Epidemic prevention knowledge content 1. Plague prevention knowledge
Plague is a special disease. Rodents and fleas spread Yersinia pestis to people and animals. Its initial symptoms and signs are atypical fever, chills, discomfort, head and limb pain, nausea and sore throat. Lymphadenitis usually occurs in the related lymph nodes first bitten by fleas. This is bubonic plague, 90% of which occurs in inguinal lymph nodes.
The incidence of plague has obvious seasonality. Plague in southern China (mainly bubonic plague) mostly occurs in spring and summer, and plague in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other areas (mainly pneumonic plague) mostly occurs in summer and autumn.
There are three main transmission routes of plague: 1. The main route of transmission is rat flea bite, and the main mode of transmission of bubonic plague is rodents → fleas → humans. The main vector is 10 many kinds of fleas, such as Xenopsylla cheopis. 2. Through skin transmission or direct contact with the patient's purulent blood or sputum, the skin and meat of the diseased rats are stripped and infected through skin wounds. 3. Patients with pneumonic plague spread by respiratory droplets spread by breathing, talking and coughing. And droplets form a "person-to-person" model, which can cause the epidemic of human plague. Under normal circumstances, bubonic plague will not pose a threat to the surrounding areas.
The daily preventive measures are mainly to reduce the possibility of people being bitten by infected fleas, directly contacting infected tissues or contacting pneumonic plague patients. Use pesticides and insect repellents to avoid flea bites. Avoid dealing with rats in rural areas. Implement the system of "three reports and three noes". The "three reports" of plague refer to: reporting dead rats, reporting suspected plague patients, reporting unexplained high fever patients and sudden death patients. The "three noes" of plague means: not hunting epidemic animals without permission, not stripping epidemic animals, and not taking epidemic animals and their products out of the epidemic area without permission.
2. What are the tips to prevent diseases?
1. Wash hands frequently: The respiratory secretions of patients with respiratory infectious diseases, such as nasal mucus and sputum, contain a large number of pathogens, which may be transmitted to healthy people through hand contact, so special attention should be paid to hand hygiene.
2. Drink plenty of water: the autumn climate is dry, the dust content in the air is high, and the human nasal mucosa is easily damaged. Drinking plenty of water and keeping the nasal mucosa moist can effectively resist the invasion of viruses, and also help to excrete toxins in the body and purify the environment in the body.
3. Air circulation: In order to prevent the virus from spreading through the air. In order to keep the air in the classroom fresh, always open the doors and windows for ventilation. Good ventilation can destroy 80% of natural bacteria, so it is very important to keep the air fresh through natural ventilation. During the break, students should try to move outside the classroom instead of staying in the classroom.
4. Strengthen nutrition: eat more fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C to ensure adequate nutrition and enhance immunity.
5. Strengthen exercise: pay attention to daily physical exercise, improve the body's immunity and resistance, and enhance the adaptability to the external environment.
6. Reasonable work and rest: keep the law of life, ensure adequate sleep, prevent excessive tension and fatigue and reduce physical resistance, and try not to go to public places where people are concentrated.
7. Pay attention to cold and warmth: the temperature difference between day and night in autumn is large, so students should add clothes in time according to climate change.
8. Find out and seek medical treatment in time: If you feel unwell, seek medical treatment immediately to avoid delaying your illness.
9. In addition, immunization can also be carried out: corresponding vaccination can be carried out before the epidemic season, such as influenza, pneumonia, measles, meningitis and other vaccines to prevent corresponding respiratory infectious diseases.
3. Do you have any health and epidemic prevention knowledge?
1) Prevention and control of infectious diseases in spring
Spring is not only a good time for citizens to go out for an outing or spring outing, but also a season of frequent respiratory infectious diseases. Therefore, citizens should pay attention to the prevention of respiratory infectious diseases in life, study, work and travel.
How to prevent respiratory infectious diseases?
1, develop good personal hygiene habits;
(1) Cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or tissue when sneezing or coughing. Don't spit everywhere, and don't throw away the toilet paper used to spit or wipe your nose.
(2) Wash your hands frequently. Wash your hands with soap or hand sanitizer and running water. Don't wipe your hands with dirty towels. Wash your hands immediately after contact with respiratory secretions (such as sneezing).
(3) Don't use cups and tableware with others.
(4) Open the window at least three times a day in schools, offices or residents' homes, with each time not less than 10 minute. If there are patients with respiratory infectious diseases around, the number of ventilation should be increased. When opening the window, avoid through flow and keep warm.
(5) Brush your teeth carefully every night (generally not less than 3 minutes), rinse your mouth with warm normal saline after brushing your teeth, and rinse your head upwards to fully rinse your throat, which is more effective.
