To my own son: Quanzi
To my own parents: my father and my mother
To the other party’s parents: your father-in-law
To the other party Daughter: Thousand Dollars
2 The earliest books in China are tortoise shells or animal bones inscribed with characters in the Shang Dynasty, which are more than 3,000 years old. At that time, in order to facilitate preservation, several pieces of oracle bones with related contents were connected together with ropes. This was the binding form of early books.
Bronze inscriptions began to appear in the late Shang Dynasty, and rulers cast important documents on bronze vessels. Especially in the Western Zhou Dynasty, inscriptions could contain more text. The inscription on the Mao Gong Tripod of the Western Zhou Dynasty reaches 500 words. Because people often regard the inscriptions on this ancient bronze vessel as one of the forms of ancient "original books", most calligraphy historians believe that it is also one of the ancient "original books". A form of book binding.
Bamboo slips were the most representative form of books before the invention of paper. It can be arbitrarily determined according to the length of the article, with one script and one line. Finally, it is strung together with upper and lower ropes, rolled and bundled for storage.
There are also two types: reed braiding and silk braiding. The dressy ones are packed in fabric sewn bags. Bamboo simplicity originated in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and was used until the 4th century AD. In addition to bamboo slips, bamboo slips are also called wooden slips made of wood. Parallel to the bamboo slips
there are wooden slips, which are made into rectangular pieces of wood and used to write short articles.
Silk script is a form of book that is slightly later than bamboo slips. It is written on silk fabrics. Its binding format is to sew the edges and store them in rolls. Because the materials are expensive, they are mostly used by rulers to write official documents or
Used for painting, less commonly used in books.
The Stone Scripture is also a form of ancient books. The most representative one is the "Xiping Stone Classic", which was engraved in the fourth year of Xiping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 175). The Seven Confucian Classics were engraved on 46 stone tablets, with a total of more than 20 characters
Thousands of words. It stands in front of the Imperial Academy in Luoyang for people to read, copy and correct. Its function exceeds that of ordinary books. Its shape is double-sided with inscriptions, the characters are read vertically, the rows are neat, and the tablets are arranged in a U
shape. Others, such as the Buddhist Stone Sutra from Yunju Temple in Fangshan, were engraved in the Sui Dynasty. Although it is later than the Xiping Stone Sutra, its influence is greater and its value is also high.
3 Obey your father when you are not married, obey your husband when you are married, and obey your son when your husband is dead. The four virtues are virtue (virtue), speech (words), appearance (appearance), and skill (merit), that is
"Women's virtue": As a wife, you must be respectful and gentle when serving your husband and aunts (parents-in-law); as a real wife, you must "get rid of jealousy" and help your husband take concubines; as a mother, you must be able to "teach your children" "To be a stepmother, you need to be "loving to your ex-child"; when getting along with family members, you need to be "with your uncles and sisters (brother-in-law and sister-in-law)" and "mu Disi (sister-in-law)." A poor family needs to be "comfortable in poverty", and a wealthy family needs to be "respectful and thrifty". It is also necessary to "respect oneself", "value righteousness", "keep integrity", "revenge"... possess a series of virtues.
A woman’s words are not valuable in many words, but in appropriateness.” Various occasions require the use of different and appropriate words, such as encouraging husbands, teaching children, tactfully admonishing, being clear-minded, observing etiquette, and expressing Wise and wise, free from disasters
A woman’s appearance should be dignified and respectful, and her childbirth should be at the right time.” It is also subdivided into “serving relatives” and “respecting husband”. The appearance should be dignified, the appearance of mourning should be sad and restrained, the appearance of avoiding chaos should be calm and calm, without losing tolerance, and when necessary, there should be no hesitation to die and sacrifice, etc. Specific rules
Female power must maintain the needs of life, food and clothing. They collect mulberry, raise silkworms, weave textiles, prepare gifts, and prepare wine; they also need to support their parents-in-law and husband, give birth to children, and entertain guests; they also have other important tasks such as preparing supplies for sacrifices and assisting in sacrifices.
4 Ancient Chinese traditional festivals and customs
Spring Festival
The most solemn festival among my country’s traditional customs. This festival is the first of the year. The ancients also called it Yuanri, New Year's Day, Yuanzheng, New Year, Xinzheng, etc. Nowadays, people call it Spring Festival after adopting the Gregorian calendar. In ancient times, "Spring Festival" and "spring" were synonymous. The custom of the Spring Festival is to celebrate the past year on the one hand, and to wish for a happy new year, good harvests, and prosperity for people and animals, and is mostly related to farming. The dragon dance is to please the dragon god and bring good weather; the lion dance originates from the legend of frightening monsters that destroy crops and harm people and animals. With the development of society, activities such as worshiping gods and worshiping heaven have gradually been eliminated. Customs such as burning firecrackers, pasting Spring Festival couplets, hanging New Year pictures, performing dragon lanterns, lion dances, and New Year greetings are still widely popular today.
Lantern Festival
my country’s traditional folk festival. Also known as the first half of the first lunar month, Shangyuan Festival and Lantern Festival. Lantern Festival customs include appreciating lanterns, making dumplings, making New Year drums, welcoming the toilet god, and guessing lantern riddles, etc. The custom of eating Yuanxiao began in the Song Dynasty. Yuanxiao refers to dumplings, which are made of glutinous rice flour into solid or filled dumplings. They can be eaten with soup, stir-fried or steamed.
Cold Food
Traditional folk festivals in my country. Fireworks are strictly prohibited during the festival, and only cold food can be eaten. One hundred and five or one hundred and six days after the winter solstice, one or two days before Qingming. According to legend, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Prince Chong'er of Jin Dynasty was in exile, and minister Jie Zitui cut off his penis and ate it. After Chong'er became the king, he awarded many meritorious officials, but he did not reward Jie Zitui. Zitui then lived in seclusion in the mountains. Chong'er felt very ashamed after hearing this, and set fire to the mountain in order to force him to come out of the mountain to receive rewards. Zitui couldn't get out of his arms and was burned to death. Chong'er then ordered that no fire should be made for cooking on this day every year. He commemorated Zitui and expressed his condemnation for his fault. Because the time of cold food and Qingming are similar, later generations regarded the custom of cold food as one of the customs of Qingming.
Qingming
my country’s traditional folk festival. According to the lunar calendar, it falls in the first half of March, and according to the solar calendar, it falls on April 5th or 6th each year. At this time, the weather is getting warmer, the wind is gentle and the sun is shining, and "everything is now clean and clear", hence the name of Qingming Festival. Its customs include tomb sweeping, outing, swinging, flying kites, planting willows and wearing flowers, etc. Literati in the past dynasties have used Qingming as the theme in their poems.
Dragon Boat Festival
my country’s traditional folk festival. Also known as Duanyang, Chongwu and Chongwu. The Dragon Boat Festival was originally a ceremony held on the noon day of the first lunar month. Because "five" and "wu" have the same pronunciation, the fifth day of the fifth lunar month became the Dragon Boat Festival. It is generally believed that this festival is related to commemorating Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was deposed for his loyalty and committed suicide by drowning. So people ate rice dumplings and raced dragon boats to commemorate him. Dragon Boat Festival customs include drinking realgar wine, hanging sachets, eating rice dumplings, arranging flowers and calamus, fighting with herbs, and driving away the "five poisons".
Begging for Skills
my country’s traditional folk festival. Also known as Girls' Day or Chinese Valentine's Day. According to legend, after the Weaver Girl on the east bank of the Tianhe River married the Cowherd on the west bank of the Hexi River, the weaving of cloud brocade was a little slow. The Emperor of Heaven was furious and drove the Weaver Girl back. The two were only allowed to meet on the bridge built by magpies every year on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month. . Or it is said that the Weaver Girl in the sky married the Cowherd on the earth, and the Queen Mother captured the Weaver Girl back to the heaven, allowing the two to meet only once a year on the Magpie Bridge. Every year on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month, women take advantage of the reunion of the Weaver Girl and the Cowherd to set up incense tables, thread needles and threads, and beg her for her weaving and embroidery skills. Listening to the conversation of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl under the grape trellis is also an interesting part of July 7th.
Mid-Autumn Festival
my country’s traditional folk festival. Also known as the Reunion Festival. The eighth month of the lunar calendar is in the autumn, and the fifteenth day of the eighth month is in the middle of August, so it is called the Mid-Autumn Festival. Autumn is high and the air is crisp, and the moon is bright in the sky, so there is a custom of appreciating and worshiping the moon. The association of reunion brought by the full moon makes the Mid-Autumn Festival more popular. In the Tang Dynasty, Chang'e's flight to the moon was associated with the Mid-Autumn Festival moon appreciation, which became more romantic. Poets in the past dynasties wrote many poems with the theme of Mid-Autumn Festival. The main customs of the Mid-Autumn Festival include appreciating the moon, worshiping the moon, watching tides, and eating moon cakes.
Double Ninth Festival
my country’s traditional folk festival. "The Book of Changes" defines "nine" as a yang number, and the two nines overlap, so the ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the "Double Ninth Festival". During the Double Ninth Festival, the autumn air is crisp, the wind is clear and the moon is clear, so there are customs such as climbing high to look into the distance, admiring chrysanthemums and composing poems, drinking chrysanthemum wine, and planting dogwood trees. There is a poem in the Tang Dynasty that says, "If you plant dogwood everywhere, there will be one less person left."
Twelve Years
A traditional folk festival in my country. This is an ancient festival for worshiping ancestors, worshiping gods and celebrating harvest at the end of the year. The twelfth lunar month is usually held in the last month of each year. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the twelfth lunar month was fixed on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. There are customs such as eating red bean porridge and worshiping ancestors. The Buddhist Laba porridge later also penetrated into the customs of the Laba day.
New Year's Eve
my country's traditional folk festival. On the evening of the 30th day of the twelfth lunar month, every family gathers together to have a "New Year's dinner" with sumptuous dishes in the cleaned house. Everyone stays up all night, drinking and chatting, guessing riddles, playing chess, and having fun, which is called "keeping the New Year's Eve up". At zero o'clock, everyone rushes out and builds a fire in front of the court (called "Ting Liao" in ancient times, which means prosperity), and in this "three yuan" of "the yuan of the year, the yuan of the month, the yuan of the time" At this time, three "sky cannons" were released first in order to develop first and have good luck. At this time, the sound of firecrackers and cheers rang out, creating a scene of "wiping away the old year with the sound of firecrackers".
5
Foot binding is a bad habit in ancient China, which is to wrap a woman's feet with cloth and turn them into small and pointed "three-inch golden lotus" ". The "three-inch golden lotus" once became an important condition for women's aesthetics in ancient China. It is said that women's feet were bound in ancient times because Li Yu, the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty, liked to watch women dancing on the "golden lotus". Because the gold lotus was too small, the dancers would wrap their feet in white silk and bend their feet to stand on it while dancing. It looks graceful, gentle and graceful. It was originally a dance costume, and later slowly spread from the harem to the upper class society. Later, folk women followed suit, and gradually became a common social custom and a morbid aesthetic. Comparison between normal feet and bound feet
The foot binding process is divided into trial binding, trial tight binding (toe binding), thin binding (toe binding), and bent binding (foot binding)
7. Six Rites: Ancient marriage etiquette. It refers to the six etiquettes in the process from the marriage proposal to the consummation of the marriage, namely: accepting, asking for the name, accepting the favor, accepting the invitation, asking for the date, and personally welcoming.
8 1. Complete Collection of Chinese Traditional Culture
★Traditional Overview★: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, trust, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, integrity, forgiveness, courage, and surrender; Music, chess, calligraphy and painting, three religions and nine streams, three hundred and sixty lines, four great inventions, folk taboos, loyalty to the country, bamboo, folk songs, loess, Yangtze River, Yellow River, red, moon...
★Agricultural Culture★: Peasant families, peasant uprisings, hoes.
★Royal Palace★: Palace culture, imperial studies.
★Confucian Schools★:
Confucianism (Confucius, "The Analects", Mencius, "Mencius", Xunzi; Thoughts: benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, faith; four books : "The Doctrine of the Mean", "Great Learning", "Mencius", "The Analects")
①Taoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi; thoughts: morality, inaction, freedom)
②Mozi (Mozi, "The Analects of Confucius") "Mozi", thoughts: universal love, non-aggression, promotion of talents, frugality)
③Legalism (Han Fei, Li Si, "Han Feizi" thoughts: centralized monarchy, ruling the country by law)
< p>④Famous Masters (Deng Xi, Hui Shi, "Gongsun Longzi")⑤Yinyang Family (Zou Yan, Five Elements, Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth)
⑥Zongheng Family (Guiguzi , Su Qin, Zhang Yi, "Warring States Policy")
⑦Miscellaneous writers (Lü Buwei's "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals")
⑧Novelists (Wu Cheng'en's "Journey to the West", Luo Guanzhong's "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Pu Songling's "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", Cao Xueqin's "A Dream of Red Mansions")
⑨ Military Strategies (Sun Bin's "Sun Bin's Art of War" and Sun Wu's "Sun Tzu's Art of War" Thoughts: Emphasize that preparation must be made before combat)
⑩Physicians (the following are works by Bian Que, Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao, and Li Shizhen)
★Qin★: flute, erhu, guzheng, Xiao, drum, guqin, and pipa. "Jasmine", the top ten famous songs ("Mountains and Flowing Waters", "Guangling San", "Goose Falling on the Flat Sand", "Three Plum Blossom Alleys", "Ambush from Flying Daggers", "Sunset Flute and Drum", "Eighteen Beats of Hujia", "Han "Gong Qiuyue", "Spring White Snow", "Qiao Qiao Qiao")
★Chess★: Chinese chess, Chinese Go, game, chess pieces, chess board.
★Books★: Chinese calligraphy, seal cutting, the four treasures of the study (brush, ink, inkstone, rice paper), woodblock watermarks, oracle bone inscriptions, bells and tripods, Han Dynasty bamboo slips, vertical wire-bound books
★ Painting★: Chinese painting, landscape painting, freehand painting; Dunhuang murals; Eight Horses, Tai Chi (Tai Chi).
★Twelve Zodiac Signs★: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig.
★Traditional Literature★: "The Book of Songs", "Han Yuefu", "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Thirty-six Strategies", "Pre-Qin Poems", "Han Fu", "Tang Poems", "Song Ci" , "Yuan Opera", "Ming Novels", the Four Great Classics ("Journey to the West", "A Dream of Red Mansions", "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin") and "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio"
★Traditional Festival★: Lantern Festival (eating glutinous rice balls), Cold Food Festival (eating only cold food), Qingming Festival (grave sweeping), Dragon Boat Festival (zongzi, dragon boat racing, Qu Yuan), Mid-Autumn Festival (eating moon cakes), Double Ninth Festival (climbing), Laba Festival (New Year's Eve) 10. Red envelopes, New Year’s Eve (reunion dinner), New Year’s Eve (Shou Sui), and Spring Festival (Yuan Day) are represented.
★Chinese Drama★: Kun Opera, Hunan Opera, Peking Opera, Shadow Play, Sichuan Opera, Huangmei Opera, Cantonese Opera, Flower Drum Opera, Baling Opera, Puppet Show | Peking Opera Masks Kun Opera of Chinese Traditional Culture
★ Chinese Architecture★: Great Wall, archways, gardens, monasteries, bells, towers, temples, pavilions, wells, stone lions, houses, Qin bricks and Han tiles, terracotta warriors and horses.
★Chinese characters in Chinese★: Chinese characters, Chinese language, couplets, riddles (lantern riddles), idioms, idioms, idioms, shooting, drinking orders, etc...
★Traditional Chinese Medicine★: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese medicine, "Huangdi Neijing", "Acupuncture Jia and B Jing", "Mai Jing", "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Qian Jin Prescription"
★Religious philosophy★: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Compass , Bagua, Siman, magic weapon, fortune telling, Zen, Buddhism, Guanyin, Taishang Laojun; burn incense, worship Buddha, candles.
★Folk crafts★: paper cutting, kites, Chinese embroidery (embroidery, etc.), Chinese knots, clay figurines, dragon and phoenix patterns (taotie pattern, wishful thinking pattern, thunder pattern, back pattern, Ba pattern), auspicious cloud patterns , Phoenix eye, Melaleuca bottom, eaves, vulture.
★Chinese Martial Arts★: Southern Quan and Northern Legs, Shaolin, Wudang, Emei, Kongtong, Kunlun, Diancang, Huashan, Qingcheng, Songshan.
★Regional culture★: Chinese culture, Jiangnan culture, Jiangnan water town, Saibei Lingnan, desert customs, Mongolian grassland, ends of the earth, Central Plains, Baling culture...
★Folk customs ★: Etiquette, wedding (matchmaker, Yuelao), funeral (filial piety, paper money), sacrifice (ancestor); door gods, New Year pictures, firecrackers, dumplings.
★ Clothing★: Hanfu (Han nationality), Tang suit (Han nationality pan-collared robe), Miao clothing (Miao nationality), Uighur nationality clothing (Uyghur nationality), embroidered shoes, tiger-head shoes, pseudo-Tang suit (Manchu mandarin jacket) , cheongsam (Manchu), bellyband (Manchu), bamboo hat, emperor's crown, queen's phoenix crown, silk. Chinese traditional clothing Hanfu
★Four elegant dramas★: flowers, birds, insects, fish, peonies, plum blossoms, osmanthus, lotus, birdcages, bonsai, carp;
★animals and plants★: dragon, Phoenix, wolf, unicorn, tiger, leopard, crane, turtle, giant panda...; plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum: plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum. Pine and cypress.
★Utensils to carry with you★: jade (jade pendants, jade carvings...) porcelain, cloisonné, Chinese lacquerware, painted pottery, purple clay pots, batik, ancient weapons (armor, broadswords, swords, etc.), bronzes, antiques (copper coins) etc.), tripod, gold ingot, Ruyi, candlestick, red lantern (palace lantern, gauze lantern), rickshaw, snuff bottle, birdcage, longevity lock, candied haws, bronze mirror, large sedan chair, hookah, snuff bottle, banana fan, peach blossom fan, Foot wrap.
★Food and Cooking★: Seven things to do when going out: firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar, tea; wine, tea ceremony; eating culture, Chinese food, eight major cuisines (Shandong, Sichuan, Cantonese) , Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hunan), dumplings, reunion dinner, New Year's Eve dinner, rice cakes, Mid-Autumn moon cakes, chopsticks; shark's fin, bear's paw...
★Legend and Myth★: Nuwa mends the sky , Pangu opened the world, Houyi shot the sun, Chang'e flew into the sky, Kuafu chased the sun, Jingwei filled the sea...
★Gods, monsters and ghosts★: gods, monsters, ghosts, the underworld; the Jade Emperor, King Yama , Black and White Impermanence, Mengpo, Naihe Bridge...
9 Traditional culture is divided into eight categories: philosophy, ethics, religion, education, literature, art, history, and science and technology. Of course, Fenghong's vast traditional Chinese culture also left a very rich cultural heritage; ancient Chinese culture also made great achievements in textual research, editions, collation and other aspects.
10. "Ghost marriage" is also called "yin marriage" or "ghost marriage", and it has many names, such as ghost marriage, bone matching, ghost marriage, round grave, etc. To understand it simply, we can think of "ghost wedding" as a kind of mourning wedding held in the underworld. In the final analysis, it is a wedding of the dead.
11 Stepmarriage is an old Chinese marriage custom. Most of them are brothers who died and adopted their widowed wives as their wives, including the elder brother taking his younger sister-in-law and the younger brother taking his brother-in-law's wife. There are also individuals whose sons take concubines (father's concubines) as wives. The former originated from the phenomenon of brothers having sex with their wives during the ancient group marriage period. After entering a patrilineal society, as part of the inheritance, the father's concubines are often married by his legitimate sons. During the Spring and Autumn Period, incest among the emperor and princes was frequently recorded in history. Among the people, it was a common practice until modern times for an elder brother to take his younger brother's wife and for a younger brother to adopt his elder brother's wife. In a society where commercial marriage is prevalent, the poor cannot afford to marry, so there is a situation where widowers and widowers make do with each other. The laws of the Ming and Qing Dynasties prohibited taking the wives of stepbrothers, but in practice people did not abide by this. < /p>
13 Qi Chu: Also called Qi Qu (also known as Qi Qi), ancient Chinese laws, etiquette and customs stipulate seven conditions that couples must meet when divorcing. When the wife meets one of them, When certain conditions are met, the husband and his family can request to divorce his wife (i.e. divorce).
The content is as follows:
1. "Disobeying parents"
2. "Childless"
3. "Promiscuous"
4 , "jealousy"
5. "having a bad disease"
6. "talkative"
7. "theft"