Qin Shihuang (259-2 10), the son of Wang Xiang in Qinzhuang, was an outstanding politician, strategist and commander in chief in the history of China.
China unified the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty. Ying Zheng/Kloc-ascended the throne at the age of 0/3 and proclaimed himself emperor at the age of 39. At the end of the Warring States period, Qin was the most powerful country and had the conditions to unify the six eastern countries. When the King of Qin ascended the throne, the state power was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei. In 238 BC, he personally took charge of state affairs, relieved Lv Buwei of his ministerial position, and appointed Liao Wei, Reese and others. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, six countries, namely, Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi, perished one after another, and finally the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty, was established.
Wang Zheng of the Qin Dynasty established the honorific title of "Emperor", calling himself the first emperor, and announced that his descendants would be called II and III, and even be inherited from generation to generation. Subsequently, he abolished the enfeoffment system nationwide and replaced it with the county system; Under the direct control of the emperor, a whole set of bureaucracy was established from the central government to the counties. On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, it absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. The nobles before the Six Kingdoms were moved to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities. It also explicitly prohibits the collection of weapons by the people, destroys the confiscated weapons, and casts 12 gold men.
Economically, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce was implemented to foster the development of feudal private ownership of land. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor (2 16 BC), landlords and yeomen who occupied land were ordered to declare the amount of land to the government and pay taxes. Their land ownership was recognized and protected by the government, and the national weights and measures system was unified with the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang as the standard. Unify the national monetary system. In order to develop China's land and water transportation, the "car on the same track" was implemented, and the Chidao from Xianyang to Yanqi and Wu Chu and the straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now Baotou West, Inner Mongolia) via Yunyang were built. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, and a canal was dug to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River.
In terms of cultural thought, based on the popular characters of Qin State, Biography was formulated and promulgated throughout the country. And using the theory that the five virtues of Yin and Yang in the Warring States period began at the end, Qin gained water virtue, the water color was black, and the final number was six. Therefore, it is stipulated that clothes, banners and flags are still black, and there are six kinds of symbols, crowns and riding systems. Water dominates yin, which represents punishment and killing, so the implementation of criminal law is aggravated on this basis. In the thirty-fourth year of the first emperor, he ordered the destruction of poems, books and hundreds of languages collected by the people, and banned private learning. Later, more than 400 Confucian scholars and alchemists participated in the escape of Hou Sheng, Lu Sheng and other immortals, all of whom were killed in Xianyang.
After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he sent Meng Tian to crusade against the Huns, and linked the Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period, and built the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong in the east. After conquering Baiyue area, Guilin, Xiang Jun and Nanhai were established. At the end of the first emperor, the number of Qin counties increased from 36 counties at the beginning of unification to more than 40 counties, with the territory of "East to the Haichao, West to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, South to Beihu, North to the River, and Yinshan to Liaodong".
After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li, made five large-scale cruises and carved stones in famous mountain resorts to show off his prestige. In order to live forever, he sent alchemist Xu (that is, Xu Fu) to lead thousands of boys and girls to the East China Sea to seek immortality. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering. In thirty-seven years, Qin Shihuang returned to the plain and died of illness. So he wrote a book and ordered his eldest son Fu Su to be buried and succeeded by him. Going to the sand dunes (now northwest of Guangzong, Hebei Province), Qin Shihuang died of illness. Zhao Gao colluded with Hu Hai and Reese, the youngest sons of the first emperor, forged a testamentary edict, made Hu Hai a prince, and gave Fu Su the death penalty. Shortly after Qin Ershi Hu Hai ascended the throne, a peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu broke out. The Qin Dynasty perished.
The emperor was the supreme ruler of the feudal dynasty in China, the leader of the integration of politics and religion, and possessed supreme power. The word "Emperor" means "both a sage and Huang San, serving the five emperors". It was first determined by Ying Zheng, king of Qin, after the unification of the six countries, and was first used by him, that is, the so-called first emperor.
When I was a child, I became emperor.
Make every effort to rule the six countries within ten years.
The political reform established the Great Qin State.
Burning books and burying Confucianism against tyranny.
Seek immortality in the east and death in the west.
Qin Shihuang was born in Handan, Zhao in the first month of forty-eight years. He was born to Wang Xiang and concubines of Qin Zhuang, so some people say that Qin Shihuang is his son. After birth, the surname is Zhao. In 247 BC, King Zhuang Xiang died, and Ying Zheng became king of Qin at the age of 13. Prime Minister Lv Buwei holds the real power.
