The Naxi people in China mainly live in Old Town of Lijiang, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County in Weixi, Shangri-La (Zhongdian), ninglang county, Yongsheng County, Yanyuan County, Muli County and Yanjing Town in Mangkang County, Sichuan Province.
The current population is 324,679. Religious culture Dongba religion is a unique religion of Naxi nationality.
Dongba culture is named after its preservation in Dongba religion. It mainly includes Dongba characters, Dongba scriptures, Dongba paintings, Dongba music, Dongba dances, Dongba musical instruments and various sacrificial ceremonies.
Naxi people used to believe in Dongba religion, Lamaism and natural gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and water, and recorded the years with the lunar calendar. Many festivals, such as Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, are almost the same as those of the local Han people, among which the Spring Festival is the largest traditional festival, accompanied by many sacrificial activities.
At that time, every family had to kill pigs, make sour liver and brew rice wine. On New Year's Eve, we will kill chickens and stew pig's heads to worship the kitchen god and ancestors.
When eating, if someone at home goes out, bowls and chopsticks should also be placed on the dining table to show family reunion. Meat food is not allowed for breakfast on the first day. The next day, we began to visit relatives and friends, pay New Year greetings to each other, invite people to dinner, and give each other gifts such as brown sugar, red cakes and snacks.
The most solemn ceremony is "Naxi Sacrifice to Heaven", which is usually held in the first month or the middle of the first month. At that time, it is necessary to choose a sacrifice site, and Dongba believers (villages without palms, choose respected old people) will be priests and slaughter the pigs in turn. Every household should donate barley and wheat to make wine and bait. Before the sacrifice, clean the site and build a shed.
In daily life, Naxi people attach great importance to credit and loyalty. They generally don't care about the mistakes made by guests because they don't understand the customs and manners of Naxi people, but they attach great importance to equality and credit. Therefore, it is best to communicate with Naxi people directly and explain what they want, and don't cheat and cajole. In an ordinary house, guests are often entertained under the eaves gallery during the day and in the main room at night.
If it's in a log cabin, it's by the fireplace. Although there is no strict seat division, but pay attention to respecting the elderly and loving the young, men and women are different.
For example, on the dining table or beside the fireplace, it is called "Eight Big" or "Gegelu", which is the priority seat for the elderly. Therefore, as long as Naxi people have old people at home, even if the host invites them, they should give the top eight to the old people. When eating, the elderly and elders should take their seats first, and they should not take the initiative to occupy seats.
If an old man comes in, the young man should get up and give up his seat and say hello. Don't cross your legs when there are old people.
Sit up straight when meeting guests and eating occasions, avoid making noise, guessing and ordering food, and don't step on the table rail. When the host is toasting, smoking and eating, he should touch his hand to express his gratitude. When eating, don't put chopsticks upright in the rice (because putting chopsticks in the rice will only appear when the dead burn incense), don't knock chopsticks, don't turn over the dishes, and don't pick up the dishes one after another.
Generally, you should ask others to move chopsticks together, first take it once, stop for a while, take a bite and then take the second chopsticks. Pay attention to economy and don't waste food.
Don't leave leftovers at the bottom of the bowl. If you sit on a two-person stool, you are not allowed to enter the girl's "greenhouse" at will in Lugu Lake area, and don't ask about "xia".
The ashes in the stove can't be turned over. When offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and the god of war, outsiders are forbidden to watch.
Avoid crossing the "ground" stone and "color" stone standing at the gate, and avoid crossing the fire pit. Young people are not allowed to take off their shoes and dry their feet by the fire pit. When you warm yourself by the fire pit, you will hear "fire laughter" to add firewood, which means adding wealth and making a fortune.
Don't sit on the threshold, eat on the eaves and by the stove, and don't cut things on the threshold with a knife and axe. Love songs are not allowed at home, and children are not allowed to play with sticks or charcoal heads that are not extinguished. One is danger, and the other is that they are said to have nightmares.
My father-in-law is not allowed to enter my daughter-in-law's bedroom. When someone goes out for a long trip or doing business, they can't sweep the floor with the people who go out, and they can't sweep the floor after sunset.
Guests are not allowed to sweep the floor. Don't close the door immediately when the guests leave, but send them to the door.
