At present, there are many varieties of pepper cultivated in the world, which can be roughly divided into two kinds: big leaf species and small leaf species.
Big leaf species: the leaves are large and thin, dark green in color, and the vines are thick and brittle and easily broken. Plants grow luxuriantly, with many branches, and the branches grow horizontally. The crown is wider. Concentrated flowering period, long panicle, high fruit setting rate, regular fruit setting and high yield per plant. Economical life span of 20-30 years. Strong adaptability. It is more tolerant to fertilizer and drought, but sensitive to rice blast.
Leaflet species: the leaves are small and light green. The vines are small and tough. Plants grow slowly, with short and drooping branches and small crown width. The flowering period is long, the ears are many and short, the seed setting rate is low, and the seeds are spicy. The yield per plant is low. The economic life is as long as 30-40 years. Leaflet species have certain resistance to rice blast.
cultivation techniques
(1) Propagation and seedling raising
Planting in the field with excellent cuttings has the advantages of fast growth, early fruiting, high yield and long life. The standard of excellent cuttings is: length 30-40 cm, 5-7 knots; Vines 4-6 months old, more than 0.6 cm thick; The air roots are developed and are all "roots"; The two nodes at the top of the cutting each have a branch and 10- 15 leaves, and the axillary buds are fully developed; No insect pests and mechanical damage. Generally, the main vines should be cut according to the integer requirements, and the cuttings should be cut immediately according to the standard, and the incision should be smooth to prevent breakage. When cutting, you should dip in water for cutting, and put it in the shade to raise seedlings or plant it directly.
When raising seedlings, sandy soil with good drainage and deep soil layer should be selected as the nursery ground. Drainage ditch should be dug around the nursery, with a height of 25 cm and a width of 1 m, and the boundary surface should be smooth. When raising seedlings, a 50-degree slope is formed according to the row spacing of 20cm, the cuttings are arranged on the slope according to the plant spacing of 10cm, so that the air roots are close to the soil, the top two sections of the cuttings are exposed from the ground, covered with soil, compacted, and then watered for shading, and the shading degree is about 90%. Often soaked in water to moisturize until it survives. Cuttings can be cultivated for about a month before they come out of the garden.
(2) Reclamation of pepper garden
1. Selection and Planning of Pepper Orchard Pepper is afraid of water accumulation, and should be planted on gentle slope, well-drained flat land and soil with good water permeability. The area of pepper garden should not be too large, generally 3-5 mu is appropriate. Zanthoxylum bungeanum garden is preferably rectangular, east-west, surrounded by shelterbelts or primitive forest belts. The teaching garden should have a drainage system to eliminate stagnant water. Around the pepper garden, 2 meters away from the shelter forest and 2.5 meters away from the pepper. Dig a big ditch about 100 cm wide and 80 cm deep. There is a longitudinal groove about every 15 plant in the garden, which is 60 cm wide and 50 cm deep. Small ditches are arranged between rows to communicate with each other, which is convenient for drainage and reduces water damage and diseases.
2. First, delimit the shelterbelt for reclamation, then cut it down and clean it up, plough it for 30 cm, and remove the stumps, roots and sundries in the park. Large terraces with a slope below 5 are planted in two rows with a width of 6 meters. Plant a row of small terraces with a slope greater than 5. Dig a small drain in the terrace. Ridge farming can also be used in flat land, gentle slope land and large terraces, which is beneficial to drainage and disease prevention. The planting hole is 80 cm wide and 60 cm deep. When digging a pit, the topsoil and subsoil are placed separately. After a month of exposure, return to the soil, apply 30 kg of fully decomposed, clean and finely divided organic fertilizer and 0.25-0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate, fully mix with the topsoil and tamp it to make a mound and prepare for planting.
(3) Planting
1. Planting density and period. The average plant spacing is 2 * 2.5 meters .. fertile land can be 2 * 3 meters and barren land can be 2 * 2 meters. Planting in spring and autumn is more suitable. Planting should be carried out in cloudy and sunny afternoons. When the soil moisture is too high, it is not suitable for planting.
