After the establishment of an independent feudal country in Vietnam, the influence of China culture has not been alleviated, but has been further strengthened. There are three reasons. First, before Vietnam's independence, it was assimilated by China culture for more than 1 years, which laid the foundation for the development of ancient Vietnamese culture; Second, the ruling class after the founding of Vietnam actively absorbed the ideology and culture they needed from China for their own needs; Third, the development of Vietnamese land private ownership and commodity monetary economy is similar to that of China feudal society, but different from that of Southeast Asian countries at the same time, which is mainly manifested in its monetary and economic policies based on China's monetary and economic policies in previous dynasties, and its transformation and application. It has provided an economic basis for Vietnamese to absorb China culture.
On the other hand, accepting China culture and always showing that "Dayue" is an independent country and a proud national mentality is another important aspect that distinguishes ancient Vietnamese culture from Chinese culture. During the historical period from the independent establishment of the feudal state to the end of the feudal state, Vietnam and China's successive governments were far away and close, but generally speaking, most of the time Vietnam was proud of being the sovereign state of China. In particular, in 1454, the Ming emperor of China officially conferred the title of Queen Li Renzong An Nan Guo, and the new kings of past dynasties came to power. Only when they were conferred by the China government can they be regarded as orthodox. As a barrier to China, the Vietnamese rulers call China King Annan, while at home they call themselves Emperor Yue. Vietnam's currency reflects the above dual characteristics. For example, the coins minted after Vietnam's independence are in the form of China's square hole round coins, while the use of Xingbao, Zhenbao and Dabao in Qian Wen is a typical example.
Qian Xue is a remnant of historiography. If you want to prove his money, you must predict his history. Before the 18th century in Vietnam, the official script of Vietnam used Chinese characters and Nan characters created by Vietnam based on Chinese characters. Chinese characters are all used in coins. Since the French colonists strongly promoted the Pinyin of Vietnamese characters in Vietnam in the 18th century, Vietnamese culture has gradually separated from the cultural circle of Chinese characters. And caused a disconnect with Chinese culture. As we all know, Vietnam has been in a state of war and quasi-war for decades since its independence. There are few cultural exchanges between the two countries, and information is even more rare. The Chinese people know little about the history of Vietnam, which should be the main reason why many Quanyou friends lose interest in many Annan currencies. In recent years, with the reform and opening up in Vietnam, there are more and more exchanges with China. In addition, with the rise of domestic money-collecting craze, there are also some writings about Annan's money. At present, there are more influential ones in China, such as Vietnam Historical Currency co-edited by Guangxi Yunnan Coin Society and Hua Guangpu's Catalogue of Ancient Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese Money. The order of the two books is chronological. However, it is a pity that we can't separate the money after casting. The author intends to take Vietnamese history as the key link and money as the purpose to increase readers' interest in Vietnamese historical coins. The collection criteria are listed as few, rare, rare and rare, and the general products are no longer indicated. This paper is divided into three parts:
money coined by orthodox dynasties in past dynasties
1. In 1966, the state of Daqu Yue was founded in Dingbu, with a peaceful title, and an independent feudal country began to be established. History is called Ding Dynasty. 12 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China (3 years in the Northern Song Dynasty-4 years in Taiping and Xingguo). It's made of "Tai" and "Ding" to remember the country's name. There are four editions: split back, top ding, bottom ding and bottom reverse ding. There are few top ding and bottom ding, and the rest are rare. The casting time of Taiping Xingbao was earlier than that of Taiping Tongbao, which was cast during the Taiping Xingguo period in Song Taizong.
2. In 98, Lê Hoàn abandoned the son of Ding Bu Zero to stand on his own feet. After 29 years of founding the country, he was still called Daqu Yue, and was called Qianli in history (during the reign of Yong Xi in the Northern Song Dynasty). Cast with the treasure back "Li" of Tianfu Town. In 19, Ly Thái T?, a former senior officer of the Li Dynasty, seized the throne, and in 154, he changed his name to "Dayue", which was called the Li Dynasty in history. Li Taizu cast the word "Moon" on the back of Shuntian Dabao, but the intention is unclear, Jane.