Women's underwear should not be aired in public, and pants and skirts should not be aired above the passage where the owner enters and exits. Avoid wearing a hat and carry a hoe into the kitchen.
Make a fire and go home at night. Don't light the fire inside. Go home at night, advance to the fire pond house, and avoid the bedroom.
Don't talk about dreams at night in the morning. Pregnant women can't climb fruit-bearing trees or cross reins or fishing rods.
Avoid eating meat without blood. It is forbidden to pollute water sources and cut down water source forests.
Avoid backhand to add rice and water to people. Avoid drinking leftover wine and tea that others have drunk.
Participants in the "Sacrifice to Heaven" or "Three Festivals" should wash their hands in advance and cross the fireworks lit by branches such as azaleas to show decontamination. Eating habits Naxi people eat three meals a day.
Generally, we eat steamed bread or boiled Baba for breakfast, while Chinese food and dinner are more abundant. Generally, there are one or two kinds of cooking, pickles, soup and so on. Especially beef soup pot and dry bar. There are many kinds of vegetables in both plain and mountainous areas, and they should be on the market at four o'clock. Potatoes, cucumbers and melon beans are widely planted in mountainous areas, and various famous dishes with local characteristics are made.
Such as: steamed Cordyceps duck, shellfish hen, Tianma chicken, etc. Among them, the traditional dish of Naxi nationality "Fermented Tricholoma matsutake" is a special dish made of Tricholoma matsutake cover, filled with minced meat and steamed as a sacrifice, especially for ancestors to eat.
The meat quality is mainly pork, and pork is mostly made into bacon, especially the pipa pigs in Lijiang and Yongning, which can be preserved for several years to more than ten years without deterioration. Take Baba or Baba Temple with you when you go out to work.
Sit around the table when eating, and like to move to a sunny place to eat in winter. Typical foods are: Lijiang ham Baba, linen, Saussurea involucrata, beginning of spring copper hotpot, etc.
Clothing The clothing of Naxi men in Lijiang area is the same as that of local Han people. Wear sheepskin shawls in winter, robes, knee-high fat leg pants, sheepskin pockets and leggings in Zhongdian area. Men in Ninglang, Yongning, Yanyuan and Muli wear shorts and trousers, and men in Ninglang also like to wear bracelets. Old people wear linen collarless robes, plus green cloth vests and belts.
In recent decades, more and more people wear Tibetan clothes. The dress of Naxi women varies from region to region.
Naxi women in Lijiang wear knee-length, wide waist and big sleeves, plus a vest, a pleated waist, a pair of trousers and a sheepskin shawl. Naxi women in Ninglang wear short shirts, pleated skirts that can reach the ground, sheepskin and blue cloth headscarves, earrings and bracelets made of gold, silver, jade and stone, and like to wear "sheepskin belts" or "belts".
Sheepskin belts are made of cotton, each about four and a half feet long and two inches wide. They must be used in pairs. The girdle is exquisite and can only be worn on holidays.
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2. The customs, geographical location, taboos and characteristics of Naxi people.
National customs, geographical location, taboos and characteristics of Naxi nationality;
Religious belief
In the old days, the belief in "Dongba religion" was a primitive witchcraft of Naxi nationality, which declared that "everything has spirits and the soul is immortal". Some people believe in Lamaism, Lijiang still believes in Red Religion, and Yongning believes in Yellow Religion. Buddhism and Taoism were introduced in13-14th century, but not many followers. Catholicism and Christianity were also introduced, and there were not many believers.
The Naxi people's research on Dongba language is particularly prominent. Dongba Classic Dongba Classic:> This is a valuable material for studying the social development of Naxi people. There is an ancient long narrative poem Genesis, as well as local medicine, music, dance, architecture, painting, sculpture and so on.
Living custom
The architecture of Naxi nationality is simple and elegant, and the most famous representative is Dayan Town, Lijiang County. The buildings in the ancient city are all tile houses with civil structures, most of which are buildings with two sides and one wall, and there are also quadrangles. The doors, windows and archways of these buildings have carefully carved patterns with rich themes, including the double phoenix and the sunrise. Dragon hiding tiger. Two clouds rob the sun, the eight dark immortals, etc. These patterns are exquisite and beautiful, with vivid lines and vivid images, which show the artistic attainments and aesthetic taste of the Naxi people.
