, the first cave in Asia, He Long's former residence (memorial hall), Kuzhu River folk town, the original forest eco-tourism project of Tianping Mountain in Badagong Mountain and the Lishui River rafting project.
There are many scenic spots and picturesque scenery in Sangzhi area. Mulberries are mainly planted, and many beautiful scenic spots can be visited nearby. If you travel from Sangzhi County to Jiutian Cave, you can take part in the local "three trips a day"-Lishui rafting, visiting the ancient town of Kuzhuhe and exploring Jiutian Cave. First of all, starting from the Chixi Ferry at the west of Sangzhi County 1 km, the "Little Three Gorges" drifts in Lishui, passing through five long beaches at 18, with attractions such as Dinosaur Pass, Dragon Claw Rock, Elephant Trunk Cave, Wu Liping and Xiangshui Cave along the way.
Drifting 9 kilometers to the ancient town of Kuzhuhe. Li Sanchang Street inlaid with bluestone tablets, the ancient temple stage, the diaojiao building where Tujia people stand by and watch, and the houses with eaves and walls are unobstructed.
After visiting the ancient town of Kuzhuhe, it takes 15 minutes to reach Jiutian Cave.
Introduction to Mulberry Planting
General situation of mulberry planting
Sangzhi County, located in the northwest of Hunan, is the hometown of Marshal He Long and the starting point of the Long March of the Red Second Front Army. The county covers a total area of 3474 square kilometers, governs 38 townships, and 1 county directly under the forest farm. The total population is more than 430,000, of which ethnic minorities account for 88%. Because "the first hole in Asia"-Jiutian Cave has become a bright pearl embedded in Zhangjiajie.
Sangzhi has beautiful scenery and rich cultural relics. The territory of rolling mountains, streams gurgling, beautiful scenery. The Badagong Mountain National Nature Reserve, 80 kilometers away from the county seat, has 23,200 hectares of virgin forest and more than 6,400 species of wild animals and plants, including Davidia involucrata, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, South China Tiger, clouded leopard, giant salamander, black brown bear and other rare animals and plants. Known as the "gene bank" of Asian species, it is a resort for scientific research, tourism, vacation and recuperation. Jiutian Cave, which is 0/7 km away from the county seat/kloc-,is known as "the first cave in Asia" and has become an international cave exploration base and a member of the International Cave Association. Lishui and Jinzang River scenic spots attract domestic and foreign tourists with their original features. He Long's former residence, He Long Memorial Hall, "Furong Dragon" dinosaur fossil site, Kuzhuhe ancient town and other cultural landscapes are widely known. 17 All ethnic groups have lived in harmony for a long time, and their national cultures and customs are colorful.
Mulberry plants are rich in resources, and it is one of the 500 resource-rich counties (cities) in China. Natural gas, iron ore, coal, silica and other reserves rank in the forefront of the province. The theoretical reserve of hydropower is 484,000 kilowatts, which is the largest county with the most development value in Hunan Province. The mountains and rivers are vast, and there are many agricultural and forestry native products. The county has 3 million cubic meters of standing trees and 330,000 mu of artificial cypress trees. It is the largest papaya base in China and the largest phellodendron base in the south, and the output of Huang Lian and gallnut ranks first in the province. There are still 3.58 million mu of mountains and 6.5438+0.76 million mu of grassland, of which the area of natural grassland in Nantan is 6.5438+0.8 million mu, which has broad prospects for developing animal husbandry. There are more than 1700 kinds of medicinal plants available for development and utilization, which is one of the three "national medicine banks" in China.
Mulberry planting has begun to take shape. At present, the county has basically formed basic industries with complete categories and reasonable layout, such as energy, food, machinery, building materials, metallurgy, mining and chemical industry. Coal, beverages, alcohol, ferrosilicon, cement and other products sell well both inside and outside the province, and paleontological stone carving crafts, multifunctional micro-combiners and frozen pork and beef are exported to the United States, Japan, Russia and Southeast Asia and other countries and regions.
