Drama and novel creation in Kuomintang-controlled areas;
(1) The artistic features of Chen's plays;
In the later period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and during the War of Liberation, the Kuomintang-controlled areas also produced excellent satirical comedies. Chen was the most accomplished and influential playwright in the Kuomintang-controlled areas during this period, and his most representative works were the tragedy "Cold Year" and the comedy "Promotion Map". The artistic style of Chen's comedies.
1. In terms of subject matter and theme, Chen is generally not based on family life, but is good at pointing the satirical finger at political issues related to the life and death of China people, especially exposing the ugly state of "officialdom" in old China, showing considerable courage. For example, Palace Facai published by 1936 mocked the wealth and selfishness of bureaucratic politicians in the name of resisting Japan and saving the country. In addition, there are two satirical comedies "Cave Cave" and "Men and Women in Gone with the Times" written in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War. The former tried to laugh at and curse the traitors in the occupied areas, while the latter concentrated on lashing out at a group of "street scum" who lived a life of drunkenness under the banner of "Anti-Japanese War". Through the performance of these men and women in troubled times, people feel that the real reason for this life is corruption in the Kuomintang-controlled areas. However, Chen's "No Pee Promotion Map" reveals the inside story of the "officialdom" in Kuomintang-controlled areas with sharp brushstrokes, especially the promotion map has made great achievements in exposing and satirizing bureaucracy in depth and breadth.
Chen has a very active sense of humor in his creative personality. He is good at capturing the ridiculous factors in real life and regards the theme as a special comedy. His comedy style is clear, sharp, strong and spicy. In addition to putting irony into humor, Chen often uses funny techniques to strengthen the intensity and depth of irony, so that we can deeply feel the "ugliness" of those characters' souls from their exaggerated and deformed appearances.
3. Chen's works depict vivid and vivid "ugly paintings", which is another major feature of his inheriting and carrying forward the profound tradition of China's excellent comedies.
4. Chen is good at setting satirical comedy scenes, such as Promotion Map. First, he made a ridiculous contrast between the intensity of the characters' actions (the pursuit of promotion and wealth) and the illusion of actual results (the dream is not long); Secondly, the design of "dream" and the fuzziness of time, place and official position of the characters in the play provide a broad world for making full use of the essential exaggeration, deformation and even absurdity in the play.
5. Chen's comedy language is popular, concise and full of funny exaggeration. He used cartoon-like techniques to add one or two political words to his daily lines, which made the satirical comedy effect of his works very strong.
(2) Zhang Ailing and Qian Zhongshu
The literary creation of Qian Zhongshu and Zhang Ailing in the Kuomintang-controlled areas can give us a general idea of the literary creation in the Kuomintang-controlled areas. The creative styles of Qian Zhongshu and Zhang Ailing are important works of literary creation in Kuomintang-controlled areas, which embodies the ideological content and artistic characteristics of Fortress Besieged, the legend, gossip and folk songs of Ma Fantuo, and the main characteristics of satirical literature in Kuomintang-controlled areas.
Qian Zhongshu and his Fortress Besieged I. Qian Zhongshu's creation and basic style: Qian Zhongshu's creation overview: Qian Zhongshu's novels are satirical and humorous. Second, the ideological and philosophical implications of Fortress Besieged: Fortress Besieged was originally serialized in the 2nd issue (1946) to the 6th issue (1947) of Shanghai Renaissance, and was published by Shanghai Chenguang Company on 1947. An analysis of the significance of Fortress Besieged: (1) The ideological implication of Fortress Besieged. (2) The artistic achievement of Fortress Besieged. (3) The typical significance of a group of modern neo-Confucians portrayed in Fortress Besieged.
Zhang ailing's legend and gossip 1. Legend and the unique style of Zhang Ailing's novels: (1) Zhang Ailing's creation. (2) The characters in The Golden Lock and The Love of the Whole City. Legendary stories in Zhang Ailing's novels and the atmosphere of nightmare permeating them. Analysis: (1) The Tragic Implication and Artistic Features of The Golden Lock. (2) The ideological implication and artistic features of Love in a Fallen City. Second, Gossip and the artistic value of Zhang Ailing's prose: My own article and China people's religion are famous essays of Zhang Ailing. The successful application of "whisper" narrative mode in Zhang Ailing's prose.
Memories of "July" School of Poetry and Fiction: (1) Overview of "July" School. (2) The representative writers of "July School" poems and novels and their general situation of creation. The common features of July Poetry School. Analysis: The ideological theme and artistic features of Lu Ling's novel The Son of the Rich Man.
Notes on "Nine Leaves" Poetry School: (1) Overview of "Nine Leaves" Poetry School. (2) General situation of Mu Dan's creation. Comprehension: the common aesthetic pursuit of Jiuye Poetry School. Analysis: Mu Dan's unique artistic achievements in poetry. Ma Fantuo Folk Songs and Other Satirical Literatures in Kuomintang-controlled Areas: Ma Fantuo Folk Songs is a collection of more than 100 folk songs published by Yuan Shuipai under the pseudonym of Ma Fantuo, which is an outstanding representative of political satirical poems in this period. Ma Fantuo's Folk Songs is a new attempt to nationalize and popularize new poetry.
Anti-Japanese Exposed Novels in Kuomintang-controlled Areas
1, Qiu Dongping and his company seven
2. Zhang Tianyi and his Mr. Warwick.
3. Sha Ting and His In His Tea House.
4. Qian Zhongshu and His Fortress Besieged
5. Huang Guliu and His Biography of Shrimp Ball
6. Zhao Shuli-an outstanding rural novelist in China.
The satirical art of Zhang Tianyi's satirical novel Mr. Warwick.
The novel creation in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War experienced a process from neglect to prosperity. No matter from the subject matter, theme, characterization, expression techniques and other aspects, there are new developments and explorations. Among them, showing resistance to Japan and exposing the dark reality in the Kuomintang-controlled areas are two major themes and themes.
Zhang Tianyi was the pioneer of satirical literature creation at that time. Lu Xun told his Japanese friend Masuda that "it will be lonely for China writers to translate only my works", and he recommended Yu Dafu and Zhang Tianyi. Zhang Tianyi's novels are basically satirical novels, and he was once regarded as the greatest comedian in China literature in 1930s. He and Lao She are the best in modern satirical novels.
1, Zhang Tianyi's creative content:
Zhang Tianyi's creative themes are very extensive, touching almost every aspect of the middle and lower classes. Before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Zhang Tianyi's works included the following aspects:
(1) highlights the gray life of ordinary citizens and petty-bourgeois intellectuals, and creates many such mediocre and ridiculous images, which is his contribution to China literature. For example, A Loose Love Story describes the love process between young Romulus and Zhu Lie. Their love is going to the park and watching movies. The love process of petty-bourgeois intellectuals described by Zhang Tianyi is not a sweet love life, but a sour and mediocre low-level taste. At that time, readers were tired of the emotional appeal and interest of petty-bourgeois love, and Zhang Tianyi's writing naturally won high praise.
And his vivid description of the souls of middle-class social figures, such as Mr. Deng Bing in Belt, made a fool of himself for promotion; In "Beard Bay", the man in Beard Bay who scolded him for not paying back the money was deliberately set up as a trap to cheat him out of his money and hide his debts from Yan. When mobilizing donations for the Anti-Japanese War, he was forced by the situation to donate a dime and wanted to publish it. The author vividly depicts the souls of these characters. Among the works that show petty-bourgeois intellectuals, the most prominent one is Bao Fathers and Sons, which not only deeply analyzes and satirizes the psychology of ordinary citizens, but also exposes and criticizes bourgeois educational thoughts.
(2) In rural novels, he focuses on describing the contradiction between farmers and landlords. More importantly, he describes the internal struggle of landlords and reflects this class relationship, revealing the diversity of real life, such as The Covenant of Wan Ren, Tomb-Sweeping Day and other works, while The Power of Bodhisattva, Children and other works reflect farmers' resistance and riots. This kind of works entrusts the author's ideal from another side.
(3) From the May 4th Movement to the 1930s, especially in the recent 10 years after the publication of Ye Shengtao's Scarecrow, China's children's literature creation was almost blank. Children's books are generally fairy tales translated from foreign countries or ancient literary works in China. Zhang Tianyi filled this gap. His fairy tales, such as Dalin and Kobayashi, Bald King, Bee and Golden Duck Empire, are rich in imagination, vivid in stories, in line with children's psychology and full of educational significance.
2. Mr. Warwick's satirical art:
Before the Anti-Japanese War, there were not many works by Zhang Tianyi, but three essays (works by Mr. Hua Wei, New Life and Mr. Tan Jiu) were very influential. Mr. Warwick is the representative work of Zhang Tianyi in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War.
Published by Mr. Warwick in 1938. At that time, ordinary writers were immersed in an extremely optimistic atmosphere because of the formation of the anti-Japanese national United front, and rarely paid attention to the undercurrent that hindered the anti-Japanese war. Zhang Tianyi's Mr. Warwick is different from that kind of blindly optimistic works. He exposed the latent countercurrent in the Anti-Japanese War and reminded people to be vigilant, so this work had a great influence at that time. Mr. Hua Wei shows the author's sober understanding of the war of resistance against Japan.
The significance of Mr. Huawei's image lies in the perspective of the social environment at that time through the characters, thus revealing the essence of the Kuomintang's so-called anti-Japanese, but in fact it is to limit the people and prevent them. The image of Huawei can be said to be a microcosm of the upper class of the Kuomintang in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War.
Mr. Warwick marks the artistic maturity of the author.
Bitter satire is Mr. Warwick's most striking artistic feature. There are two points: ① the unity of truth and exaggeration. The satirical life comes from the truth. The image of Mr. Huawei is true, and there are many such bureaucrats in the Kuomintang-controlled areas. The author's description of Mr. Huawei is true and exaggerated at the same time. Generally speaking, this image is magnified, the unity of truth and exaggeration, and an important feature of satirical literature. Reasonable exaggeration can more fully expose the essence of things; ② Application of contrast technology. In this way, the author does not need to make comments, but only speaks with facts. Once the contrast is made, the contradiction is exposed, and the satire effect is displayed, which makes the work have the internal satirical power, rather than the external flashy pen. In the work, the author introduces three different meetings attended by Mr. Hua Wei.
The contrast of three different attitudes vividly depicts Warwick's character.
The linguistic features of Zhang Tianyi's novels are accuracy, humor and standardization, and they have collected spoken languages from different occupations, classes and regions, with a wide range of contents. Dialects are rarely used in his works, and his language is clean and neat.
The course of literary creation in the Kuomintang-controlled areas during this period;
1, at the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War (65438+July 0937-65438+June 0938)
① Establishment of Literary Federation:1On March 27th, 938, the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Against the Enemy was established in Wuhan, marking the confluence of proletarian revolutionary literature, liberal literature and other literary movements in the 1930s, forming an anti-Japanese and democratic United front in literary circles, which was the first and only major alliance in the history of modern literature including writers from the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. The "Federation of Literary and Art Circles" put forward the slogan "Articles go to the countryside, articles join the army".
(2) Stylistically, literature in this period: First, reportage and communication, which were underdeveloped before the war, became the hottest topics at this time; Secondly, poetry develops in the direction of square art, pursuing popularity, distinctiveness and high spirits, and there are wall poems, flyer poems, gun poems and other forms that are easy to publicize and encourage; Thirdly, various popular and portable literary forms have played a leading role in the literary world.
(3) Thematically, the literature of this period centered on advocating "heroism" and propagating resistance to Japan and saving the nation, showing the birth of new people and the gestation and formation of new national character in the national liberation war, with simple and bright colors.
2. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Mid-term (1938+00-1944 September)
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression entered a stalemate, especially with the 194 1 southern Anhui incident, the domestic situation reversed. At the beginning, the high-spirited social psychology inspired by the theory of quick war has gradually calmed down, and people have begun to face up to the cruelty of war and the arduousness of winning, the accumulation of various feudal cultures and the corruption in reality.
(1) On the theme, the literature of this period obviously increased its criticism of reality and reflection on history. Writers began to think more deeply in depression and depression, re-recognize our nation and ourselves, and seek a new way out for the rejuvenation of the nation, so that the literature of this period changed to pluralistic thinking and all-round observation, the theme of patriotism was also expanded and deepened, and the theme of creation was explored in depth and three-dimensional direction;
② The literary genres in this period are mainly novels, long plays, long narrative poems and lyric poems.
③ The literary style of this period is dignified and profound.
3. Late War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation (September1944-September 1949)
1944, China * * * proposed the motion of "abolishing one-party dictatorship and establishing a democratic coalition government", which set off a wave of democratic movements in ethnic areas. Literature has regained its vitality.
① The literary themes of this period are concentrated in two aspects: the curse of darkness and the denial of decadent real politics, as well as the self-reflection and historical summary of intellectuals before the arrival of a new era;
At this stage, various literary genres are full of vitality;
All kinds of works are shrouded in the unique tension, anger, ridicule and pain, hope, expectation, anxiety and uneasiness in the great turning point of the times, thus presenting complex voices. However, satire is the most distinctive main color of literature in this period. In contrast, the tone of literature in Kuomintang-controlled areas is gloomy and dignified, with dramatic criticism; The creative tone of the liberated areas is clear and simple.
July Poetry School: named after July edited by Hu Feng, headed by Ai Qing and Tian Tian, others include Luyuan, Yimen and Ceng Zhuo. The main publications "July" and "Hope" take the reality of the Anti-Japanese War as the content and take the free style as the main form. It formed the most important realistic poetry school in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and Kuomintang-controlled areas during the War of Liberation.
Nine-leaf Poetry School: a school of poetry with modernist tendencies that appeared in Kuomintang-controlled areas in the1940s. The main members are Xin Di, Chen, Du, Hang Youhe, etc. The main publications are Poetry Creation and China New Poetry. They are loyal to the struggle between the times and reality and to artistic creation. It absorbed the expressive arts and skills of western symbolic poetry school and modern poetry school.
I have collected some basic contents of literary creation in Kuomintang-controlled areas in the1940s, which may be more detailed. See if you can use them. Above, I hope to help you.