2. Strengthen physical exercise and enhance resistance.
(1) Strengthen outdoor activities and cold-resistant exercise. Pay attention to a balanced diet and ensure adequate rest.
(2) Pay attention to environmental sanitation. In the epidemic season of infectious diseases, go to crowded public places as little as possible.
3, do a good job of protection
(1) Contact with patients with symptoms of respiratory infectious diseases should be avoided as far as possible.
(2) Wear masks in crowded places during the popular season.
(3) If you have fever, cough, headache, vomiting and other symptoms, you should seek medical advice in time. Patients with the above symptoms should wear masks to prevent infection to others.
Vaccination can reduce the chance of infection or relieve symptoms. Influenza, meningitis, chickenpox and measles can all be vaccinated.
(2) Prevention and treatment of intestinal infectious diseases
Summer is the high incidence season of intestinal infectious diseases, which are mainly spread through food, drinking water and daily contact. Paying attention to environmental hygiene, developing good hygiene habits and "keeping your mouth and hands clean" are the keys to disease prevention in summer.
The most important preventive measure of intestinal infectious diseases in summer is to cut off the route of transmission and prevent the disease from entering the mouth. Attention should be paid to the following matters: (1) Safety and sanitation of drinking water, disinfection and sanitation of kitchens, canteens and toilets, and indoor and outdoor sanitation; Waste and garbage are treated harmlessly. (2) Advocating and implementing separate meals or using public chopsticks and spoons. (3) Pay attention to personal hygiene, develop good hygiene habits, wash your hands before and after meals, do not drink raw water, and do not eat spoiled and unclean cold food and drinks.
(3) knowledge of rabies prevention and control
Rabies is also known as hydrophobia and mad dog disease. If people are bitten or scratched by crazy animals, they will be infected with rabies virus and may get rabies. More than 90% of human rabies is transmitted by dogs, followed by cats. Rabies patients will have a series of mental symptoms, such as high fear, mania, fear of water, wind, light and sound. , and gradually appeared laryngeal muscle spasm, drooling, paralysis, respiratory and circulatory paralysis and other symptoms, the mortality rate was 100%.
The best way to prevent rabies is not to keep dogs, cats and other animals; If you have dogs, cats and other animals, you must inject rabies vaccine into these animals regularly to avoid being hurt by animals; If you are bitten by dogs, cats and other animals, regardless of the severity, you should deal with the wound in time, inject rabies vaccine for human use in the CDC, or inject anti-rabies virus serum as prescribed.
(4) Food poisoning
If anyone is found to have food poisoning, they should be sent to the hospital in time. Don't take medicine at will. The sooner he receives treatment, the better. Don't waste time.
Stop eating suspicious food immediately, and collect and seal it on the spot for inspection.
It is necessary to protect the scene and collect vomit and feces from patients. Be inspected in time.
Drinking water: drink plenty of water immediately to dilute the toxin.
Vomiting: press your fingers on your throat and spit out the food in your stomach as much as possible.
4. What are the sentences about epidemic prevention and safety knowledge?
1, grassroots need masks, not slogans; What is needed is disinfectant, not saliva.
2. Anti-epidemic is the most important thing, and anti-epidemic is "1". If we can't win this war, everything else will be "0". 3. The fight against COVID-19 is a battle without smoke. We must race against the virus at the same time with wartime state, wartime mechanism, wartime thinking and wartime methods, and resolutely win the people's war, the overall war and the blockade war for epidemic prevention and control.
4. There should be no "forgotten corner" in epidemic prevention and control. 5. Epidemic prevention and control is the top priority at present, which is related to the overall situation of reform, development and stability and the overall situation of economic and social development.
6. It is necessary to compact the responsibility of epidemic prevention and control to the extreme, enrich the strength to the front line, and implement measures at the grassroots level. 7. Establish the working mechanism of joint prevention and control, group prevention and group control, with the "number one leader" as the lead, "one chess game" as the overall plan, "one net" as the prevention and control, and "one pole" as the implementation.
8. Grasping to the end and being strict to the end is the best implementation and the most powerful and effective prevention and control. 9, always tighten the string of "epidemic prevention and control", with the iron state, iron responsibility, iron style and iron discipline, strengthen execution and improve combat effectiveness.
10, every link of prevention, control, management and governance is a gateway, and everyone is a line of defense. 1 1, "confidence" is the best vaccine.
12, panic is also a terrible source of infection. 13, a healthy mentality is a "psychological mask" for epidemic prevention and control.