Sangzhi County enjoys an excellent investment environment. It is only 75 kilometers away from Zhangjiajie Railway Station and Airport, and the road traffic extends in all directions. Communication facilities have been greatly improved, all towns and villages have opened digital program-controlled telephones, and the county's installed power capacity is 49,800 kilowatts, with sufficient power supply; The supporting service facilities for urban construction are perfect. The county has also formulated preferential measures to encourage investment and the investment environment has been greatly improved.
Sangzhi has beautiful scenery, outstanding people and rich products. It is a treasure to be developed and has great development potential. The people of Sangzhi have opened the mountain gate, and sincerely welcome you to visit Sangzhi, negotiate trade, set up industries and join hands to create a better future.
natural environment
Sangzhi County is located at east longitude 109 degrees 41-10 degrees 46 and north latitude 29 degrees 17-38 degrees 84. It is located at the northern foot of Wuling Mountain and the southern end of western Hubei Mountain. Located in the northwest of Hunan Province, it belongs to Zhangjiajie, an emerging international tourist city. It is adjacent to Cili County, Shixian County and Wulingyuan District in the east, Yongding County, Yongding County and Yongshun County in the south, Longshan County in the west, Xuanen County and Hefeng County in Hubei Province in the north, 456 kilometers away from the provincial capital Changsha and 7 1 km away from Zhangjiajie City, with a total area of 3,474 square kilometers.
The Sangzhi geotectonic unit belongs to the Neocathaysian tectonic system and is a part of the Yang geosyncline. Due to the limitation of Bamianshan fold, the terrain inclines from northwest to southeast, and it is widely distributed in Zhongshan and low mountain landforms. The strata in the county mainly belong to Middle Triassic, Lower Cambrian and Lower Sinian, mainly Triassic and Silurian. Wuling Mountain is divided into three branches from Wu Yun, Guizhou, and the north branch and the middle branch extend to the whole territory of Sangzhi, forming 40 main peaks, most of which are northeast-southwest trending, with large and small hills 10426. The main peak of Badagong Mountain is1890.4m above sea level, and the lowest point of Liuyang River Valley in Zhuyeping Township is154m above sea level. Sangzhi County is a natural landscape.
There are many streams and rivers in Sangzhi, which are fast-flowing and not frozen all year round. There are more than 4 10 rivers, with an area of 5 140 hectares and 0. 12 rivers per square kilometer. The main rivers are the source of Lishui and Huangshui, the main tributary of Lishui.
Sangzhi county belongs to the inland monsoon climate of Central Asia. Because of the great difference in landforms, the climate change is vertical. "Four seasons in one mountain, different days in ten miles" is one of the intermittent local thunderstorm centers. Due to the complex terrain and special climate, it not only formed a microclimate environment suitable for the growth of animals and plants, but also caused a variety of disastrous weather, with nine disasters in ten years.
Historical investigation
The ancient history of Sangzhi is called the ancient southwest land, which belongs to Jing land in Xia and Shang Dynasties, Chu land in Western Zhou Dynasty, Cigu County in Chu County in Spring and Autumn Period, and Chongxian County, Tianmen County, Linli County, Chongyi County and Cili County in Wuling County from Western Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty. During the Song Renzong period, Sangzhi carried out the toast system and established Sangzhi Fu Xuansi. It was named after Sangzhiping (now Bamaoxi, Wudaoshui Town). The Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties inherited the Song system, and in the fifth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, the land was changed into a stream, and Sangzhi County was established in the seventh year (1729), which has been inherited to this day.
1949, 10, 16, Sangzhi was liberated by China People's Liberation Army, and Sangzhi County Provisional People's Government was established. On March 29th of the following year, Sangzhi County People's Government was established, which was affiliated to Yongshun Society. 1952, Yongshun organization was revoked and was managed by Xiangxi Miao Autonomous Region. 1April, 954, the autonomous region was changed into an autonomous prefecture. 1In May 1988, Dayong City was established with the approval of the State Council, and Sangzhi County was placed under the jurisdiction of Dayong City.1In April 1994, Dayong City was renamed as Zhangjiajie City.
