First, use natural features to determine the direction.
In the absence of topographic maps, compasses and other standard equipment, soldiers should master some methods to judge the direction by using natural characteristics.
Using the sun to determine the position is very simple.
You can use a pole (straight pole) to make it perpendicular to the ground, and put a stone at the vertex A of the pole shadow; After about 10 minutes, when the shadow vertex of the benchmark moves to B, put another stone. Connect point A and point B into a straight line, and the direction of this straight line is the east-west direction. The direction perpendicular to the AB line is the north-south direction, and the end facing the sun is the south.
Judge the direction by pointing to the sun. The method is as follows: when the watch is placed horizontally, the position indicated by the hour hand (24-hour clock) is halved against the sun, and the direction indicated by 12 on the dial is roughly north. If the current time is 16, the watch scale at 8 o'clock points to the sun, and the time of 12 points to the north.
When the weather is clear at night, you can use Polaris to determine the direction. To find the North Star, we must first find the constellation Ursa (we call it the Big Dipper). Constellation consists of seven stars, and it starts like a spoon. After the Big Dipper was found, it extended to the spoon mouth along the line connecting the two stars A and B on the spoon edge, which was about five times the distance between the two stars A and B. The brighter star was Polaris. The direction indicated by Polaris is the north. You can also use Andromeda opposite the Big Dipper to find the North Star. Cassiopeia consists of five stars with the same brightness as the Big Dipper. It is shaped like a W, which is about twice the width of the whole gap in front of the middle of the W-shaped gap, and the Polaris can be found.
It is an auxiliary method to determine the orientation by using the features of ground objects. Use it flexibly according to different situations. Independent trees usually have lush leaves and smooth bark in the south. The annual ring line on the stump is usually thin in the south and dense in the north. The front doors of houses, windows and temples in rural areas generally face south. Snow in buildings, mounds, ridges and highlands usually melts quickly in the south and slowly in the north. The big rocks, mounds and trees in the south are densely vegetated, while the moss is easy to grow in the north.
When you get lost in the wild, don't panic, but stop immediately, always remember the road you have traveled calmly, try to reorient yourself according to all possible signs, and then find the road. The most reliable way is to get lost and go back to the original starting point.
After losing your way in the mountains, you must first climb high and look far, and judge which direction you should go. Usually, you should walk in the direction of low terrain, so it is easy to touch the water source, and it is safest to walk along the river, which is especially important in the forest. Because roads and residential areas are often built by waterfront and rivers.
If you meet a fork in the road, there are many roads that make you feel at a loss. You must first make clear the direction you want to take, and then choose the right road. If the directions of several roads are roughly the same and cannot be determined, then take the middle road first, so as to make ends meet, and even if you take the wrong road, you will not deviate too far.
Second, the complex terrain travel method
In order to avoid getting lost, save physical strength and improve the speed of traveling in mountainous areas, we should try our best to avoid taking roads, forests, mountains and paths. If there is no road, you can choose to travel on the longitudinal ridge, mountainside, the edge of rivers and streams, and the terrain with high trees, large drop and low grass. We should strive to walk on the beam instead of the ditch, and walk vertically instead of horizontally.
When marching, you can take a big step without taking a small step. In this way, dozens of kilometers down, you can save a lot of steps. When you are tired, you should take a walk and have a rest. When climbing rocks, we should carefully observe the rocks, carefully identify the quality and weathering degree of the rocks, and determine the direction and route of climbing.
The basic method of rock climbing is the "three-point fixation" method, that is, after both hands and one foot or two feet are fixed with one hand, the remaining hand or one foot is moved to move the center of gravity up. Hands and feet should be coordinated to avoid moving at two points at the same time. Be sure to be steady, light and fast, choose the most suitable distance and the most stable fulcrum according to your own situation, and don't grab or push too far across big strides.
Climbing a hillside below 30 degrees can rise in a straight line. When climbing, your body leans forward slightly, your feet are all on the ground, your knees are bent, and your feet are exposed in a figure of eight. Don't walk too fast. When the slope is greater than 30 degrees, zigzag climbing route is generally adopted. When climbing a mountain, your legs are slightly bent, your upper body leans forward, your inner toes lean forward, your feet touch the ground, and your outer toes are slightly outward. When you accidentally slip on the road, you should immediately face the hillside, spread your arms but straighten your legs, and tilt your toes to make your body move up as much as possible to reduce the sliding speed. In this way, you can try to find climbing and supporting objects in the slide. Never sit facing outward, because it will not only slide faster, but also roll easily on steep slopes.
Rivers are common obstacles in mountainous and plain areas. Don't rush into the water when you meet a river. You should observe carefully before you decide where and how to cross the river. Rivers in mountainous areas are usually fast-flowing, with low water temperature and uneven riverbed. When crossing the river, in order to keep your body balanced, you should support it in the upstream direction of the water, or hold a stone weighing 15 ~ 20kg. When crossing in groups, three or four people can line up and hold each other's shoulders, with the strongest body in the upstream direction.