14, build a defensive wall against popular psychology. 15. Facing the epidemic situation, a positive and optimistic mood and a healthy and uplifting attitude are also a strong immunity.
5. Primary school students' health knowledge
Primary school students' basic hygiene knowledge 1, wash their hands before and after meals; 2, do three diligence: diligent bathing, diligent haircut, and diligent dressing; 3, diligently cut nails; 4, pay attention to reading and writing hygiene: the eyes are one foot away from the book, the body is one punch away from the table, and the hand is one inch away from the nib; 5. Wash your hands frequently anytime and anywhere; 6. Pay attention to eye hygiene: don't read in strong light, don't read in a walking car, don't read while lying down, and don't rub your eyes with dirty hands; 7. Do not eat unsanitary food, do not eat unwashed food, and do not drink raw water; 8. Wash your face in the morning and evening, wash your face with running water, and don't use towels, washbasins and other items with others; 9. Brush your teeth in the morning and evening and rinse your mouth after meals; 10, insist on proper physical exercise every day, in order to enhance physical fitness and maintain good and abundant energy.
Pupils should pay attention to eye hygiene. Two things should be done (1). There are two things to do: ① The posture of reading and writing should be correct, and "one foot, one punch and one inch" should be maintained, that is, the eyes should be one foot away from the book, the body should punch from the edge of the table, and the fingers should be one inch away from the pen tip; (2) Take a rest after reading and writing for an hour or so, or look far away for a while. (2) Don't: ① Don't read or write in dim light or direct sunlight; ② Don't read while lying down, walking or riding a bike.
How to pay attention to hygiene when watching TV? ① Watch TV for no more than 2 hours at a time. After watching TV 1 hour continuously, get up and exercise for 5- 10 minutes. ② The viewer should be more than 2 meters away from the TV screen; ③ The height of the TV set should be consistent with the eye height of the viewer when sitting; ④ It is best to turn on 3-8 watts of small lights indoors to reduce the sharp contrast between the screen and the surrounding darkness, which is conducive to avoiding eye fatigue. How to prevent myopia? ① Pay attention to eye hygiene; ② Insist on doing eye exercises; ③ Combination of work and rest and adequate sleep; ④ Pay attention to nutrition, strengthen exercise and enhance physical fitness; ⑤ Check your eyesight regularly, and correct the decline in time to prevent myopia from deepening.
How to protect teeth? 1. The most important thing to protect your teeth is to brush your teeth and rinse your mouth correctly. Brush at least twice a day, preferably after each meal.
Brushing teeth can remove dental plaque attached to teeth, because bacteria in dental plaque come into contact with food, which will produce acidic substances and lead to tooth decay. Brush your teeth unconditionally. At least rinse your mouth immediately after eating or eating acidic substances.
2. Pay attention to your diet. Food should be diversified, but eat less foods rich in sugar (especially monosaccharides).
Because these foods will produce acid in your mouth, the acid will stay in your mouth for a long time and will damage your teeth. Hard lollipops are especially harmful to children.
Eating sugary snacks can also cause tooth decay, because most people don't brush their teeth after eating snacks. Starch snacks, such as potato chips, stick to your teeth.
It is best to floss your teeth once a day. Flossing can remove food and dental plaque left between teeth. If dental plaque remains between teeth, it will form tartar and must be removed by the dentist.
See a dentist every six months. It is very important to have regular checkups and professional tooth cleaning.
If your teeth or mouth are sore or your gums are swollen and bleeding, you should also see a dentist. Usually, we should pay more attention to strengthening exercise, getting rid of bad living habits, eating a balanced and reasonable diet, and combining work and rest.
In addition, if there is a problem, you should go to the hospital to see a doctor. Common brushing methods ① Vertical brushing method: This brushing method has a good effect on gums and can effectively clean the gaps between teeth. It is a recommended brushing method.
During the operation, the bristles were placed on the gums at an angle of 45 degrees, and then rotated to the crown, and each part was repeated 8- 10 times. When brushing the occlusal surface of teeth, put the brush flat on the surface of teeth and pull it back and forth to remove the residue in the pit and fissure.
② Bass brushing method: When brushing the lip and tongue surface of teeth, the bristle head and the tooth surface point to the gum direction at 45 degrees, and the bristles enter the gap between teeth and vibrate back and forth for a short distance. When brushing the occlusal surface, put the bristles flat on the tooth surface and vibrate back and forth for a short distance to clean the pit and fissure. This brushing method has strong cleaning power and can effectively remove the plaque in the neck and gingival sulcus. Bass brush is a short-distance horizontal brush method. Although it is a horizontal brush method, it is almost a kind of vibration because of the short distance, and it is not a great pull and damage to the tooth neck by the common horizontal brush method.