Sangzhi County is an important part of China's establishment of the border between Hunan and Hubei, including western Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Hubei. 1927- 1935, that is, during the second revolutionary civil war, the Soviet government of Sangzhi County was established in China, which was subordinate to Xiangxi, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou. At the same time, Sangzhi, Hefeng, Shimen, Cili, Changyang and Wufeng governments were established in the county, and Sangzhi and Longshan governments were established. /kloc-in the winter of 0/927, He Long and He Jinzhai of Hongjiaguan in Sangzhi County formed a peasant uprising with more than 6,000 people and more than 300 guns. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/928, Sangzhi Uprising was launched, and Sangzhi County Committee and Sangzhi Revolutionary Committee were established. 1June, 930, the Red Fourth Army led by He Long, the Red Sixth Army founded by Zhou Yiqun, and the Hubei Public Security Committee formed the Red Second Army Corps (193 1 year was reorganized into the Red Third Army Corps), which successively opened up 0 plots in western Hunan and 0 plots in eastern Guizhou. 1934 Red Army Corps. The Red Sixth Army Corps joined forces in Yinjiang County, Guizhou Province, and established the headquarters of the Red Second and Sixth Army Corps. 1935, the world-famous 25,000-mile Long March started from Liujiaping, Sangzhi. In the struggle to open up the base areas, more than 50,000 Sangzhi people joined the Red Army guerrillas and local red political power, among which more than 5,000 people died for the revolution and made great contributions to the China revolution. Sang Zhiji's important historical figures are not only the late He Long, He Ying, He Bangkok, He Jinzhai and He Pengfei, the son of He Long (Lieutenant General, former deputy commander of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy), but also Liao Hansheng, former vice chairman of the National People's Congress.
administrative division
1995 Sangzhi County was removed from districts and merged into townships, and 7 district offices of suburb, Ruitapu, Guandiping, Liangshuikou, Chenjiahe, Wudaoshui and Liaojiacun were abolished, and 45 townships were merged into 8 townships and 8 towns. 1998 10 month, 16 township is divided into 38 townships. 200 1 Add Tianxingshan Forest Farm. By the end of 2003, there were 9 towns and 29 townships 1 directly under the jurisdiction of the county, 558 village (neighborhood) committees and 4006 villagers' groups.
mineral resources
Land resources: According to the latest statistics in 2003, the total land area of the county is 3474 square kilometers.
Mineral resources: Sangzhi County has developed strata and rich mineral resources. There are more than 27 kinds of mineral deposits with proven reserves, including 142 mineral deposits and mineralization points. The main minerals are natural gas, iron, coal, silica and so on. , reserves in the forefront of the province. Among the main minerals, the estimated reserves of natural gas are 654.38+0982 billion cubic meters, the proven reserves of iron ore are 350 million tons, and the reserves of bauxite and bauxite are 20 million tons.
Water resources: the average annual runoff of the county is 3.893 billion cubic meters, the total surface water resources is 6.725 billion cubic meters, and the theoretical reserve of hydropower resources is 484,000 kilowatts. It is the most valuable county in Hunan Province at present. But at present, less than 2% of them have been developed, and there are 27 small and medium-sized hydropower stations with an installed capacity of 1.208 million kilowatts. Medium-sized hydropower stations include He Long Reservoir Hydropower Station, Badouxi Pumping Station and Yanbitan Electric Irrigation Station. There are 38 medium-sized reservoirs (Shuangquan Reservoir) 1 seat and 38 small reservoirs in the county. The total amount of groundwater resources in the county is 488 million cubic meters/year.
Tourism resources: Sangzhi County is rich and unique in tourism resources and has its own system. There are Badagong Mountain and Jiutian Cave, national nature reserves, Chixi River, the former residence of Marshal He Long, and the starting point of the Long March of the Red Second Army. The rich ethnic customs of Tujia and Bai nationalities make Chinese and foreign tourists linger and have broad prospects for tourism development. In 2005, it received 55 1 10,000 tourists, and the tourism income was 72 million yuan.
Country and population
At the end of 2003, the total population of Sangzhi County was 43 1702, the birth rate was 1.359%, the death rate was 0.749%, the planned birth rate was 9.576%, the Han population was 49,470, accounting for 12% of the total population, and the minority population was 38,222. The agricultural population is 378,797 and the non-agricultural population is 52,905. There are 224,630 males and 207,072 females. The population density is per square kilometer 123 people.