2. Planting method The planting direction should be consistent with the terrace direction. When planting, the distance from the column is 20 cm, the hole depth is 30 cm, the slope is 50, and it is compacted. When planting single seedlings, the seedlings are placed by columns; When planting double seedlings, the seedlings are placed in a figure of eight against the pillars. The 1-2 nodes at the top of each seedling are exposed from the soil surface, and the root system of the seedling is close to the inclined plane, evenly distributed and naturally stretched. Then cover the soil and compact, apply 5 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer on both sides of the seedlings, then return the soil, and make a pot-shaped mound in the middle, covered with grass, shaded and watered. The shading degree should be 80%-90%.
Water once every 1-2 days after planting, and water can be gradually reduced after survival. Stay in the shade for a year, and don't let the sun burn the pepper heads and cause the seedlings to die. If there are dead plants after planting, replant them in time. When pepper seedlings pull out new vines, they should plant columns in time. In addition, we should also pay attention to loosening soil, weeding, fertilizing and tying vines.
(4) management of pepper garden
1. integer pruning
At present, the integer method of leaving 6-8 vines and cutting them 4-5 times is widely used in the main pepper planting areas in China. 2-3 years after planting, it is capped and put into production, with high yield.
6-8 months after pepper planting, when most plants are as high as 1.2 meters, the first pruning is carried out. Cut off vines 20-30 cm (3-6 knots) from the ground, leave 1-2 layers of branches, and select 2-4 robust new vines with less than 2-3 knots. If the first branch order is too high, press the vine after pruning. The second, third and fourth pruning should be carried out when the length and height of the selected new vine are greater than1m. Cut 3-4 knotted vines on the previous incision, and after each pruning, select 6-8 new vines growing under the incision. The fifth pruning is on the second branch of the new vine, and the new vine selected after pruning is the same as last time. After cutting the vines for the last time, when the new vines grow more than 30 cm away from the column, several main vines will be moved close to the center of the top of the column and tied tightly in order, which is called capping. Then, at three nodes away from the intersection, the top of each main vine is removed to gradually form a cylindrical tree. In the case of no need for seedlings, biennial plants can also be cored for many times, that is, when the new vines grow to 40-50 cm, they can be cored from 3-4 nodes on the last cut for 5-6 times in a row, so that the trees can be quickly formed and put into production at an early date. Pruning vines should be carried out in the spring and autumn rainy season, and it is strictly forbidden to prune vines in the low temperature and drought season and in the event of plague.
When small and medium-sized peppers grow new vines, the extra buds and vines should be cut off in time. Results A large number of vines will also be pulled up on the inside and top of pepper crown, which should be cut off in time to reduce the consumption of nutrients and make vines grow healthily. Cut off the "wedding branches" after the second pruning, and gradually cut off the old branches below 20 cm before the last pruning. Results When the crown at the top of pepper is too large and the branches are too dense, the old and weak branches at the top and the long branches at the periphery should be cut off to keep the crown balanced up and down, uniform in size and transparent in ventilation, so as to make full use of light energy and reduce the occurrence of diseases.
2. Tie vines and pick flowers and leaves
(1) Tie the pepper to the vine in time, so that the air roots are developed and firmly adsorbed on the post. When the new vine grows to 3-4 knots, tie the vine every 10- 15 days. Tie several main vines evenly to the posts under the nodes of vines with soft hemp skin, and try to make each node of the main vines stick to the posts as closely as possible. In the direction of changing columns, the spacing between the main vines should be wider to facilitate the replacement of columns in the future. Results The vines of pepper were tied 1-2 times a year, and tied with plastic rope every 50-60 cm.
(2) Pepper can blossom and bear fruit all year round. Small and medium-sized peppers must pick flowers to make the plants grow normally. When the crown width of a biennial plant is greater than 1.20 cm, the lower panicle of the plant can be preserved and the fruit can be allowed, but the normal growth of the plant can be ensured by strengthening fertilization management. As a result, pepper blooms in spring in Hainan province, and in areas with low humidity, it blooms in spring and summer. Ears in other seasons should be picked.
