Rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, contrast, setting off, metonymy, irony, exaggeration, quotation and article genre.
(1) Classify novels, poems, plays and essays by literary genre.
(2) Classification by expression.
Narrative, argumentative, expository
According to the content, there are two kinds of description methods: character description and scenery description. There are six main methods of character description, namely, general description, portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description and detail description; Scenery description includes static and dynamic, objective and subjective, contrast and contrast.
According to the characteristics: 1 draw a line. The so-called "line drawing" refers to a writing method that grasps the main characteristics of things and outlines the image of things with concise language. Mr. Lu Xun is very good at using line drawing techniques, such as an introduction about Mr. Fujino in Mr. Fujino: "At that time, a dark and thin gentleman came in, wearing glasses and holding a stack of books, large and small. As soon as I put the book on the podium, I introduced myself to the students in a slow and depressed tone: "My name is Fujino Genkuro ..." "The language is concise and impressive. 2, fine description, fine description refers to the meticulous carving of things one by one, relative to sketching, fine description can also be called nuanced, for example, A Lei's "One Side" writes that Lu Xun is thinner than Lu Xun's Fujino: "His face is yellow, black and white, so thin that people can worry, like a person recovering from a serious illness, but he is in good spirits and shows no signs of depression. Hair is about an inch long. I haven't cut it for a long time, but I stand briskly one by one. The beard is very striking, like words written in thick ink. " ?
The new "Silly Brother" is even more nuanced, portraying the characteristics of a worker selling medicine and sugar to the fullest, from the clothes he wears, the utensils he uses, the preparation before shouting, the tone and content of shouting, to his attitude towards customers and poor brothers in the neighborhood, writing a vivid character and image of a kind, diligent, optimistic, poor and ambitious young man. 3, foil, foil refers to the process of writing notes, in order to highlight the main object with another person or thing to set off or contrast. People often say: "safflower is good, but it needs green leaves to support it." The foil can be from the front, from the back, from the scenery to people, from people to people, from things to people, but these should be used according to the needs of the performance content.
Expression: narration, description, discussion, lyricism and explanation. There are 63 categories and 78 subcategories of Chinese positive rhetoric.
There are metaphors: simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), metonymy (also known as inverse metaphor), anti-metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy), metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), metaphor, embellishment metaphor and quotation metaphor;
There are sketch, analogy (also called contrast), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, filling (also called contrast), setting off (also called contrast, setting off), inversion, inversion, overlapping, reduplication, truthfulness (also called couplet), contrast, antithesis (also called duality and parallelism), renovation, repetition and parallelism.
There are overlapping intricacies, compound deviation, * * use, combination, call, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, demotion, metonymy, rhetorical questions, ambiguity, parallelism, antithesis, imitation (also divided into imitation, imitation), list, connection and exaggeration.
1. Metaphor:
Metaphor consists of three parts:
1, ontology
2. Vehicles
3. Metaphorical vocabulary
The biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicles, while personification does not. )
Function: Make the expressed content vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid and profound impression. According to the similarity of things, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and common things, that is, make an analogy to help people understand them deeply.
Three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor and metonymy;
Examples of metaphor words in category feature ontology
The little girl looks like a flower.
Metaphorically, A is B, which is a thick green landscape, and it is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters.
For example, countless arrows were shot from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fell on the roof.
For example, like an ethereal blue crystal. Zhu Ziqing's Spring
2. Analogy:
With rich imagination, write things as adults, or people as things, or things as things.
Function: It can stimulate readers' imagination and make the article more vivid.
Analogy can be divided into personification and imitation.
(1) personification:
Write things as adults, endow things with human thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.
Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid.
Example:
1. Peach, apricot and pear trees are all in full bloom. Zhu Ziqing's Spring
Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. Du Fu in Hope in Spring
The sun blushed. Zhu Ziqing's Spring
(2) simulacra:
(1) Compare people to crops, or write this thing into another thing.
example sentence
1. The crowd rushed up in despair.
Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.
