Tokyo (Kaifeng) in the Northern Song Dynasty was rebuilt on the basis of the old capital of the former Northern Dynasties, and it was the most prosperous commercial city in the world at that time. Because of the pattern of the old city, urban construction is completely different from the capital city built on the flat ground. There are two points in the pattern of Kaifeng city that have a far-reaching impact on future generations. One of them is the triple wall model. Kaifeng Long Ting is a central square imperial city, also known as ouchi. There are palaces in the city, surrounded by Xuande Gate, Donghuamen Gate, Xihuamen Gate and Chengong Gate. Xuande Gate is the main entrance and the starting point of the central axis of the city. Outside the Imperial City is Licheng, with a perimeter of13.5km and a total of 10 gates. There are offices, palaces, temples, houses and workshops in the city. The outermost part of triple city is Luocheng, with a circumference of more than 20 kilometers, and there are 20 flood gates and drought gates. There is a moat outside every heavy city wall for military defense.
The main trunk roads of the city are centered on the imperial city and opposite to the city gate, forming a well-shaped traffic network, with four roads, also known as the imperial city road. The imperial road outside Xuande Gate in the city center is the widest, and in some places it is 300 meters wide. Along the imperial road, there are imperial roads and sidewalks, green belts and ditches for emperors.
There are four rivers in the city: Bianhe River, Caihe River, Zhangwu River and Jinshui River, which are connected by moat, and the waterway transportation is very convenient. Among them, the Bianhe River runs through the east and west and connects with the north and south of the Grand Canal, which is the main channel for commercial economy and residents' life. Because there are many rivers, there are more than 30 main bridges inside and outside the city.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo was not only the national political and economic center, but also the cultural center, with imperial academy, imperial academy, martial arts, law, mathematics, medicine and other schools. Imperial College London was the highest institution of higher learning in China at that time. Besides, there are more than 60 Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, shrines, temples, courtyards and other religious buildings.
2. Jinci, a model of architecture in Song Dynasty.
Jinci Temple, located in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, was originally built in memory of Zhou Wuwang's second son, Shuyu. After the overhaul in the fourth year of Taiping and Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 979), it was renamed Jinci, which was built many times in the heyday, and the Xing 'an Wang Temple in memory of Shuyu was changed to the Notre Dame Hall in memory of Shuyu's mother.
Today, only Notre Dame Hall, statues, flying beams and sacrificial halls are left in Jinci.
Notre Dame is the oldest and most important building in Jinci. The main hall is 19 meters high, 7 rooms wide and 6 rooms deep. It rests on the top of the mountain with double eaves and is bordered by glazed tiles. The eight pillars in front of the hall are carved with Yi Long. The hall adopts the method of reducing columns to make the space more open. Bucket arch is made of large materials, but it is softer and more beautiful than that in Tang Dynasty, which is also an important feature of architecture in Song Dynasty. Notre Dame Hall has 43 colorful sculptures, especially the maid sculpture, which is a masterpiece of the Song Dynasty.
There are also many temples and other buildings in Jinci Courtyard, forming a ritual architectural culture with a strong historical flavor.
3. Changes in Buddhist architecture
(1) the national security temple hall
Guobao Temple is located in the west of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province. The main hall in the temple is the earliest existing building and a rare wooden building relic in the south of the Yangtze River. Built in the sixth year of the Song Dynasty, it is 3 rooms wide, accounting for 1 1.9 1 m; The depth of three rooms, 1 1.35 meters. The pillars of the main hall are different in height, and are made of four boards with the same size by the method of "mosaic" and "four-section combination". The whole temple inherited some styles of the Tang Dynasty, which provided rare physical materials for studying the development and evolution of wood structures in the Song Dynasty.
② The only remaining pavilion-style wooden tower-Buddha Temple Sakyamuni Tower.
Fogong Temple is located in Yingxian County, Shaanxi Province, formerly known as Baogong Temple. Sagata was built in the second year of Liao and Qing Dynasties (AD 1056). It is the only existing pavilion-style wooden tower in China and the tallest existing wooden structure in the world.
Sagata is located in the middle of the front of the Buddhist temple, with a mountain gate in front and a Buddhist temple in the back, which is a typical layout of the central tower Buddhist temple. Sagata is an octagonal wooden tower with five floors and six eaves. The bottom diameter is 30m, and the bottom diameter of the tower is 23.36m Each floor is reduced by 1m, and the fifth floor is still 19.22m in diameter. There is a brick 1.86-meter-high sluice seat on the spire roof on the fifth floor, on which stands a cast iron tower sluice with a height of 9.9 1 meter, and the total height of the whole tower is 67.3 1 meter, which looks solemn and majestic.
The structure of Sagata Hall is in the form of "golden box at the bottom", which is a unique structural form in ancient China. This structure is characterized by its firmness and stability, which can effectively resist earthquakes and storms. This is also the reason why Sagata still stands more than 900 years after its completion.