The patriarchal clan system is dominated by monogamy, and there are still husband and wife marriages and matriarchal family remnants in some areas. In 1950s, matrilineal families still accounted for 40-50% in this area, and in 1980s, matrilineal families accounted for 35%.
Burial, traditional cremation in Yongning and other areas.
Clothing characteristics
The costumes of Naxi nationality have changed greatly since ancient times. Nowadays, men's wear is basically the same as Han nationality, while women's wear still retains its own unique national style. It is characterized by a wide waist and large sleeves, plus a vest, which is mostly blue, white and black. The waist is pleated around the waist and pants are worn under it. The shawl is embroidered with an exquisite seven-star pattern, which is called "Dai Xingyue" and symbolizes Naxi women.
festival
Naxi people used to believe in Dongba religion, Lamaism and natural gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and water, and recorded the years with the lunar calendar. Many festivals, such as Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, are almost the same as the local Han festivals. Mid-Autumn Festival is the biggest traditional festival, accompanied by many sacrificial activities. At that time, every family had to kill pigs, make sour liver and brew rice wine. On New Year's Eve, we will kill chickens and stew pig's heads to worship the kitchen god and ancestors. When eating, if someone at home goes out, bowls and chopsticks should also be placed on the dining table to show family reunion. Meat food is not allowed for breakfast on the first day. The next day, we began to visit relatives and friends, pay New Year greetings to each other, invite people to dinner, and give each other gifts such as brown sugar, red cakes and snacks. The younger generation will send a circle of pork belly, two tubes of tea, a bottle of wine and a box of sugar to their elders for New Year greetings, while the elders will entertain guests with wine and tea. On the fifth day of May, the whole village took live chickens, ducks, pig bellies and wine to the hot springs for a bath and picnic. Besides Chinese New Year, Naxi people have many sacrificial activities. One of the most grand is "Naxi Sacrifice to Heaven", which is usually held in the first month or the middle of the first month. At that time, it was necessary to choose a sacrifice site, where Dongba believers (villages without palms to teach people and elect respected old people) were priests and slaughtered the pigs in turn. Every household should donate barley and wheat to make wine and bait. Before the sacrifice, clean the site and build a shed. Build a stove and a pot, and use a whole sacrifice when offering sacrifices. Everyone present should wash their hands and stand up straight with incense. After the sacrifice, make soup with pig's blood, pig's head and internal organs, and then eat it according to households. Three days after the big sacrifice, every family will have a small sacrifice. There is also "Sacrificing Three Flowers (Land Lord)". Naxi people believe that three flowers belong to sheep. Every year on February 8th and August, the sheep festival, the whole sheep are sacrificed, and the Naxi people in Lijiang area take hot pot to have a picnic in a scenic place. Among them, the traditional dish of Naxi nationality "Fermented Tricholoma matsutake" is a special dish made of Tricholoma matsutake cover, filled with minced meat and steamed as a sacrifice, especially for ancestors to eat. Naxi people are very hospitable. Whenever they come back from hunting, all pedestrians on the road will get a share of their prey. When guests come to the door, the host will cook six or eight dishes to entertain them. Most Naxi men and women socialize during festivals. After the young men and women met, they were arranged by their parents through the matchmaker. The man asked the matchmaker to give the woman one or two glasses of wine, two tubes of tea, four or six boxes of sugar and two liters of rice. In some places, salt should be added to express vows of eternal love, which is considered engagement. When you are engaged, you should arrange a wedding reception, and usually you have to cook 12 dishes (. The dishes should include cold lotus root (indicating cleverness), vermicelli (indicating longevity), lily (indicating century-old harmony) and meatballs (indicating reunion and auspiciousness). The wedding will last for 3-5 days, when both men and women will hold a banquet. There are eight people on the table, and the next eight people are invited by the groom to sit down on their knees, then play music and serve food. When the third course was served, the wedding began. On the fifth course, the bride and groom propose a toast to the guests. After the banquet, the host and relatives should stand outside the door and close the door for the guests.
Taboo:
You must dismount before riding into the village, and you can't tie your horse to the place where you worship heaven; Can't step on a tripod, can't turn the dust in the stove; When offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and the god of war, outsiders are forbidden to watch. Never sit on the threshold and cut things on the threshold with a knife and axe. Some places also avoid singing folk songs at home; Don't kill cows, pretend to be horses and pretend to be cocks at dawn; Avoid dog meat.