② Write things A as things B. ..
example sentence
1. The volcano erupted.
Moonlight, like running water, pours quietly on this leaf and flower. ("Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" Zhu Ziqing)
3. exaggeration:
Deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature, characteristics, etc of things.
Function: prompt the essence of things, contrast the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause associative effects.
Examples of category characteristics
Magnification exaggerates the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things. The asphalt road was sunburned, and even the bronze medal in front of the shop seemed to be sunburned.
By reducing the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things, we can only see a palm-sized world.
Exaggerate in advance, say what comes later, and say what comes first. She was drunk before she got pregnant.
4. Parallelism:
Arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same.
Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic, more organized and more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect).
Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
5. Duality:
A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.
Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generality, easy to remember and beautiful in music.
Main ways
1, exactly. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning.
For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
2. Objection. The dual form of the opposite or relative meaning of the upper and lower sentences.
For example, look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow your head as a willing ox.
3. Series pair (running pair). The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has dual forms, such as inheritance, progressiveness, causality, hypothesis and conditionality.
For example, I only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish.
6. Repeatedly:
To emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, deliberately repeat a word or sentence.
1. Repeat continuously (there are no other words in the middle)
Example: The valley echoed, he just left, he just left.
2. Repetition interval (there are other words in the middle)
For example, it seems that there are no three provinces, and the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one would make a sound, but the party and the country are more and more like a country.
7. ask questions:
In order to attract others' attention, I deliberately asked questions first and then answered them myself.
Function: attract attention and inspire readers to think; Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters.
Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.
8. rhetorical questions (provocation, cross-examination, cross-examination):
Express clear meaning in the form of questions, ask questions in a positive form, ask questions in a negative form, ask questions in a negative form, and don't answer. The answer is implicit in the rhetorical question.
Function: strengthen tone, make people think, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words.
As for me, don't I have anything to blame?
9. Quote:
Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) The effects of improving language expression can be divided into two types: and.
Function: make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness and inspiration, and the language is refined, implicit and elegant.
Explicit quotation (direct quotation)
For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples.
Dark quotation (indirect quotation)
Example: Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.
10. Metonymy:
Don't directly say what you want to express, but borrow someone or something closely related to it instead.
Types of metonymy: characteristic substituting for things, concrete substituting for abstraction, part substituting for whole, and whole substituting for part.
Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and make the language rich in change and sense of humor; Attract people's association, so that the expression receives outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects.
Method:
(1) part of the whole generation. That is to say, replace the noumenon with the representative part of things.
If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, the lonely sails come from the sun. (Looking at Tianmen Mountain from afar)
② Feature-generated ontology. In other words, the name of the ontological thing is replaced by the characteristics and signs of the borrowing body (person or thing).
For example, the compass turned angrily, spoke slowly and walked out ... (hometown)
③ Concrete generative abstraction
For example, the South China Morning Post has a history of ten years. (meiling three chapters)
(4) Tool replaces ontology.
For example, by the time the soil is turned over, eight out of ten households have already set fire to the hoard and can't open the pot. (Yu)
(5) proper name generalization. Replace the name of ontology with a special name of a typical person or thing.
For example, if you kill a Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! ("The Last Speech")
1 1. Irony:
Express the original intention with words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention, and strengthen the expression effect by saying irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.
For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and you have to twist your neck a few times. It's really beautiful.
12. Contrast:
Contrast is a metaphor, which compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together.
For example:
Some people are alive and he is dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. (Cang Kejia, "Some People")
Using contrast, we must have a deep understanding of the contradiction of what we want to express. Two things to be compared or two aspects of the same thing should be opposite, otherwise they cannot be compared.
Parallelism, duality, personification, exaggeration, rhetorical question ......
13. Lenovo:
That is imagination. For example, the sun came out and the ground seemed to be on fire.
14. Synaesthesia:
The so-called synaesthesia is a rhetorical way to describe one feeling and express another by using the psychological phenomenon that various feelings communicate with each other.