The mysterious folk custom of Sangzhi
1. Ethnic flavor
There are also slag, three pots, Tujia bacon, thousand-layer tofu, rock bar fish, bean paste, wild Ge Fen and so on
Tujia bacon
Tujia people in western Hunan have a special hobby for pickled products. Every winter solstice, every household will kill Nian pig and make bacon. Fresh pork, pig's head and pig's foot are all used to make bacon. Tujia bacon practice, first cut the fresh meat into strips of five or six pounds, then put it in a vat (never wash it with water), sprinkle with salt, pour some wine, add some spices such as star anise, pepper and pepper, and finally press it with a big stone for pickling. In order to make the meat taste even, turn the noodles every one or two days. After a week, the salty taste and fragrance have penetrated into the meat, and then the meat is taken out for smoking.
In the middle of the farmhouse hall in the Tujia mountainous area of western Hunan, every family has a big fire pond that never goes out in winter. There are big stumps or stumps burning in the fireplace at any time. There is a lifting hook on the fireplace, and a cauldron or kettle is hung for cooking and boiling water. The cured dried meat strips are hung on the high roof beam above the fire pit, and naturally smoked with the smoke rising from the fire pit. Because the smoking process is long, slow and full, and many burning stumps or stumps have special fragrance, the smoked bacon is really delicious!
(Note: There are generally two kinds of bacon sold in Zhangjiajie market: one is smoked by a special smoking shop, and the other is bacon made by farmers. The above two kinds of bacon, the former is beautifully packaged, and the latter is unpacked, but the taste is particularly fragrant. )
Hehezha
Grind soybeans soaked in water with a mill, then add chopped green leaves, and then cook them with warm fire. Although this dish is simple, it has high nutritional value and delicious taste. It is a dish commonly used by local people.
Sanxiaguo
Tujia's "three pots" have a unique flavor. According to legend, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court recruited Tusi soldiers from Xiangxi and Hubei to fight against the Japanese aggressors, just in time for the end of the year. In order not to miss the military plane, the toast king ordered the Chinese New Year one day earlier, so bacon, tofu and bamboo baskets were cooked in one pot, which was called "combined dishes" and later evolved into "three pots". Dear passengers, when you arrive in Zhangjiajie, I suggest you try the "three-mouth pot" in a small restaurant, which will never be forgotten.
Sangzhiyan dried tofu
Mulberry salted dried bean curd is a famous local specialty. During the Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty, the salted dried bean curd made by Sangzhi County bean curd industry sold well in Changsha, Wuhan, Guangzhou and other places, and was once listed as a tribute and famous in Beijing. Modern scientific analysis has proved that the nutritional value of salted dried bean curd is not lower than that of milk, and it has the functions of clearing away heat and moistening dryness, promoting fluid production and detoxifying, nourishing the middle warmer, relaxing the intestines and reducing turbidity. Therefore, people who like to eat salted dried tofu generally have smooth skin, crystal clear, less acne and normal gastrointestinal function. Therefore, salted dried bean curd is one of the beauty products.
2. Different ethnic groups
Sangzhi is inhabited by 18 ethnic groups, with Tujia, Bai and Miao as the main populations. They live in mountainous areas and retain their own national cultural and artistic characteristics, and their national culture and folk customs are colorful.
Tujia people account for 50% of the county's population, and their costumes and languages are similar to those of Tujia people in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture and western Hubei.
Sangzhi Bai nationality is the only Bai nationality settlement in Hunan. It was once called "folk family" for a long time. Their ancestors migrated from Dali, Yunnan at the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty. Its ethnic characteristics are diverse, with white as the main feature, the hobby of "burning corn and shochu", the hobby of entertaining guests and sifting three teas, the hobby of living in a "eight-character gate" as a "quadrangle", the hobby of believing in the Lord God, and the hobby of expressing love and engagement by singing and dancing.