3. What are the characteristics of Naxi folk houses?
The folk houses in the ancient city are also quite distinctive.
It absorbs the advantages of Han, Bai, Tibetan and other national buildings and forms its own characteristics. The houses in the ancient city are all I-beam tile houses, usually with two or three floors; The layout form is three squares and one wall, four entrances and five patios; Pay attention to house decoration, focusing on the gatehouse, zhaobi, veranda, patio, beam fang, etc. In particular, all kinds of exquisite patterns are carved on the windows and doors.
There are no residents in the ancient city who don't grow flowers. Every yard is planted with flowers, trees and bonsai. In addition, the canal by the door is weeping willows, not Jiangnan, which is better than Jiangnan. Lijiang, in particular, is located in an earthquake-prone area. Therefore, on the basis of summing up historical experience, the residential buildings in the ancient city have strong seismic performance, that is, the function of bucket wood structure is mainly adopted or strengthened, so that the house has the characteristics of "the wall falls down but the house does not fall down".
This is the secret that Old Town of Lijiang has not been destroyed after many major earthquakes.
4. What are the main features of Naxi characters?
The only ethnic group that uses hieroglyphics is Naxi.
Dongba has hieroglyphs. This kind of writing has more than 1300 characters, mainly pictographs, but a few pictographs have been developed and homophones have been used.
When recording a language, it often uses only one or two words to write a sentence containing several words. This kind of writing is one of the rare hieroglyphics still in use in the world in the 20th century, and it has extremely important research value.
According to 1990 statistics, there are more than 278,000 Naxi people, mainly distributed in Yunnan Province, and Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County is the main settlement area. The women's "seven-star shawl" is very distinctive.
There are many Naxi literati and scholars, and there are some famous works. Genesis is one of them.
5. Personality characteristics of Naxi nationality
Naxi people attach great importance to credit and loyalty. They generally don't care about the mistakes made by guests because they don't understand the customs and manners of Naxi people, but they attach great importance to equality and credit. Therefore, it is best to communicate with Naxi people directly and explain what they want, and don't deceive them.
1. Introduction Naxi is one of the 56 ethnic groups in China, and it is also one of the unique ethnic groups in Yunnan. 2. Naxi people are famous for their singing and dancing.
3. Clothing The clothing of Naxi men in Lijiang is the same as that of the local Han people. Wear sheepskin shawls in winter, robes in Zhongdian, knee-high fat leg pants, sheepskin pockets and leggings. Men in Ninglang, Yongning, Yanyuan and Muli wear short shirts and trousers, and men in Ninglang also like to wear bracelets. Old people wear linen collarless robes, plus green cloth vests and belts.
In recent decades, more and more people wear Tibetan clothes. 4. Naxi language belongs to the Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Some scholars believe that Naxi language is at the dividing point between Qiang language branch and Yi language branch, and has two-way similarity with these two languages.
5. Custom traditional festivals: New Year's Day, Bangbang Club, Sanduo Festival, Torch Festival, and July Mule and Horse Club.
6. What are the national characteristics of Naxi costumes?
Naxi women in Daiyue are famous for their diligence, virtue and kindness. Their traditional costumes have distinctive national characteristics and formed their own unique style.
There are also differences in costumes in different places: Naxi women in Dayan area of Lijiang County wear wide-sleeved cloth with cuffs to elbows and purple or navy vests; Pants are worn, and the waist is black, white and blue cotton cloth. The upper part is pleated, and the lower part is inlaid with sky blue wide edges. The back is covered with "seven-star sheepskin", and two long white belts are sewn at the upper end of the sheepskin, which are draped over the shoulders, staggered on the chest and tied behind the waist. The sheepskin shawl is elegant and generous, which can not only play a decorative role, but also warm the body and prevent the shoulder and back from being damaged by wind and rain and work. Sheepskin shawl is an important symbol of Naxi women's clothing in Lijiang. Generally, it is made of a whole piece of pure black sheepskin, the top of which is cut into a circle, and the top has a black border with a width of 6 cm, and then it is nailed with seven colored embroidered circular cloth plates in horizontal rows, and two white sheepskin ribbons are hung in the center of each circle, representing the Big Dipper, commonly known as "Dai Yue wears stars", symbolizing Naxi women leaving early and returning late, and Dai Yue wears stars to show their diligence. Another view is that the sheepskin with a round top and a round bottom is cut off to imitate the shape of a frog, while the Naxi people with a disc on the back are called "Bamiao", which means "frog's eyes". This is the product of the fusion of Lijiang indigenous farmers who worship frogs and the ancient Qiang people who worship sheep to form Naxi nationality.