Function: The application of synaesthesia can achieve unforgettable results, and its expressive function is irreplaceable. It can turn abstraction into image and make readers understand it better. It can arouse people's rich associations; Can be eclectic and lively; It can be accurately expressed and has far-reaching influence; It can enrich the artistic conception of poetry and form a special artistic beauty.
take for example
"The morning bell is wet outside the clouds" (Du Fu's Kuizhou is too wet to go ashore) uses the word "wet" to describe the clock. The bell you smell passes through the rain curtain and clouds, so it is "wet", and the touch and hearing are interlinked.
"Good as a guqin, lofty as a mountain, and soup like running water" (Lv Chunqiu Ben Wei). Listening to the piano, you know that you are aiming at mountains and flowing water, and your hearing and vision are interlinked.
15. Pun:
Using the polysemy of words and homophonic (or homophonic) conditions, it is intended to make a sentence have double meanings, that is, puns.
Puns can make language express implicit humor, deepen meaning and impress people.
16. Ding Zhen
Ding Zhen also makes thimbles.
Use the end of the previous article as the beginning of the next article, and connect it end to end for more than two times, so that adjacent sentences or fragments or chapters can be handed down, end to end, and symbolized as "ABC, CDE". This figure of speech is called top truth, also called thimble or couplet bead.
The use of real rhetoric can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connection between things.
Example: Friendship is a flower that attracts swarms of butterflies.
Friendship is a butterfly, two people dance together.
Friendship is a dance, and dance produces the fire of passion.
Friendship is a fire that burns forever.
Dreams are wings that fly in the eternal blue sky.
Dream is the sky, covering the vast sea.
Dream is the sea, or the boat is leisurely.
Dream is a small boat, braving the wind and waves at sea.
Love is the wind, rolling with thick clouds;
Love is a cloud that turns into timely rain;
Love is rain, which moistens the trees after a long drought;
Love is a tree that supports the shade for you.
17. Intermediate text
Intertextuality, also known as intertextuality, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry.
In ancient Chinese, the meaning belonging to a sentence (or phrase) was divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences should be complementary in interpretation, which is intertextuality.
The old saying goes like this: "It refers to writing in the other party, but it refers to writing in the text." Specifically, it is a form: the upper and lower sentences or two parts of a sentence seem to say the same thing, but in fact they echo, explain and complement each other and say the same thing. For example:
The Moon of Qin Dynasty shines on the Han Pass.
Mist enveloped the cold sea water, and moonlight sprinkled on the beach.
The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.
The host got off the bus, the passengers got on the boat, and we raised our glasses to drink-but, alas, there was no music.
When reading ancient Chinese works, it is easy to ignore the past if you don't think carefully and appreciate some sentences that use intertextuality. For example:
(1) Smile, confuse Yangcheng and fall in love with Cai. (Song Yu's "The Loser") means: "She fooled all the dudes in Yangcheng and Cai Xia with a smile."
(2) Zi Kennosuke is like chanting, and Zhong Xuan's pen is like composing. "Wen Xin Diao Si" means: "Cao Zhi and Wang Neng spread out the paper and picked up the pen to write, as if they had memorized it in advance."
(3) Qi Weishou and Han Jingzhao. (Li Hua's "Hanging the Ancient Battlefield") Qi Weijing (Chu) Han and other kings of the Warring States recruited soldiers to guard the border. "
(4) Fierce officials came to my hometown, clamoring for things, and they ran from north to south. Liu Zongyuan's "Snake Catcher" means: "Violent police came to our village, making noise everywhere and harassing people everywhere." "East, west, north and south" here means "everywhere".
(5) don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself. (Fan Zhong's "Yueyang Tower") means: "I am not sad or happy because of the influence of external things, nor am I happy or sad because of my personal situation."
18. Ring
Simply put, loop is the same as reading forward and backward. For example:
The water in the pool is ringing; The Valley of Gold is golden.