Ming Dow and Tiangan ingots were cast in Taizong (during the reign of Qing Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty). Ming Dow Yuanbao is a genuine book with vigorous words. The last two strokes of the yuan character were separated and used for the imperial reward. There is iron money, thin. Tiangan Yuanbao is a true book, and those who recite the "dry king" and those who recite the "dry king" are used for imperial awards. The latter is a commemorative coin cast by Li Taizong to seal the king for his beloved son, Jane.
the Li dynasty was passed down to the 8th generation, and only Taizu and Taizong made money. The book "Historical Currency of Vietnam" still attributed the handed down money such as Tianfu Tongbao, Dading Tongbao, Zhenglong Yuanbao and Zhiping Tongbao to the Li Dynasty according to the year number, but it should be cast in the middle and late period of Vietnam.
4. In 1225, Chen Cheng, the assistant country commander, staged a coup, forcing Li Zhaohuang to retreat. Establish the Chen dynasty.
Chen Taizong's works are "Jian Zhong Tong Bao", "Zheng Ping Tong Bao" and "Jun Zhen" (the first year of Baoqing in the Southern Song Dynasty-the tenth year of Chunyou), and Annan's Jian Zhong is far less than Tang Jianzhong's. Taizong also has the year number of Yuanfeng. There are many versions of Yuan Feng Qian in Annan's money, but the writing style is not similar to that of Chen Dynasty. Whether the Chen Dynasty cast Yuanfeng Tongbao remains to be proved in the future.
Long Shao Tongbao was cast by Chen Shengzong, and the casting was not refined. Those who have a face and a back are all precious.
anniversary minted lead money in November of the 1th year, which is recorded in The Complete Book of Historical Records of Dayue. It should be the beginning of Vietnamese history officials casting lead money, but I have never seen the real thing. There are two types of objects found: Tai Yuanbao (dating from Thai) cast by Chen Mingzong, namely, back-reading and back-reading. Those with bare backs have more editions, but those with back-reading are rare.
Chen Yuzong cast Shaofeng Yuanbao, Tongbao, Dazhi Yuanbao and Tongbao Money. There are many editions of money for more than two years (from Yuan Dynasty to Zhengnian period). Shaofeng Yuanbao has lines, seals and cursive scripts, and there is a kind of official script with "15" on the back, which should be remembered as the year. It is rare, and those who recite the past are precious. Tongbao's back is rare, and the rest are rare; Dazhi Yuanbao's official script is rare, while others are rare. Tongbao has those who recite the yuan and those who pick the big characters on both feet (that is, those who are called "Dazhi" in Japan are rare), and others are rare.
in p>1369, Chen yuzong died without children. Yang Rili, an outsider, was made his heir, and the year number was determined (2 years of Ming Hongwu). It is cast with Dading Tongbao, less. At this point, the later kings of the Chen Dynasty were unable to make money because of repeated wars with the southern city-occupying countries and repeated peasant uprisings at home.
in may, 14, Hu's family took the place of Chen, whose name was Dayu, and whose history was called Hu Dynasty (2 years of Ming Jianwen). In the first year of casting Shengyuan Tongbao, there are two kinds of true seal, less. Later, the Hu Dynasty followed the paper money policy of Song and Yuan Dynasties, and promoted the "Tongbaohui Paper Money" paper money all over the country, instead of casting money. In 147, China Ming Dynasty sent troops to destroy Hu. Set up prefectures and counties in Vietnam. Viet Nam returned to China's rule. At that time, China's Hongwu, Yongle, Xuande and Hongzhi coins were in circulation.