In 238 BC, the 22-year-old Wang Zheng was proclaimed King of Qin. This year, the eunuch staged a palace coup, and Qin Shihuang sent Chang Pingjun and Chang Wenjun to lead the troops to encircle the poison of Changhou, and offered a reward: "If there is life, I will give millions of silver money; Kill it, 500 thousand. " (Historical Records of Qin Shihuang). Will wipe out the rebels. In the second year, he took advantage of the poisoning incident to remove Lv Buwei from the post of prime minister, and took state affairs back into his own hands. He also listened to Reese's suggestion, continued to reuse the guest ministers, and set a general plan of combining gold and silk inducements with military strikes to speed up the pace of annexing the six-nation war.
In the 11th year of the King of Qin (236 BC), taking advantage of Zhao's attack on Yan, he sent troops to attack Zhao in the north and south, and seized a large area of Zhao's land. In the 13th year, Huan Kun attacked Zhao Pingyang, killed general Zhao and beheaded 654.38 million. In fourteen years, he attacked Pingyang, took Yi 'an, defeated Zhao Jun and killed Zhao Jiang. Huan Kun decided Pingyang and Wucheng. In seventeen years, Songshi destroyed Korea and captured Wang An. Set South Korea as Sanchuan County.
In eighteen years, he used stratagems to alienate Zhao Jun and his subjects, except for Li Mu, the general of Zhao Guoliang who defeated Qin Jun twice. /kloc-in March of 0/9, Wang Jianjun stormed, defeated Zhao, killed and occupied Dongyang (the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain). Yanju dare not escape. 10, Wang Jian and Qiang Yi army attacked Handan and captured Wang Zhao. Zhao Gongzi Jia led hundreds of clan members to flee from generation to generation (now north of Yuxian County, Hebei Province) and became king on his own. However, at this time, Zhao had existed in name only, and Qin established Handan County in Zhao. Zhao and Yan were stationed in ancient Yishui (now northwest of Huailai County, Hebei Province) in an attempt to stop going north. In the 21st year (227 BC), it was defeated by Qin Jun. In the 25th year (222 BC), Wang Ben led an army to destroy the remnants, then broke the DPRK, captured Wang Jia and Zhao, and Zhao completely perished.
In twenty years, Yan Taizi Dan made Jing Ke stab the king of Qin. Discovered by the king of Qin, Jing Ke was liberated. The king of Qin sent Wang Jian and Xin Sheng to attack the State of Yan. Yan and Dai sent troops to attack and break the Yan army west of Xiao. In twenty-one years, Wang Ben attacked Hebei (now southwest of Beijing), defeated the army of the Prince of Yan and seized the city of Hebei. Yan and Taizi Dan led the guards to flee to Liaodong (now Liaoyang, Liaoning). Li Xin, the general of the Qin Dynasty, led his troops to pursue Yanshui (now the Taizi River in Liaoning Province), defeated the Taizi Dan Army again and wiped out the main force of the Yan Army. The prince killed Taizi Dan and asked Qin for peace, but Qin refused. However, in view of the fact that the remnants of Yanzhao were not enough to attack Wei Chu, the attack was suspended.
In twenty-two years, the king of Qin sent Wang Ben to attack Wei, and Wei Jun relied on the Yugoslav capital fortifications to defend his position. Qin Jun's storming was ineffective, so it led to the gap between the Yellow River and the irrigation city. Three months later, Daliangcheng was broken, Wei came out and Wei died. Qin established a party county in the Eastern Wei Dynasty.
In the same year, Qin generals Li Xin and Wu Meng were defeated by Chu generals Xiang Yan and suffered heavy losses. In the twenty-third year, the king of Qin personally thanked the famous Wang Jian and invited him to war. Wang Jian and Wu Meng led 600,000 troops to attack Chu again, defeated Chu army in Qinan (now southeast of Suzhou, Anhui) and killed Chu general Xiang Yan. Qin Jun took advantage of the situation and captured many cities in Chu. Twenty-four years ago (223 BC), Wang Jian and Wu Meng led Qin Jun to continue to attack the Chu State in depth, and broke through Shouchun, the capital of Chu State (now southwest of Shouxian County, Anhui Province), captured the king of Chu State, and the Chu State perished. Wang Jian continued to March to the south of the Yangtze River and occupied all the land of Chu. Qin established Chu County in Chu, and soon it was divided into Jiujiang County, Changhe County and Huiji County.
In the same year, after the destruction of Chu and Wei, the king of Qin sent Wang Ben to attack Liaodong, and the prince was captured and died. Qin is located in Yuyang County, with Peiping County, Liaoxi County and Liaodong County on the right.
In twenty-six years, the King of Qin refused to let the envoys of the State of Qin visit Qi, so he avoided the western part of Qi and ordered Wang Ben to attack the capital of Qi from the south of Yan (now northern Hebei) to the south (now northern Linzi, Zibo, Shandong). The morale of the Qi army was low, and he was caught off guard when he suddenly attacked from the north. Rapidly falling apart. Qin Jun captured Linzi, captured Qi, and mutually assured destruction. The king of Qin is in Qi County and Langxie County.