Sangzhi Gaoshan nationality was mainly migrated from the island of Taiwan Province Province by Min Deqing, a Gaoshan peasant in Taiwan Province Province. 1895, Japanese invaders occupied Taiwan Province province. Unable to stand the slavery of Japanese militarism, they left home alone and wandered on the mainland. Later, on 1938, they settled in Liangshuikou, Sangzhi County and became a permanent ethnic group of Sangzhi. They kept the special customs of ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province Province.
3. Precious cultural relics
He Long's former residence: Hongjiaguan, located near Sangzhi County, is the hometown of Marshal He Long. There are He Long's former residence, He Long Memorial Hall, He Long Bridge and other cultural landscapes for tourists to enjoy. Here, "three waters around the door, five dragons holding the holy, golden thread hanging gourd" is a land of outstanding people.
Hibiscus fossil: 1970 was found in furongqiao township, Sangzhi county. Also called toothless hibiscus. Generally, it is 3 meters long and about 1 meter high, with a long tail and short and thick legs. It has a wide and tidy "sail" bone on its back, a gable head, a turtle-shaped mouth and no teeth. According to the vertebrate paleontological identification, Hibiscus is a new family, genus and species of Homodonta in ancient tooth cliff. It is the ancestor of dinosaurs, about 265.438 billion years ago. Its discovery fills a gap in the archaeological history of China and the world, and it has important research and ornamental value.
4. Rich ethnic specialties
A hundred glasses of iced wine. Baigen Ice Wine Department was carefully brewed in 1930s by Chen Cexun, the former chairman of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medicine Society and member of the International Medical Research Committee, with his years of medical experience and secret recipe from the ancestors, using the roots of wild non-toxic spiny plants in Wulingyuan Mountain 108 and the spring water in the lower reaches of Sangzhi County in his hometown. This taste is sweet and cool, but it is not dry to drink, so it is named Baiwei Ice. Before liberation, it was used by dignitaries and sold well in Hong Kong and Macao for decades. In the 30 years of the Republic of China, he was awarded the "Government Award for Army, Navy and Air Force 159". He was praised by Cheng Qian, Chen Cheng, He, Zhang Zhizhong and Du. 1987 was verified by the provincial health and epidemic prevention station and the provincial drug inspection institute in Changsha, which met the national food and drug hygiene standards. Appraised by the professor of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medicine Association, Baigen Ice Wine contains a variety of health care drugs and nutrients. It has the functions of consolidating essence, strengthening brain, expelling wind and relieving pain, expelling wind and removing dampness, dredging channels and activating collaterals, etc. It is a health wine suitable for all seasons.
Chinese herbal medicine. Mulberry medicinal materials 1659 species, including 45 species of Magnolia Officinalis, Coptidis Rhizoma, Cortex Phellodendri, Eucommiae Cortex and Galla Chinensis. The planting area is 50,000 mu, with an annual output of more than 500 tons and an output value of 30 million yuan. Mulberry is one of the economic pillar industries of mulberry.
Food for nine days. It is a green product developed, processed and sold by Zhangjiajie Jiutian Food Co., Ltd. There are more than 20 varieties of wild vegetables, fresh bamboo shoots and dried fruits in three categories, with an annual output value of more than 80 million yuan.
Zongye The scientific name is Phyllostachys pubescens, which grows in the vast mountains with developed roots and strong vitality. It is not only a good vegetation for soil and water conservation, but also an inexhaustible wealth. It is a "green bank" for people in mountainous areas, with an area of 200,000 mu and an output of 8,000 tons. It contains a lot of chlorophyll and amino acids beneficial to human body. Can be used for extracting natural flavors, spices and food additives. It smells delicious and feels like returning to nature. It can be used not only to wrap zongzi, but also to package other foods, table decorations and food foils, and also to weave utensils, make lunch boxes and cut into various shapes. Zongzi leaves grow naturally, are non-toxic and pollution-free, and can be harvested all year round. As food packaging, they are pollution-free and disposable. So it is called "natural green food" by nutritionists today.