If the vertical brush method is combined with the bass brush method, the effect will be better. ③ Physiological brushing method: the tip of toothbrush hair touches the tooth surface, and then brush slightly in the direction of gum. This method can promote blood circulation and improve the health of periodontal tissue, and is suitable for children with normal periodontal tissue.
It is generally recommended to brush your teeth once in the morning and evening and rinse your mouth after each meal. Brushing time is generally not less than 2-3 minutes. Twelve principles of primary school students' diet 1, pay attention to nutritional balance.
Eat all kinds of food, such as fruits, vegetables, fish, eggs, milk, etc. In the daily diet. Don't be partial to food. 2. Eat more soy products. Beans are rich in high-quality protein, with high nutritional value, low price and easy digestion.
3. Pay attention to the processing method of food. When processing food, master the temperature and methods to minimize the loss of vitamins.
4. Change the variety of food and increase children's appetite. 5. Have fun.
Concentrate and be happy when eating. Eating happily can improve the digestibility of food. 6. chew slowly. Don't eat too fast, especially young children, chew slowly, because chewing more will help improve the digestibility of food and protect the stomach.
7. Don't eat too much. Eating too much will hurt the stomach and reduce the digestibility.
8. Don't eat medicinal food indiscriminately. For example, fortified foods, health foods and other medicated foods should be seriously considered whether they are really needed.
Otherwise, it is equal to taking medicine without illness, which is not only useless but also harmful to the body. 9, do not eat supplements.
Although traditional tonic is beneficial to the elderly and people with weak constitution, it does more harm than good to students, so it is better not to eat it. 10, eat less sugar.
Because there are a lot of carbohydrates in daily diet that can be converted into sugar, it is necessary to properly control soda, chocolate, dessert and milk candy in children's snacks, and not too much.
1 1. Have a good breakfast. Because the nutrients absorbed by breakfast should account for about 30% of the nutrients absorbed throughout the day.
Only in this way can we ensure good health and digest our needs. Therefore, breakfast should have enough nutrition, and you can make some choices among foods with high nutritional value, such as eggs, milk, pork floss, salted eggs, sesame sauce, honey and so on. 12, timing and quantification.
This can make the food center in the cerebral cortex form skill stereotypes, make the digestion and absorption system become regular activities, and promote the improvement of digestion and absorption rate.
6. Little is known about bionics
Vibrating gyro flies and spacecraft flies and spacecraft flies have made great contributions to mankind.
Nasty flies seem to have nothing to do with the grand space cause, but bionics closely connects them. Flies are notorious "smelly things". They can be seen everywhere and have a bad smell.
Flies have a particularly sensitive sense of smell, and can smell the smell thousands of meters away. But flies don't have noses. What does it rely on to act as a sense of smell? It turns out that the "nose" of flies-olfactory receptors are distributed on a pair of antennae on the head.
Each "nose" has only one "nostril" communicating with the outside world, which contains hundreds of olfactory nerve cells. If a smell enters the nostrils, these nerves will immediately convert the smell into nerve electrical impulses and send them to the brain.
The brain can distinguish substances with different smells according to different nerve electrical impulses generated by substances with different smells. Therefore, the fly's antenna is like a sensitive gas analyzer.
Inspired by this, bionic scientists copied a very strange small gas analyzer according to the structure and function of the olfactory organs of flies. The probe of this instrument is not metal, but a live fly.
A very fine microelectrode is inserted into the olfactory nerve of the fly, and the guided neuroelectric signal is amplified by an electronic circuit and sent to an analyzer; The analyzer can give an alarm as soon as it finds the signal of odorous substances. This instrument has been installed in the cockpit of the spacecraft to detect the composition of the gas in the cabin.
This small gas analyzer can also measure harmful gases in submarines and mines. This principle can also be used to improve the input device of computer and the structural principle of gas chromatography analyzer.
In addition, the fly's wing (also called balance bar) is a "natural navigator", and people imitate it to make a "vibrating gyroscope". This instrument has been applied to rockets and high-speed aircraft, realizing automatic driving.
Bats and radar bats emit an ultrasonic wave that bounces back when it meets an object, but humans can't hear it. Radar was invented according to this characteristic of bats.
Radar is used in various places, such as airplanes and aviation. From fireflies to artificial cold light from fireflies to artificial cold light Since the invention of electric light, life has become much more convenient and rich.
But electric lamps can only convert a small part of electric energy into visible light, and most of the rest is wasted in the form of heat energy. The heat rays of electric lamps are harmful to people's eyes. So, is there a light source that only emits light without heating? Humans have turned their attention to nature again.