6. In 1418, Li Li, the landlord of Qinghua, fought against the Ming Dynasty in Lanshan, northern Vietnam, and forced the Ming army to withdraw from Vietnam in 1427. In 1428, Li Li finally unified Vietnam, with Hanoi as its capital, and Da Yue as its title, which was called the post-Li Dynasty (1428-1789). In the early post-Li dynasty, the economy developed rapidly and the quality of cast money reached the best level in history. This period is the golden age of Vietnamese history.
Li Taizu cast Shuntian Yuanbao Xiaoping in Shuntian period, with regular production and slightly wider money margin. It is different from Shuntian Dabao in the Li Dynasty. The edition is divided according to the text, less.
Li Taizong cast Shaoping Tongbao and Dabao Tongbao, and Dabao Tongbao's big characters are rare, while other editions are rare.
Li Renzong cast Daiwa Tongbao and Yanning Tongbao. There are many formats, but the Ding Ning version of Yanning dish is rare.
In p>1459, LêNghiDan killed his younger brother Renzong and usurped the throne. He reigned for one year, casting Tianxing Tongbao, which was extremely refined and rare.
In p>146, ministers overthrew LêNghiDan and made Li Shengzong, the second son of Taizong, emperor. Cast with a smooth and smooth treasure map, Hongde Tongbao, the casting is extremely fine, which is the most easy to get in Annan's money.
Li Xianzong's paintings are exquisite and heavy, with large and small characters. Li Wei Mu Di cast the Tongbao with Duanqing, which is more thick and less. Big characters are rare.
Hongshun Tongbao was cast by Emperor Yi of Li Xiang, and finished in regular script. Li Zhaozong cast a bright and rare treasure, which was finished in regular script and sparse.
In p>1527, Mo Dengyong, the king of Taishi Anxing, forced after li to worship the emperor and establish the Mohist regime with Hanoi in northern Vietnam as its capital to control the north. In 1533, Ruan Shi, a military commander of the late Li Dynasty, established Li Zhao's eldest son, Li Ning, as Li Zhuang Zong in Qinghua, central Vietnam, taking charge of the real power and confronting Mo Shi. This period of Vietnamese history is called the "Southern and Northern Dynasties" period. In 1592, the southern forces defeated the Mohs, ending the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The most chaotic period of currency issuance and circulation in Vietnamese history began from the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The currencies of the Li Dynasty and the Mo Dynasty will be introduced respectively:
A. At the end of the post-Li Dynasty:
In p>1533, Zhu Yuan and Tong Bao were made in Zhuang Zong, after li, and the characters were authentic, while other three-character seal scripts were rare. Different from the Japanese dollar and. In 1573, Zheng Jian, the powerful minister, established Yingzongzi as Sejong, and Sejong cast Jiatai Tongbao.
It is different from Jiatai in the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1658, Shenzong paid attention to Yongshou Tongbao and Yongshou Treasure. Yongshou Tongbao was published in many editions and flowed into China, all of which were common. The treasure of longevity is rare.
There are several editions of Yongsheng Tongbao in Yuzong, among which there are those who recite "Si" to record the year. Baotai Tongbao was also cast by Yuzong. Recite the moon and stars and other editions, less.
Jingxing, the year of Emperor Xianzong, reigned for forty-six years. During his reign, he opened a wide range of money factories, and there were many Qian Wen and editions, which were comparable to the iron coins in Jiading, China in the Southern Song Dynasty. Jingxing Tongbao has many back stories, mainly divided into years and places. There are few people who record the years by cadres and branches, and few people who record the years by numbers. There are few people who are "western", "too", "silk" and "prosperous". Twenty-three years after Jingxing, the word Tongbao was changed to miscellaneous treasure. There are "great, spring, eternal, sincere, upright, practical, large, medium, too, internal, smooth and complete" Gem, and each kind of treasure is divided into many editions with words and inscriptions. Among them, "Dabao" is rare in two aspects, "Zhongbao" is rare, and "Neibao" is few. During the Jingxing period, Tongbao coins were cast, with dragons, dragons and phoenixes and other auspicious patterns on their backs. It is rare to give money to the official casting.
Zhao Tong Tong Bao was cast in Chengzong, with obvious broad margin, many editions and miscellaneous copper. Generally, there are single-word memorization, and those who recite two words are rare. In 1786, the Xishan Rebel Army captured Hanoi and overthrew the rule of the post-Li Dynasty. Li Chengzong fled to Guangxi and demanded China's intervention. In 1788, the Qing court sent Sun Shiyi to send 2, troops to Vietnam, and they were defeated. In Vietnam, the Qing army cast Ganlong Tongbao back Chinese Annan small flat money for the army to use, there are two versions, less.
B. Mo Chao (1527-1592):
Mo Taizu cast copper coins of Mingde Tongbao. There are many editions, all of which are few.
Emperor Taizong of Mo has a few copper coins of Dazheng Tongbao. Mo Fuhai has a cast of Guanghe Tongbao, which is read in regular script. Sparse. There is a small amount of seal script handed down from generation to generation, which should be cast later. All the above castings have the style of coin shape and finishing in the middle period of post-Li Dynasty.
Mo Fuyuan has a cast of Guangbao Tongbao, which is read in regular script, with a wide margin and a thin margin.
The power of Zheng Song and Ruan Huang, the main generals, was defeated by the Mo regime in the later Li Dynasty. After Zheng Song captured Hanoi in 1592, he took control of military and political power. Ruanhuang made its capital Hue in 16, and was called the King of Guangnan. Zheng's son of heaven commands the world, while Ruan's is diligent. The two sides fought a civil war for decades under the guise of maintaining the Li Dynasty. In 1692, due to internal instability, the northern Zheng family stopped attacking the Ruan regime. Once again, there is a confrontation between the north and the south in Vietnam. The Nguyen regime also minted a large number of coins.
in July and 1771, under the leadership of three brothers, Ruan Yue, Ruan Lv and Ruan Hui, southern farmers launched the Xishan Uprising with the slogan of "robbing the rich to help the poor". In 1777, Nguyn Phuc Anh, a descendant of Ruan Huang family, fled after the death of Ruan Shi's regime. In 1778, Ruan Yue was called King, with the title of Ted. In the same year, he occupied Hue. In 1786, he captured Hanoi and unified Vietnam. In 1787, Ruan Yue proclaimed himself emperor in Guiren, made Ruan Lv and Nguy?n Hu? king, divided the country into three parts, and ruled with all his feet.
a. Ruan Yuezhu has Ted Tongbao and Mingde Tongbao. Ted Tongbao is the annual money, and those who recite cursive scripts for a long time are cast to celebrate Ruan Yue's proclaimed himself emperor. Mingde Tongbao is Kyrgyz money, and its words and editions are like Ted's. Unlike Mo Chaoming, it has zinc money and less. In 1793, Ruan Yue was killed in the battle with Nguyn Phuc Anh, and his son led his troops to join Ruan Guangzan, the son of Ruan Hui. The Xishan regime resumed superficial unity.
B, in 1788, Nguy?n Hu? proclaimed himself emperor in Hanoi, establishing himself in the limelight. Xishan regime officially split. The following year, China officially canonized him as King Annan. Ruan Huizhu has Guangzhong Tongbao and Guangzhong Dabao. There are many versions of the two, such as those who recite the back, the heavy wheel, the back word and the back April, which are common, but those who recite the seal script Annan in Guangzhong Tongbao are few.
C, in 1792, Ruan Guangzan succeeded Ruan Huiwei, casting Jingsheng Tongbao, Dabao and Baoxing Tongbao. Jingsheng Tongbao imitates light, and its layout is complex and common. During the Jingsheng period, Jingxing Tongbao was also cast, which cost a lot of money and was rare. Jingxing has few treasures. Baoxing tongbaozhen
8. In 182, Nguyn Phuc Anh captured Ruan Guangzan with the help of the French, and the Xishan regime perished. Nguyn Phuc Anh established Ruan Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in Viet Nam, and changed it to Jialong, known as Sai-jo in history. Kong Chongru, the respect of Vietnamese feudal dynasty, reached its peak in the early Ruan Dynasty. Ruan Shizu cast money of Jialong Tongbao copper and zinc (then called white lead) (Figure 4). Copper coins are divided into many editions according to their size, characters and back words, and those who recite the "six points" of seal script are copper coins. Those who recite the "seven points" in regular script are zinc money. There are few people who recite the seal script "Taiping", so it should be Kyrgyz money.
Ruan shengzu (182-1841) minted copper coins and zinc coins of Ming-Ming Tongbao Xiaoping, and began to cast American-name coins. The American name is made of copper with a lot of money, and the front is Qian Wen's "Ming Ming Tong Bao". On the back, the characters reflecting Confucianism in the four classic books and five classics of China are selected as inscriptions. Those who have four characters and eight characters are rare. During the reign of Jia Long and Ming Ming, zinc money was vigorously promoted, especially when Ming Ming ordered the emperor to "use lead money". Rich households were afraid to hide it, while businessmen from neighboring countries were afraid to bring it back. This money circulation is not only beneficial to the people, but also to the country, which is naturally beneficial only. "The economic thought should be deeply inspired by China's monetary policy of lead, iron and money in the Five Dynasties.
Ruan Xianzu (1841-1847) cast Shaozhi Tongbao Xiaoping Copper Coin, Zinc Coin and American Big Copper Coin. Xiaoping copper coins are common. Zinc money has a back in Hanoi, which is rare. American size big copper coins, rare.
Qian Yizu (1848-1883) cast several products, such as Side Tongbao Xiaoping Copper Coin, Zinc Coin, American Big Copper Coin, Side Baobao Banknote and Side Heavy Treasure. Xiaoping had various formats, and few people memorized the land. There were also "six articles" behind Side Tongbao Xiaoping, which meant six zinc coins. Zinc money has a bare back and a record. American size big copper coins, rare. What is worth mentioning is the appearance of Si Debao banknotes. In the 14th year of Side, Ruan Chao issued a copper coin-style Side treasure note according to the issuing method of Qing Xianfeng treasure note. * * * is divided into six grades, and the back text ranges from quasi-ten to quasi-sixty. The ratio also refers to ten to sixty pieces of zinc money. There are two kinds of things to see. One is the heavy money cast according to the 14-year weight standard of Side. One is light money that meets the weight standard of Side for 23 years. Sparse. There are two kinds of people who recite Annan's eight essays, copper and zinc, which are rare.
Ruan Jianzong Ruan Fuhao (1884) betrayed his country by signing the Hue Treaty with the French colonialists, and the ruling and opposition parties were angry. He was deposed by the minister less than a year after he took office. Cast with Jianfu Tongbao copper coins and zinc coins. Junzhen.
Nguy?n Phúc Minh, Ruan Yidi, took over the throne in June 1884 and changed his name to Xian Yi. Cast with Xian Yi Tongbao copper coins. Thin and small, with "six essays" on the back. Han. Nguy?n Phúc Minh, unwilling to obey the French colonialists, launched Hue Uprising on July 5, 1885, but failed due to inadequate preparation. The French promoted Ruan Fu to the throne of God and celebrated the change of Yuan Dynasty.
Ruan Jingzong (1886-1889) cast Tongqing Tongbao copper coins in different sizes, worth 6 pieces and 1 pieces of zinc coins respectively. There are few big ones. There is a thin American name with a lot of money.
Ruan Fuzhao (189-196), Emperor Chengtai, cast Chengtai Tongbao, which was divided into three types: back-reading, six-writing and ten-writing. Six writers are rare.
Ruan Fuhuang (197-1916), the Emperor of Weixin, cast a treasure of Weixin Tongbao, reciting ten articles. Because Ruan Fuhuang doesn't want to be a puppet, he participates.