Xiangshan Buddha in Xiang Jing, Foshan; Wengyuan milk raises milk source Weng.
Sing Tao Port welcomes Hong Kong Island stars.
The guest lives in nature, but he is a guest in the sky; People have been to the Big Buddha Temple, which is bigger than others.
19.
In order to highlight some strong feelings, writers consciously give objective things some characteristics that are consistent with their own feelings but do not actually exist. This rhetorical device is called empathy.
Using empathy rhetoric, we first move subjective feelings to things, and then use infected things to set off subjective emotions, so that things and people can be integrated, which can better express people's strong feelings and exert rhetorical effects.
For example:
1) He knows that the dew will be frost tonight, and how bright the moonlight is at home! .
(Du Fu's Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night)
Petals fell like tears, and lonely birds sang their sadness.
(Du Fu's "Spring Hope")
(3) Wei Qing terminating, sad when a person to the east.
(Du Fu's Twenty Qinzhou Miscellaneous Poems)
He gazed at the desolate moon from his temporary palace,
The night rain smells the bell and heartbroken.
(Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow)
(5) turn to Zhuge, low-lying households, take no sleep, there should be no hate, why not be round? (Su Shi's Water Tune)
6 red beans are ugly and full of acacia tears.
(Niu Xiji's "Raw Tea")
The meaning of the above two poems is: the dew is particularly light tonight, and the hometown month is particularly bright. Why is this happening? Because the poet Du Fu experienced the great turmoil of An Shi Rebellion, he had to give up his official position in the autumn of 759 BC and live in Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu) under the condition that his country's future and personal destiny were constantly hit. In this desolate and desert border town, the poet moved his homesickness to the dew and moonlight, which set off his homesickness with the infected dew and moonlight, blending things with people, thus better expressing his strong homesickness. The meaning of the two poems in Example 2 is: lamenting the national turmoil, splashing flowers hurts the heart and tears; Hate a family apart, and birds will disturb your heart. It is a natural phenomenon that flowers bloom and birds sing, without human emotions. Only by using empathy rhetoric can poets write such touching poems. Example (3) says that the Weihe River water only "flows eastward alone" when people are worried; Example 4 says that the moon shines "sadly" and the bell rings "heartbreaking"; Example 5 says that the moon tends to become round when people leave; Example 6 says that red beans are not red beans, but "acacia tears". The above examples all use empathy rhetoric to move people's feelings to things. In this way, human feelings and things will be integrated into one, which can better express people's strong feelings.
The difference between empathy and empathy is that empathy is to move people's subjective feelings to objective things, and then set off subjective feelings with infected objective things, so that things and people can be integrated and express strong feelings more strongly; Transfer means that the two things A and B are related, so it is a rhetorical device to transfer the rhetoric originally describing A to B. In short, the former is "touching people and things"; The latter is "moving words, describing things (or people), describing things (or people)."
The difference between empathy and personification is that the former is "touching people and things"; The latter is "writing things into adults".
Description method
Common interpretation methods
Common methods of explanation include giving examples, classifying, listing data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, analogy, imitating appearances, quoting materials, etc. 10. We should choose the best method according to the characteristics of the explanatory object and the purpose of writing. The following are explained separately.
(1) example. Cite practical examples to explain things, make the things to be explained specific and make readers understand. This interpretation method is called example method. For example:
Most people always think that when they are old, their memory ability must be poor. Actually, it's not. Please look at the experimental results: The International Linguistic Society made a comparison between young people aged 9 to 18 and adults over 35 when learning Esperanto, and found that the former was not as good as the latter in memory. This is because adults are rich in knowledge and experience, and it is easy to establish extensive contacts on the basis of existing knowledge. This connection is called "association" in psychology. People's memory is based on association. The more knowledge and experience, the easier it is to establish associations, and the memory will be improved accordingly. Marx began to learn Russian in his fifties. After half a year, he has been able to read the original works of famous poets and writers Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol and Schederin with relish. This is due to rich language knowledge and ability to understand many modern and ancient languages.