In nature, many creatures can emit light, such as bacteria, fungi, worms, mollusks, crustaceans, insects and fish, and the light emitted by these animals does not produce heat, so it is also called "cold light". Fireflies are one of many luminous animals.
There are about 65,438+0,500 species of fireflies. Their luminescent colors are yellow-green, orange, and their brightness is different. Fireflies emit cold light, which not only has high luminous efficiency, but also is generally soft, suitable for human eyes, and the light intensity is relatively high.
Therefore, bioluminescence is an ideal light source for human beings. Scientists found that the luminous device of fireflies is located in the abdomen.
This light emitter consists of three parts: light emitting layer, transparent layer and reflecting layer. There are thousands of luminescent cells in the luminescent layer, all of which contain fluorescein and luciferase.
Under the action of luciferase, fluorescein combines with oxidation to emit fluorescence with the participation of intracellular water. The luminescence of fireflies is essentially a process in which chemical energy is converted into light energy.
As early as 1940s, people created fluorescent lamps on the basis of studying fireflies, which greatly changed the lighting sources of human beings. Scientists first isolated pure fluorescein from fireflies, then isolated luciferase, and then synthesized fluorescein artificially by chemical methods.
Biological light source composed of fluorescein, luciferase, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and water can be used as a flash lamp in mines filled with explosive gas. Because this lamp has no power supply and does not produce magnetic field, it can be used to clear magnetic mines under the irradiation of biological light source.
People have been able to obtain cold light similar to biological light by mixing some chemicals for safe lighting. Electric fish and Volt battery Many creatures in nature can generate electricity, and there are more than 500 species of fish alone.
People call these discharging fish "electric fish". All kinds of electric fish have different discharge skills.
Electric ray, electric catfish and electric eel have the strongest discharge ability. Medium-sized torpedoes can generate about 70 volts, while African torpedoes can generate up to 220 volts; African electric catfish can generate 350 volts; Electric eels can generate 500 volts. There is a South American electric eel that can generate up to 880 volts, and it is called the champion of electric shock. It is said that it can kill big animals like horses.
Where is the mystery of electric fish discharge? After the anatomical study of the electric fish, it is finally found that there is a strange power generation organ in the electric fish. These power generating organs are composed of many translucent discoid cells, which are called electric plates or disks.
Due to the different types of electric fish, the shape, position and quantity of the electric plates of the generator are also different. The generator of electric eel is prismatic and located in the muscles on both sides of the caudate spine. The torpedo generator is shaped like a flat kidney, arranged on both sides of the body midline, with 2 million electric plates. The generator of electric catfish originated from some kind of gland, located between skin and muscle, with about 5 million electric plates.
The voltage generated by a single plate is very weak, but because there are many plates, the voltage generated is very large. The extraordinary skills of electric fish have aroused great interest.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Italian physicist Volt designed the world's earliest Volt battery based on the electric fish power generation organ. Because this kind of battery is designed according to the natural generator of electric fish, it is called "artificial electric officer"
The study of electric fish also gives people such enlightenment: if we can successfully imitate the power generation organ of electric fish, then we can solve the power problem of ships and submarines well. The windward ears of jellyfish are in nature, and jellyfish have lived in seawater as early as 500 million years ago.
"But what's the relationship between jellyfish and windward ears?" People will definitely ask such questions. Because jellyfish are here.
7. tips for preventing avian influenza
(1) immunization. Strictly and conscientiously do a good job in the immunization of avian influenza vaccines, especially in the high incidence season of avian influenza. H5N 1RE-5+RE-4 and H9 should be immunized every three to four months, and the epidemic prevention of these two avian influenza vaccines should be carried out every 10 day.
(2) Do a good job in feeding management. Adopt closed feeding to prevent wild birds from entering poultry houses through doors and windows; Prevent water sources and feed from being polluted by wild bird droppings; Disinfect the henhouse and its surrounding environment regularly, strengthen the disinfection of chickens, and regularly eliminate harmful insects and rodents in chicken farms; Dead birds must be burned or buried.
Do a good job in poultry feeding management, improve poultry resistance, minimize the occurrence of stress factors, pay attention to the changes of seasons at the turn of autumn and winter, and do a good job in keeping warm and cold; Clean up the feces in time, and regularly use Chinese medicines such as Rhizoma Atractylodis, eugenol, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae, Herba Artemisiae Annuae, and Flos Carthami. Fumigating chicken coops to reduce the incidence of respiratory diseases and intestinal diseases.
(3) Chickens that have died and the laying rate has decreased can be treated with Chinese herbal medicines and sensitive antibacterial drugs to improve immunity in time.