(3) When picking small pepper leaves and tying vines, the old leaves at the base of the main vine and branches should be removed to make the crown ventilated and transparent. Results For plants with vigorous growth of pepper, the old leaves at the base of branches should be properly removed from 1 month after fruit picking to before flowering, which can promote flowering and fruiting and increase yield. 40-60PPm ethephon compound can also be used to defoliate and promote flowers, which increases the yield by 8- 1 1.5% compared with artificial defoliation.
fertilize the soil or land
(1) Fertilization of young pepper should be based on water, fertilizer and nitrogen, supplemented with organic fertilizer and a small amount of chemical fertilizer, and the principle of frequent application, thin application and more application in peak season should be implemented.
Apply organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer in spring. Apply 30 kg of decomposed cow dung compost and 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate to each plant, and combine with fertilization to expand holes and improve soil. Apply alternately on both sides of the plant and in front of the pepper head. The first fat point is on the side of the pepper head, and the inner wall of the point is 60 cm away from the pepper head, so that the fat point is connected with the planting point. The fat hole is 30cm wide, 80- 100cm long and 70cm deep. When applying fertilizer, choose to return the topsoil to the half hole, then apply fertilizer, and fully mix the topsoil and fertilizer. When returning the soil, it should be compacted slightly above the ground to prevent water accumulation in the fat hole. Expanding holes and improving soil should be completed before the plants are capped and flowering.
During the normal growth period in the middle of the year, water and fertilizer should be applied every 20-30 days. Water and fertilizer are made from human and animal manure and green leaves retting. One-year-old peppers are coated with 2-3 kilograms at a time. If the concentration of water and fertilizer is low, 0.2 kg compound fertilizer can be added to each load. Generally speaking, water and fertilizer are alternately applied in the furrows in front and on both sides of the plant. Before each pruning, apply good quality water and fertilizer and 0. 1 kg reinforced compound fertilizer per plant to promote plant growth.
It is generally not suitable to apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in winter. Potassium fertilizer and compound fertilizer should be applied. 0. 1 kg/plant, or burnt soil 10- 15 kg/plant, to improve the cold resistance of plants.
(2) Fertilization of fruiting trees should be based on the demand for nutrients in each phenological period of pepper flowering and fruiting. Generally, fertilization is 4-5 times per fruiting cycle. The amount of fertilizer applied per plant is roughly 30-40 kg of cow dung or compost, cake fertilizer 1 kg, water fertilizer 40-50 kg, urea 0.2-0.3 kg, calcium superphosphate/kloc-0.5 kg, potassium chloride 0.4 kg and compound fertilizer 1 kg.
The first reapplication of flower fertilizer was around August. Fertilization accounts for about 1/3 of annual consumption. Each plant is applied with decomposed organic fertilizer 15 kg, calcium superphosphate 0.5 kg, water fertilizer 10-20 kg, cake fertilizer 0.5 kg (soaked with water and fertilizer or mixed with organic fertilizer), compound fertilizer 0.3 kg, urea 0. 15-0.2 kg and potassium chloride 0.10. Dig "horseshoe-shaped" annular ditches on both sides and back of the plant to apply water and fertilizer, apply compound fertilizer after the ditch is dry, then apply organic fertilizer, apply urea and potassium chloride on the organic fertilizer, cover the soil, and apply phosphorus fertilizer and organic fertilizer together.
The second auxiliary flowering fertilizer was applied about one month after the first fertilization to meet the needs of plant growth and heading and flowering. Apply water and fertilizer 15 kg to each plant, and when the new leaves are small and the flower spikes are short, 0. 15 kg should be added to each plant.
The third fruit fertilizer was applied 2 months after the second fertilization. Mainly nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. Each plant is applied with water fertilizer 10 kg, bean cake (retted water fertilizer) 0.25 kg, compound fertilizer 0.25 kg, urea 0. 15 kg, potassium chloride 0. 15 kg and magnesium fertilizer 0. 1 kg. The second and third fertilization is to apply water fertilizer first and then chemical fertilizer in the first ditch or outer ditch. After this fertilization, you can also burn soil, each plant 10- 15 kg or plant ash 2-3 kg.
The fourth fruit and tree fertilizer is applied in March-April of the following year. Plants with few fruits and vigorous heat production can not be applied or applied less or later, and plants with more fruits should be applied earlier and more. Generally, 20-30 kg of cow dung or compost, calcium superphosphate 1 kg, potassium chloride 0. 15 kg, bean cake 0.25 kg (mixed cow dung), compound fertilizer 0.25 kg and urea 0. 1 kg are applied to each plant. Apply it to the back, sides and between the four plants in turn. The excavation is 80cm long, 30cm wide and 30-40cm deep. Apply organic fertilizer first, mix it with topsoil and then return it to the soil. When the pit is almost full, apply all kinds of chemical fertilizers, and then continue to return the soil for compaction.
In addition, the trace elements needed for the growth of pepper plants can be applied by topdressing outside the roots. In red loam area, combined with loosening soil, applying 0.5 kg lime per plant and increasing calcium fertilizer to neutralize soil acidity is beneficial to pepper growth and fruiting.
4. Chili is afraid of stagnant water. In rainy season, the drainage of pepper garden must be done in time. Irrigation should be done in time in dry season. It is best to use sprinkler irrigation, ridge cultivation and furrow irrigation. The water level of furrow irrigation should not exceed 2/3 of the furrow, so that it can penetrate slowly. Generally speaking, flood irrigation is not suitable for preventing water damage and the spread of diseases.
5. Soil management
(1) In the young pepper orchard, loosen the soil once among the plants in beginning of winter, once in spring, and loosen the soil lightly when fertilizing after rain. Results The whole garden was loosened once a year in early winter and before fertilization. First, loosen it gently around the crown, and then loosen it gradually to the periphery of the crown, with a depth of 15-20cm. When loosening the soil, the large clods should be slightly broken, and soil and water conservation should be done in combination with the maintenance of terraces and pepper beds.
(2) Ridge once a year or every other year in winter and spring.
(3) Mulching has obvious influence on the growth and yield of pepper. At the beginning of the dry season, it can be covered with coconut bran, straw, thatch, citronella residue, dry weeds and green leaves. Pay attention to fire prevention.
(4) Weeds in weeding pepper orchards must be eradicated in time. Weeding is usually done once every 1-2 months.
(5) Pillars
1. Generally, the stem diameter of a stone pillar is13-15cm, the end diameter is10-12cm, and the length is about 3m (including the buried depth of 70cm). And the size is relatively uniform. If the diameter of the stone pillar near the ground is less than 12 cm, it is easy to be broken by a strong typhoon.
2. Living pillars provide opportunities for pepper to climb and grow. This tree is called a living pillar. At present, the life channels used are Erythrina, thick-skinned tree, oxtail ridge, apple tree, betel nut, coconut, jackfruit and so on. Pay attention to pruning and fertilization management when using live columns.
3. When the vine is cut for the second time and the third time, the big column (permanent column) should be replaced. When the big column is damaged in the future, it should be replaced with a new column in time to prevent the column from lodging and breaking the main vine. The position of the big column is generally 20 cm away from the pepper. Column replacement should be carried out after pruning vines of small and medium-sized peppers or picking peppers. First, fix the top of the main vine with a tripod, then carefully separate the air root from the column, insert two sticks on both sides of the column that changes direction, push the base branch away, dig out the old column, and then put the new column into the hole to keep it vertical. The column is buried more than 70 cm deep. After capping, the height of the above-ground part of the new pillar must be equal to that of the old pillar. After the new column is planted, it should be tamped, and the soil around the stigma should be slightly higher than the ground. Prevent diseases caused by stagnant water. Finally, the main vines are evenly distributed on the pillars and tied.
Intercropping In order to make full use of land and increase income, pepper can be intercropped with rubber and coconut. Intercropping pepper can be cultivated in the form of non-column and short column.
Rubber should be planted at the same time when pepper is intercropped in rubber garden. Rubber planting adopts wide rows and close planting with row spacing of10-15m, and pepper is planted in 3-5 rows per rubber row. If pepper is cultivated without columns, it can be planted with cuttings of main vines or fruit branches to control the growth of main vines and make them dwarf. The plant spacing is 2-2.5 * 1- 1.2m, and 222-333 plants are planted per mu. One year you plant flowers and fruits, two years you reap them. The yield per mu can reach 50- 100 kg in high yield period. The height of the short-column cultivation column from the ground is 1.5m, and the row spacing is 2-2.5 *1.5m. This form of plants is shorter, with lighter wind damage, convenient management, early fruiting and higher yield. The planting and management methods of non-column cultivation and short-column pepper are the same as those of common cultivation pepper.