Sagata, Beige Temple in Wutai, Shanxi Province and Guanyin Pavilion in Dule Temple in Jixian County, Hebei Province are three bright pearls in China's existing ancient buildings.
③ The popularity of pagodas in Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty was the heyday of pagoda architecture in China. During this period, pagodas have been replaced by masonry structures, and their appearance and forms are more diversified. Pavilion-like pagodas are all over the country, and the most representative pagodas are mostly distributed in the Yellow River basin and the south of the Central Plains.
The Baoen Temple Tower is located in the north of Suzhou, also known as the North Temple Tower, which was built in Shaoxing during the Southern Song Dynasty. The tower has 9 floors, with a total height of 7 1.85 meters. The plane is octagonal. Now only the brick tower was built in the Song Dynasty, and the other parts were rebuilt in the late Qing Dynasty.
Pagoda of Six Harmonies is located on the Moon Mountain beside the Qiantang River in Hangzhou. Founded in the first year of Song Kaibao (AD 968), it was rebuilt in the 26th year of Shaoxing (AD 1 156) and completed in the first year of Longxing (AD 1 163). The tower has 7 floors, with a total height of 59.89 meters and an octagonal plane. Only the existing tower core is the original structure of the Song Dynasty, and the 13 wooden eaves were rebuilt in the late Qing Dynasty.
The twin towers are located on the east and west sides in front of the main hall of Kaiyuan Temple. The East Tower is called Zhenguo Tower and the West Tower is called Renshou Tower. The two towers are 48 meters and 44 meters high respectively, and they are octagonal in plane, with five floors in total. The pedestal under the tower is engraved with lotus petals, lux and Buddhist stories. There is a giant stone ladder between the stone pillar in the center of the tower and the tower wall, each weighing about 1 ton.
Kaiyuan Temple Tower is a 1 1 storey octagonal pavilion-style brick tower with a total height of more than 84 meters. It is the tallest brick tower in China. It was built in the second year of the Song Dynasty (AD 1055). The bottom floor is tiled with waist eaves, and the upper floor is simply stacked with bricks. There is a cloister between the tower wall and the tower center, and the stairs above the fourth floor cross at the tower center. There are four doors on each floor of the tower. There are windows on all sides of the second, tenth and eleventh floors, and all other floors are fake windows. This design is to strengthen the rigidity of the brick tower.
Moguo Temple Tower is the earliest existing glazed brick tower in China. Because of its rust color, it is commonly called "Iron Tower". The components on the tower, such as column forehead and bucket arch, are all made of various bricks, and the decorative glazed tiles are carved with flying sky, unicorn and dragon.
The advanced technology and various forms and structures of brick towers in Song Dynasty greatly enriched the art of Buddhist architecture in China and marked the gradual maturity of Buddhist architecture in China.
4. The heyday of Chinese bridges
Song Dynasty is the heyday of the development of ancient bridges in China. The length of bridges built in this period is not available in the previous dynasty, and there are many kinds of bridges, and the technology is gradually mature.
Stone bridges were the most common in the Song Dynasty, and some bridges are still in use today, such as Luoyang Bridge in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, which was built in the fourth year of Jiayou in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the splayed bridge in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, which was built in the period of Baoyou and Chen Bing in the Southern Song Dynasty. Anping Bridge, Jinjiang County, Fujian Province, with a total length of 2,070 meters, was the longest stone bridge at that time.
Baodai bridge at Pingjiang in the southeast of Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province is a unique bridge structure. These are masterpieces left by advanced technology at that time, which made Chinese bridges occupy a very important position in the history of bridges in the world.
5. Garden architecture in Song Dynasty
The traditional garden architecture of China in Song Dynasty continued to develop and gradually matured along the characteristics of Tang Dynasty. Although it does not have the broad spirit of the Tang Dynasty, it can be more widely combined with life, marking the further development of gardening art.
The capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianliang and Xijing Luoyang enjoy the most prosperous gardens. There are as many as nine royal gardens in the capital of song dynasty, the most famous of which is Song Huizong's Genyue, which took six years to build.
There are more than 200 private gardens of ministers and nobles all over Bianjing and beyond.
After the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, private gardens in Suzhou, Hangzhou, Huzhou and Yangzhou flourished, and the owners designed according to their own imagination, which greatly promoted the innovation of garden architecture. For example, Ouyang Xiu once imitated the pattern of river boats and made a "gallery" in the government. These garden buildings fully embody four characteristics: based on nature, higher than nature; The combination of architecture and natural beauty; Poetic; Quiet and profound artistic conception. In a word, the garden architecture in Song Dynasty has penetrated into all walks of life in the city and became an important part of social and cultural life at that time.