Vegetables are mainly head, out-of-season Chinese cabbage and radish, and others are broccoli, pepper, tomato, olive, sweet bean, edible fungus, bitter gourd and cucumber. The out-of-season vegetable base covers an area of 15000 mu, and other varieties cover an area of 2000 mu. It is a provincial pollution-free vegetable base and a safe vegetable base. Mulberry is planted in mountainous areas, and the soil is soft and fertile. The terrain is high, the temperature is low, it is rainy and foggy, the average temperature is 13- 14 degrees Celsius, and the annual sunshine hours are 900- 1000 hours, which has the best conditions for planting pollution-free anti-season vegetables.
Biofossils: distributed in Qixia limestone geological stratum with a county boundary of 2 100 square kilometers, with numerous reserves, reaching more than 70 species/kloc-0. There are mainly tortoise shell fossils, chrysanthemum fossils, trilobite fossils and horn fossils. These fossils were buried deep underground by animals living in CAMBRIAN and Middle Ordovician due to crustal changes. They are natural. After processing, with its unique qualifications and charm, it is a precious artwork with high appreciation and collection value.
There are cotton weaving, embroidery, wood carving, stone carving, paper cutting, paper binding and other Tujia ethnic handicrafts.
Music includes playing, percussion and strings, mainly including drums, lawn tables (also known as playing valves), lanterns and gongs, dragons and lions, suona qupai, Xiaoqu, wedding and funeral qupai, etc. Experts from many western countries rated Sangzhi Tujia nationality's "Bouncing Valve" as "the most perfect symphony in the East". In addition, there are Buddhist, Taoist and witchcraft music and etiquette music, which are also very rich.
Mulberry planting technology is famous at home and abroad, including brocade, paper-cutting, flower picking, silverware, batik, painting and so on. These traditional crafts are highly artistic. For example, Xilankapu of Tujia nationality is a lovely flower in the hundred gardens of arts and crafts, and many products are collected by foreign experts and national museums. Weaving includes bamboo weaving, hemp weaving, straw weaving and rattan weaving. The woven articles for production and daily use are unique in shape, elegant in appearance and durable; Embroidery is used as decoration for underwear, aprons, door curtains, quilt covers, tunics, curtains, pillows, wallets, etc. There are many kinds of paper-cut patterns with generous structure and vivid images. Flower picking is a technique combined with embroidery. The picked dragons, fish, lions, flowers and snakeheads are lifelike and have a unique artistic structure. There are many kinds of silver ornaments, such as silver crowns, silver necklaces, collars, shawls, necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings, walls and toothpicks. These handicrafts have the advantages of beautiful shape, clear voice, transparency, affection and practicality, and are rare craft treasures.
Sangzhi's plays include Nuo Opera, Mulian Opera, Liu Zi Opera, Lantern Opera, Han Opera, Puppet Opera and Shadow Play, Maogusi Opera and Yangxi Opera. Among them, Nuo Opera and Mulian Opera are called "living fossils of drama art" internationally, which have extremely high value.
Sangzhi Quyi has more than 20 qupai, including singing ground, three-stick drum, fishing drum, lotus noisy, dragon boat picking, circus, nine whip and so on. Among them, Cao Cao gongs and drums, three-stick drums and fishing drums have participated in many provincial and municipal performances and won many awards.
Sangzhi dances include war encouragement, swing dance, funeral dance, lantern dance, sweet bell dance, Nuo dance and overlord whip. Among them, the Bai people participated in the opening performance of the' 9 1 Senbao Festival in Zhangjiajie City, which was well received by friends at home and abroad and was invited by German radio to visit abroad.
On 20021March 16, Sangzhi County was included in the list of counties (cities, districts) with basically balanced development of compulsory education in China in 2020.
202 1, 1, in 2020, the ranking of influential counties in rural revitalization communication was released, and Sangzhi County ranked 448th.
On June 9, 2020, 165438+ The second batch of demonstration counties (cities, districts) for ecological civilization construction in Hunan Province was released, and Sangzhi County was on the list.
In June 2020, Sangzhi County was included in the second batch of revolutionary cultural relics protection and utilization counties (Long March District (Red Second Army)).
From 2065438 to March 2009, Sangzhi County was included in the list of the first batch of counties for the protection and utilization of revolutionary cultural relics (Xiangxi, western Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou).