How to construct roof waterproofing
A, leveling layer construction
Generally, cement mortar, fine stone concrete or asphalt mortar is used as the integral leveling layer of the roof.
1, thickness and technical requirements
⑴? Cement mortar screed-coat: when the structural layer is cast-in-situ concrete monolithic slab, the thickness is15 ~ 20 mm; When there is an integral or blocky thermal insulation layer, the thickness is 20 ~ 25mm; when the structural layer is an assembled concrete slab and the thermal insulation layer is a loose material, the thickness is 20 ~ 30 mm.
The volume ratio of cement mortar is 1: 2.5 ~ 1: 3 (cement: sand), and the cement strength grade is not lower than 32.5.
⑵? Fine stone concrete leveling layer: the thickness is 30 ~ 35mm, and the concrete strength grade is not lower than C20.
⑶? Asphalt mortar leveling layer: when the structural layer is cast-in-place concrete monolithic slab, the thickness is15 ~ 20 mm; When the structural layer is fabricated concrete slab and the thermal insulation layer is made of integral or massive material, the thickness is 20 ~ 25mm. The mass ratio of asphalt mortar is 1: 8 (asphalt: sand).
2, leveling layer drainage slope
When the flat roof adopts structure to find slope, it should not be less than 3%, and the appropriate material should be 2%. The longitudinal slope of the gutter and eaves gutter shall not be less than 65438 0%, and the gap at the bottom of the gutter shall not exceed 200 mm.
3. Node processing
The leveling layer should be made into an arc at the junction and corner of the roof structure (parapet, gable, deformation joint and chimney). When the waterproof layer is asphalt waterproofing membrane, the arc radius is R = 100 ~ 150 mm, when polymer modified asphalt waterproofing membrane is used, the arc radius is R=50mm, when polymer waterproofing membrane is used, the arc radius is r = 50 mm. The leveling layer should be made into a slightly lower pit around the water outlet for internal drainage.
4, leveling layer separation seam
The leveling layer should have frame joints and be caulked with sealing material. Frame joints should be located at the end joints of the slab. The maximum spacing between vertical and horizontal joints of cement mortar or fine stone concrete leveling layer should not be greater than 6m, and asphalt mortar should not be greater than 4m.
Second, the insulation layer construction
1, insulating material
Thermal insulation materials can be divided into three categories: first, loose materials, such as slag, expanded vermiculite and expanded perlite, are rarely used at present. Second, plate-like materials, such as expanded vermiculite, expanded perlite block, foamed cement, aerated concrete block, rock wool board, EPS polystyrene board, XPS extruded board, etc. Three, the overall cast-in-place (spraying) insulation layer, such as asphalt expanded vermiculite, asphalt expanded perlite, polyurethane rigid foam waterproof and insulation integrated system? Wait a minute.
At present, rock wool board, EPS polymer board and XPS extruded board are widely used. Polyurethane rigid foam waterproof and thermal insulation integrated system has developed rapidly.
2. Insulation layer construction
Before the insulation layer construction, the base should be smooth, dry and clean. Insulation layer should be close to (close to) the grass-roots level, and the bedding should be stable. When laying in layers, the upper and lower seams are staggered and the flat-fell seam is tight. The gap between plates should be filled with the same type of materials and pasted firmly, so as to find the correct slope.
3. Roof polyurethane waterproof and thermal insulation integrated system
The direct foaming molding process of high-pressure airless spray coating machine is adopted, which makes the roof waterproof and thermal insulation integrated, and the formed waterproof and thermal insulation layer is continuous and seamless, which has the characteristics of excellent thermal insulation effect, good adhesion, high strength, strong impermeability and excellent aging resistance.
Third, the coiled material waterproof layer construction
1, asphalt coiled material waterproof layer construction
Asphalt coiled material waterproof layer is only allowed to be used for roofing waterproof layer with waterproof grade of Grade III and IV, with three felts and four oils for Grade III roofing and two felts and three oils for Grade IV roofing.
⑴? Coil storage
Coils of different varieties, labels and specifications should be stacked vertically, and the height should not exceed? Second floor. Avoid rain, sun and moisture, stay away from fire and heat sources, and avoid contact with harmful substances such as chemical media and organic solvents.
⑵? Basic cleaning and drying inspection
The construction of waterproof layer of asphalt coiled material should be carried out after the completion of other roofing projects. Before laying the roof gas barrier and waterproof layer, the base must be clean and dry.
⑶? Basic treatment
The base treatment agent (cold priming oil) has strong permeability and hydrophobicity, which can enhance the adhesion between asphalt binder and leveling layer. The coating of basic treatment agent is generally carried out after the leveling layer is dried, and the coating should be thin and uniform, without blank, pits and bubbles.
⑷? Coil laying direction
When the roof slope is less than 3%, the coil should be laid parallel to the roof; When the roof slope is 3 ~ 15%, the coiled material can be laid parallel or vertical to the roof ridge; When the roof slope is greater than 15% or the roof shakes, the coiled material shall be laid perpendicular to the roof; The upper and lower coils shall not be laid vertically.
When paving parallel to the roof, it should be paved step by step from the gutter or cornice. Two volumes of long-side lap (blank-holding) should be in the direction of running water, and the width of long-side lap should not be less than 70mm (full-paste method) or 100mm (empty shop, point-paste method and strip-paste method); Short side lap (joint) should be in the dominant wind direction, and the lap width should not be less than 100mm (full adhesion method) or 150mm (empty laying, point adhesion method and strip adhesion method).
Lap joints of short sides of two adjacent coils shall be staggered by not less than 500mm, and the widths of upper and lower coils shall be staggered by 1/3 or 1/2. Parallel to the roof, a coil can be laid to the end, with large working face, few joints and high efficiency. The transverse tensile strength of the coil is higher than the longitudinal tensile strength to prevent the coil from cracking due to the deformation of the base, and it should be preferred.
Coil horizontal shop is stuck lap requirements:
When laying the coiled material on the parallel roof and vertical roof, it should be laid from the roof to the cornice, the blank holder should follow the dominant wind direction, and the joint should follow the flowing water direction. There can be no overlap at the roof, so the coiled materials must cross the roof alternately to enhance the waterproof and durability of the roof.
Before laying large-area roofing waterproofing membrane, the drain, gutter, parapet and settlement joint should be strengthened first, and then laying large-area roofing membrane. When laying a continuous multi-span or high-low span roof, it should be carried out in the order of high span first, low span later, far and near first.
⑸? Laying method
Mainly pour oil, brush oil and scrape oil? And sprinkle oil.
①? Pour oil method: also known as oil flooding method, pour asphalt glue on the base, and then push the coil forward to make the coil closely adhere to the base;
②? Brush oil method: brush asphalt rubber on the base with a brush, the appropriate brush oil length is 300~500mm, and the oil outlet edge is not more than 50mm, and then quickly spread the coiled material;
③? Oil scraping method: after pouring asphalt glue on the base, scrape off the asphalt glue with a rubber scraper with a thickness of 5 ~10 mm;
④? Oil spreading method: used when the base is not very dry and needs to be used as an exhaust roof. When laying the first layer of coil, asphalt should be laid around the coil first, and oil should be laid in the middle. Other layers should be paved by oil, scraping and brushing.
The asphalt composition in the asphalt glue should be the same as that in the coil. The heating temperature of hot asphalt mastic shall not exceed 2400℃, and the service temperature shall not be lower than 1900℃. Asphalt mastic shall be spread evenly and shall not be too thick or piled up.
Thickness of bonding layer: hot asphalt mastic 1 ~ 1.5 mm, cold asphalt mastic 0.5 ~1mm;
Thickness of surface course: hot asphalt mastic 2 ~ 3 mm, cold asphalt mastic1~1.5 mm.
⑹? Construction of protective layer: after each layer of coiled material is paved, the protective layer of mung bean sand is poured with a layer of 2 ~ 4 mm asphalt glue on the upper surface, and a layer of adzuki stones with a particle size of 3 ~ 5 mm is sprinkled while it is hot, and compacted to make adzuki stones firmly bonded with asphalt glue, and the unbound adzuki stones should be cleaned up;
When a rigid protective layer such as cement mortar, block or fine stone concrete is used, an isolation layer should be set between the protective layer and the waterproof layer, and the protective layer should be provided with frame joints. The grid area of cement mortar protective layer should be 1m2. Block material should not be greater than 100m2, and the protective layer of fine stone concrete should not be greater than 36m2. There should be a 30mm wide gap between the rigid protective layer and the parapet and gable, and it should be filled with sealing material.
2, polymer modified asphalt coiled material waterproof layer construction
Polymer modified asphalt coiled material can be used as roof waterproof layer with waterproof grade I, II and III. ⅲ roof can be fortified together, and the coil thickness should be not less than 4 mm. Grade ⅱ roof should be fortified twice, and Grade ⅰ roof with coil thickness not less than 3 mm should be fortified three times or more, and the coil thickness should be not less than 3 mm. ..
⑴? Splicing lap
The lap width of long side shall not be less than 80mm (full adhesion method) or 100mm (empty paving, point adhesion and strip adhesion method); The lap width of short side shall not be less than 80mm (full adhesion method) or 100mm (empty paving, point adhesion and strip adhesion method).
Long-side lap joint of SBS coil
⑵? Hot melt building
Hot-melt method does not need to be coated with adhesive, and can be directly baked with flame and pasted with the base, which can reduce the cost, especially when the temperature is low or the base is slightly wet.
Hot-melt method is generally carried out after the basic treatment agent is painted for 8 hours. The distance between the nozzle of the flame heater and the coil surface is about 0.5m, and the included angle between the nozzle and the base is 45 ~ 600.
Hot melt building
Relative position of welding flame with coil and base surface
The coil should be heated evenly until the hot melt layer appears black luster, shiny to slightly blistered. Do not overheat or burn through the coil. After hot melting, the coil should be rolled up immediately. When rolling, the air below the coil should be excluded to make it flat and wrinkle-free, and the rolling should be firmly bonded.
Schematic diagram of hot melt coil end laying
The lap joint should be heated by hot air welding gun, and the joint part must overflow with hot melt modified asphalt glue, and then the seal should be scraped flat and pasted firmly.
Hot-melt coil can be constructed by full adhesion method and tape adhesion method, with full adhesion method using roll coating method and tape adhesion method using spreading method.
⑶? Cold-bonded structure
When laying the coil, roll the coil forward while brushing the glue and tighten it in time. The seam of the coil can be bonded by adhesive or heated by gasoline blowtorch.
3, synthetic polymer coiled material waterproof layer construction
Synthetic polymer film can be used as roof waterproof layer with waterproof grade I, II and III. ⅲ roof can be fortified together, and the thickness of the coil is not less than1.2mm; Ⅱ level roof should be two fortification, coil thickness is not less than 65438+/-0.2 mm; The Ⅰ-level roof shall be fortified for three or more times, and the coil thickness shall be no less than1.5 mm.
⑴? Splicing lap
When using adhesive, the lap width of long side and short side should not be less than 80mm? (full adhesion method) or 100mm (empty paving, point adhesion and strip adhesion method); The overlapping width of the long side and the short side of the adhesive tape shall not be less than 50mm (full adhesion method) or 60mm? (Blank paving, glue dispensing, glue strip).
⑵? Preparation and stirring of adhesive
The adhesive is provided by the manufacturer. One-component adhesive can only be used when the barrel is opened and stirred evenly. Two-component adhesive must be measured, mixed and stirred evenly in strict accordance with the ratio and preparation method of the manufacturer. When the adhesives are of different varieties, they shall not be mixed.
⑶? Brush adhesive
Adhesive should be evenly coated on the back of the coil, not too thin and exposed, nor too much and piled up. Adhesive shall not be applied to the lap joint, and this part is reserved for seam coating adhesive. Some coils require adhesive to be coated on the back and bottom of the coil.
⑷? Coil laying
The laying time of coil depends on the performance of adhesive and construction environment. Some require that the shop be laid immediately after painting, while others require that it be left standing 10 ~ 30 min after painting, and the shop can be laid when the fingers are not sticky. When the shop is stuck, the coil shall not wrinkle or be forcibly stretched. The air under the coil should be excluded and rolled firmly.
Commonly used paving methods are "lifting paving method" and "rolling paving method"
Four, film waterproof roof
Coated waterproof roof is a kind of coating with polymer synthetic material as the main body, which is coated on the roof leveling layer after joint filling treatment to form a tough coating with waterproof effect.
1, plate seam sealing
⑴? Joint filling ointment and cement
There are two kinds of ointment, one is asphalt ointment, rubber asphalt ointment and plastic ointment. Which is usually constructed by cold embedding; The other is PVC cement, which takes PVC resin and coal tar as main agents, adds plasticizer, stabilizer and filler, stirs while heating on site, and plasticizes at 130 ~ 1400℃ for 5 ~ 10 min, which is a hot embedding construction.
⑵? leak tight structure
Cold-embedded ointment should be cut into strips with caulking gun or ointment, embedded with cuttings, compacted and embedded, and then made into inclined strips.
Hot-embedding mortar shall be carried out from bottom to top, and the temperature shall not be lower than 1 100C. The slab joints perpendicular to the roof shall be embedded first, and then parallel to the roof. When the slab joint perpendicular to the roof is poured, 150mm shall be poured on both sides of the slab joint intersection parallel to the roof, and inclined plates shall be reserved. The covering width of the ointment should exceed each side of the plate joint by not less than 20 mm
2, waterproof coating construction
Paint construction generally adopts methods such as manual plastering, brushing or spraying. The coating should be painted in several times according to the variety of waterproof coating. Waterproof layer and base should be firmly bonded, with smooth surface and even coating, without flowing, wrinkling, bubbling, exposed matrix, warping and other defects. The last layer of paint can only be applied once after drying to form a film, but it can't be applied all at once.
When the roof slope is less than 15%, the matrix reinforcement should be laid parallel to the roof ridge, and when the roof slope is greater than 15%, it should be laid vertically to the roof ridge. The overlap width of the long side of the matrix shall be not less than 50mm, and the overlap width of the short side shall be not less than 70 mm. The upper and lower layers shall not be laid vertically to each other, and the overlap seam shall be staggered not less than 1/3 of the width.
Don't walk or pile things on the conjunctiva before it hardens.
Before the paint is dried, it shall not be constructed in rainy days or when there may be wind and rain, and it is not suitable for construction when the temperature is higher than 35℃ and the daily average temperature is lower than 50℃.
Five, rigid waterproof roof
Rigid waterproof roofs often use ordinary fine stone concrete waterproof roofs, which are suitable for roofing with waterproof grade of I ~ III, and cannot be used for roofs with loose material insulation layer, roofs subjected to large vibration or impact, and roofs with slope greater than 15%.
1, general provisions
⑴? Concrete: the thickness of fine stone concrete waterproof roof is not less than 40mm, the strength grade of concrete is not less than C20, the cement consumption per cubic meter of concrete is not less than 330kg, and the water-cement ratio is not more than 0.55.
The maximum particle size of coarse aggregate is not more than 15mm, the silt content is not more than 1%, and the silt content of fine aggregate is not more than 2%. Ordinary portland cement is preferred, and the strength grade is not lower than 42.5. Pozzolanic cement is not allowed, and concrete should be mechanically stirred and vibrated.
⑵? Submersible joint
In order to avoid cracks caused by temperature, the fine stone concrete waterproof layer should be provided with frame joints, which are located at the supporting end of the roof panel, the corner of the roof, the junction of the waterproof layer and the protruding roof structure, and aligned with the slab joints, and the vertical and horizontal spacing should not be greater than 6m. Frame joints are made of battens, with the upper mouth 30mm wide and the lower mouth 20mm wide. After the initial setting of concrete, frame joints shall be caulked with sealing materials such as ointment, and the joints shall be covered with protective layer.
⑶? reinforcing steel bar
Fine stone concrete waterproof roof should be φ 4 ~ 6, with the spacing of 100 ~ 200 mm, and the position should be centered on the upper side. The steel mesh shall be disconnected at the frame joints, and the protective layer of steel bar shall not be less than10 mm.
⑷? separation layer
In order to reduce the adverse effects of structural deformation and temperature stress on the waterproof layer, an isolation layer should be set between the waterproof layer and the base, so that the waterproof layer can expand and contract freely and improve its ability to resist expansion and contraction deformation. The isolation layer is generally paved with 5 ~ 8 mm dry fine sand sliding layer and a layer of coiled material, or with plastic film directly on the leveling layer.
⑸? Connections with vertical walls and protruding roof structures
The rigid waterproof layer should have a gap between the vertical wall, parapet and protruding roof structure, and be treated with flexible sealing material to prevent the rigid waterproof layer from cracking due to temperature deformation.
2, fine stone concrete waterproof layer construction
Concrete in frame joints must be poured at one time, and no construction joints are allowed. When pouring concrete, it should be ensured that the steel mesh is set in the middle of the waterproof layer, the concrete is compacted by mechanical vibration, the surface is leveled after flooding, and then calendered after collecting water.
The construction temperature of fine stone concrete waterproof layer should be 5 ~ 350°C, and construction under negative temperature and sun exposure is not allowed. Waterproof concrete shall be cured in time after pouring, and the curing time shall not be less than 14 days.
Roof waterproofing is still very important in our life, and many southern friends often leak water at home. Especially in the rainy season, the walls of many friends' homes will be moldy and black. This is all caused by a leaking roof. From this point of view, the roofing waterproof project is very important. At present, the waterproof materials used in roof waterproof engineering are very special and various. For example, common waterproof materials include waterproof coiled material, rigid waterproof material and flexible waterproof material. The characteristics of each waterproof material are different, so you must choose the appropriate waterproof material according to the characteristics of your house.
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