7. Unique Naxi works
Naxi is an unpretentious people, but it has its own unique characteristics.
The ancient Qiang people, originally nomadic in the Yellow River and Huangshui River basins of Qinghai Province, later went south to southwest Sichuan and northwest Yunnan, and differentiated into different ethnic groups including Naxi. Due to different homophony, China historical records have been called "Mosha", "Mosuo", "Moduo" and "Mosuo".
"That" means greatness or dignity, while "Xi" means being human. After the founding of New China, it was named Naxi.
Naxi people like to drink butter tea and often eat miscellaneous dishes, hot pot and large pieces of meat. Lijiang Baba, Lily Garden, white kidney bean crisp meat, old dragon skin and other foods are unique.
The cooking skills in towns and dam areas are relatively high. When entertaining guests, homemade refreshments such as begonia, melons, fruits and candied fruit are often served before meals, while "eight bowls" and "six bowls and six plates" are very distinctive. "Three stacks of water" is often used to entertain distinguished guests. Generally, three bowls of different sizes are used to hold dishes, forming three levels of height.
In Dayan area of Jiangxian county, Naxi women all wear purple or navy vests with a shawl on their backs. "Seven-star sheepskin", there are two long white belts sewn on the upper end of sheepskin, which are draped over the shoulders, staggered on the chest and tied behind the waist. The sheepskin shawl is elegant and generous, which can not only play a decorative role, but also warm the body and prevent the shoulder and back from being damaged by wind and rain and work.
Sheepskin shawl is an important symbol of Naxi women's clothing in Lijiang. Generally, it is made of a whole piece of pure black sheepskin, with a circle cut on it, a black border sewn six centimeters wide on it, and seven circular cloth plates with colored embroidery nailed horizontally on the bottom. Two white sheepskin streamers are hung in the center of each circle, representing the Big Dipper, commonly known as "Dai Yue Dai Xing", symbolizing Naxi women leaving early and returning late, and wearing stars in Dai Yue to show their diligence. The Mosuo people of Naxi nationality in Lijiang believe in gods and worship nature, and believe that everything in the world is dominated by gods.
Every year, the 25th day of the seventh lunar month is the Naxi people's "Mountain Crossing Festival". On this day, Mosuo people dressed in costumes gathered in Gemu Mountain with tributes, delicacies and wine, offered offerings to the goddess under the auspices of Dongba wizards or lamas, and threw wine and flowers into the bonfire to show their sacrifice.
After the ceremony, people turn around Gemu Mountain, which is called "turning the mountain". You can also walk around Lugu Lake, which is called "turning to the sea". The Zhuanshan Festival lasts for three days. During the day, people perform lion dance, horse racing, wrestling, jumping, singing and picnicking, and at night they sleep on the lake.
If you are interested, you can meet girls, so that you can make friends with Axiu in the future. The simple and unique Naxi people left a deep impression on us, and it is this unique feature that symbolizes the history and uniqueness of Naxi people.
8. The characteristics and historical and cultural value of Dongba language of Naxi nationality.
Dongba culture is one of the important contents of Naxi culture. Dongba culture refers to the ancient Naxi culture, named after its preservation in Dongba religion, with a history of 1000 years. It mainly includes Dongba characters, Dongba scriptures, Dongba paintings, Dongba music, Dongba dances, Dongba musical instruments and various sacrificial ceremonies.
Dongba culture of Naxi nationality in Yunnan is the same as or the same as that of Xiangxiong Yongzhong, which has had a far-reaching influence on Dongba religion in a certain historical period. From the perspective of national development, Dongba religion of Naxi nationality is closely related to this religion. First of all, their worship of the same ancestor shows their identity or homology. The founder and mentor of Yongzhong Benjiao is Jixiang Rao Miwo Tathagata Barton Jixiang Rao, and the founder of Dongba religion is Ding Bashiro. According to textual research, the ancestors worshipped by Dongba believers are the ancestors of Yongzhong Benjiao.