The point of this article is that memory is not necessarily bad when you are old. To illustrate this point, the author first provides the experimental results and analyzes the reasons. So far, it's all right, but it's not specific enough and convincing. So, let's take another example: when Marx was in his fifties, it took only six months to master Russian. This way, the content is specific and the persuasion is enhanced.
Illustration in expository writing and illustration in argumentative writing can make the content concrete and enhance persuasiveness. But there are differences between them. Examples in argumentative essays are used to prove points, while examples in expository essays are used to introduce knowledge.
To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples.
(2) classification. According to certain standards, the interpreted objects are divided into different categories and explained one by one. This method of explanation is called classification.
Classification is an important way to clarify complex things.
When using classification methods, we should pay attention to the classification standards, and only one standard can be used at a time to avoid overlapping. For example, "the collection of books in the library includes China, classics, foreign countries, science and technology, literature, modern times and political economy." There is more than one standard used here, so it is not clear. The correct statement should be:
The collection of books in the library is divided into Chinese and foreign countries by country; According to the times, there are classical and modern; By nature, there are science and technology, literature and political economy.
In this way, only one standard is used for each classification, which is clear at a glance.
The characteristics and essence of some things need to be divided into several points or aspects, which also belongs to classification.
Please note that by using the classification method, there should be no omissions in the listed categories.
(3) Column data. In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of column data to make readers understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate.
(4) Make a comparison. Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison.
When comparing, you can compare things in the same category, things in different categories, things can be compared horizontally or vertically.
(5) draw a chart. In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also use charts to make up for the lack of simple words and explain some things more directly and concretely.
(6) definition. Defining the essential characteristics of a concept in concise language is called definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion.
When defining, we can consider it from different angles according to the purpose of description. Some emphasize characteristics, such as the definition of "person"; Some emphasize functions, such as the definition of "fertilizer"; Some explain both characteristics and functions, such as the definition of "master planning method" and "applied science".
Man is an advanced animal, who can make tools and use them for labor.
Fertilizer is a substance that can provide nutrients to make plants grow.
③ Overall planning method is a mathematical method to arrange the work process.
Engineering technology, called applied science, is the knowledge of applying the basic theories of natural science to solve problems in production practice.
No matter from what angle, no matter in what way, as long as a definition is made, it is necessary to reveal the essence of things, and only such a definition is scientific. For example, someone said, "Man is an upright animal with two feet." This definition is unscientific because it does not reveal the essence of things. "Man is an advanced animal, who can make tools and use them for labor." This is the definition of science, because it reveals the essence of human beings.
(7) interpretation. Explain some characteristics of things from one side. This method is called hermeneutics.
Definition and explanation often adopt the language form of "what is so-and-so". The form is the same, how to distinguish it? Generally speaking, the words on both sides of the word "yes" are interchangeable, which is the definition; If it is not interchangeable, it is interpretation.
For example, the sentence "Man is a senior animal who can make tools and use them to work" is changed to "The senior animal who can make tools and use tools to work is a man", and the meaning remains unchanged. The sentence "Snow is the solid precipitation formed in the cloud" cannot be changed to "The solid precipitation formed in the cloud is snow". It can be seen that the former sentence is a definition and the latter sentence is an explanation.
(8) For example. Using the similarity between two different things to compare, highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation is called analogy.
The interpretation method of metaphor in explanatory text is consistent with that in rhetoric. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate.
(9) imitation. In order to make the explained object more vivid and concrete, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation.
(10) reference. In order to make the content of the explanation more substantial and specific, you can quote materials to explain. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings, formulas and rules, allusions and proverbs.
One explanation method is rarely used in an explanatory text, and many explanations are often used comprehensively. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to adopt one interpretation method or multiple interpretation methods, one interpretation method is another interpretation method, which can be flexible and not static.