The King of Qin destroyed the six countries and unified the world, ending the long-term feud between princes since the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty and establishing the first highly centralized feudal country in the history of China. The king of Qin claimed to be the emperor, and chased Zhuangxiang as the emperor's father.
After Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor, he frequently used troops to expand his territory. From 26 to 33, hundreds of thousands of people were mobilized to attack Lingnan and occupy Baiyue (now Guangdong, Guangxi and northern Vietnam). General Meng Tian led 300,000 troops to attack the Huns in the north, recovered the land occupied by the Huns in Henan (now in the area of South Yikezhao League in Hetao, Inner Mongolia), and forced the Huns to retreat to the north of Yinshan Mountain. In order to prevent the Huns from invading, he restored the Great Wall built by Qin, Zhao and Yan, and connected it with the Great Wall of Wan Li, starting from Lintao in Gansu in the west and east to Liaodong. Qin Shihuang also fought in the north and set up four counties in central Fujian, Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun, and established a multi-ethnic feudal autocratic empire with the Han nationality as the main body. The territory is "East to the sea and Korea, west to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, south to Beihu, north to rivers, and (alongside) Yinshan to Liaodong". He made an important contribution to the development of China's history.
In order to strengthen his power, Qin Shihuang adopted a centralized political system, denied the idea of restoring the enfeoffment system put forward by Prime Minister Wang Wan, and implemented the county system, which divided the world into 36 counties and then increased it to more than 40 counties. The county has a county magistrate and a county magistrate, and the central government has set up "three public officials and nine ministers" to assist the emperor in handling political, military and economic affairs. This political system strengthened the emperor's control over the political power and created the centralization of absolutism, which was followed by later feudal dynasties.
In order to consolidate the central rule, Qin Shihuang ordered the collection of weapons from all over the world, and moved the six countries10.2 million rich aristocrats to Xianyang and Sichuan for control. At the same time, with Xianyang as the center, two equator were built: one east to the seaside; A south into Wu Chu, so that in the event of rebellion, quickly mobilize the army to suppress. Qin Shihuang also traveled to many places to "conquer the sea".
Economically, in 2 16 BC, Qin Shihuang issued the order of "making the first place in Guizhou a real field", confirmed the private ownership of land, ordered the unification of currency and weights and measures, and strengthened economic exchanges between regions.
In the ideological field, in order to crack down on Confucian scholars' remarks against the county system such as Chun, stabilize the people's hearts, and safeguard the authority of the emperor, Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion and ordered the burning of all books except medical, divination, planting (referring to agriculture) books, Qin history books, poems, books and hundred-character works collected by doctoral officers. The following year, because the alchemist Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng disobeyed orders and defected, Qin Shihuang ordered the alchemist and Confucian scholars to be investigated for their crimes. As a result, more than 400 Confucian scholars were buried alive, creating the first incident of "burning books to bury Confucianism" in history.
After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, a large number of buildings, palaces and tombs were built. The Epang Palace and Lishan Tomb alone used more than 700,000 manpower, which brought heavy labor and hunger and cold to the working people, aroused people's resistance and laid a curse for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty.
In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang fell ill during the fifth cruise and died on the dune platform (now northeast of Pingxiang, Hebei) in July. After his death, a large-scale peasant uprising war broke out.
Comments: Qin Shihuang was the first monarch in the history of China, and his extraordinary achievements were comparable to those of Chinese emperors. Although he built great buildings in his later years, which brought heavy disasters to the people, his contribution to the history of China far outweighed his mistakes. As Sima Qian commented in Historical Records: "As for the king of Qin, after VI, he continued to be fierce and made a long-term plan to conquer the palace and swallow the princes who died two weeks ago, taking the supreme position to make Liuhe, whip the world and inspire the world. Take the land of Baiyue in the south, think that Guilin, the king of Baiyue, has tightened his neck and appointed officials. So Meng Tian built the Great Wall in the north and guarded the fence, but the Huns were more than 700 miles away. The conference semifinals dare not go south to herd horses, and the scholars dare not bow to their knees. So Wang Zhidao was abolished and the words of a hundred schools of thought were burned. Capture the famous city, kill Hao Jun, take Xianyang, the land where soldiers gather all over the world, and sell the front to cast a lot of money, thinking that the Golden Man is twelve, so as to weaken the people first. Cut Warwick City again, because the river is Tianjin, according to the city of 100 million feet, unexpectedly solid. A good general will guard the key points with a strong crossbow, and a loyal minister will be Chen Libing. Who is who? It depends on the world. The heart of the king of Qin thinks that Guanzhong is solid, Jincheng is thousands of miles away, and the descendants of emperors are also eternal. " (Biography of Qin Shihuang)
Qin died in the second year, and the historical lessons are enough to warn future generations and learn from them.