Private property ownership
The government and the state protect private property and exercise full or partial ownership of private property. If there is no private property ownership, there will be no motivation and foundation for power rent-seeking; Without private ownership, there is no bureaucratic capital;
Highly concentrated
Government bureaucrats can easily allocate resources through power rent-seeking; The government or legislature can support the development of specific capital relatively easily through laws and regulations with superior conditions;
Political backwardness
There is no democracy in the country to limit the power of the government or the legislature; There is no freedom of the press and public opinion in society. Or although there is democracy and freedom of the press, because of the backward economic development, immature civic awareness, citizens' lack of understanding of democracy and the absence of decentralized supervision mechanism;
Rent-seeking intention
Natural persons with idle capital and rent-seeking ability have the intention of rent-seeking to develop.
Rent-seeking capital
Because the ultimate goal of rent-seeking is to obtain excess profits. Therefore, the goal of rent-seeking behavior is to obtain access permission for scarce resources, such as loans, land, non-renewable resources, restrictive industries or monopoly industries, so market competition is the natural enemy of bureaucratic capital.
The above five are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the survival of any bureaucratic capitalism; As long as this social environment exists, there must be bureaucratic capitalism; As long as it is bureaucratic capitalism, these five conditions must be met.
On the basis of the above, the definition of bureaucratic capitalism is formed:
Bureaucratic capitalism is a form of capitalism that obtains excess profits through power rent-seeking.
harm
economy
Bureaucratic capitalism cannot promote economic development. In the early stage of economic development, because of its high speed, even very fast development, it can promote economic development. On the other hand, all countries &; In the early stage of economic development, bureaucratic capitalism dominated most areas. On the other hand, in underdeveloped countries and countries in transition, bureaucratic capitalism can develop the economy to a certain extent.
The economic harm of bureaucratic capitalism is reflected in:
A. Reduce the efficiency of social and economic operation
Due to the essence of bureaucratic capitalism's pursuit of profiteering, its non-market competitiveness and monopoly, bureaucratic capital can obtain social resources at low cost, or monopolize resources, and then obtain profiteering, neither of which is true.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, Fuyu circulated a pamphlet "Talking about National Enemies".
It is obtained through competition, not because bureaucratic capital has created enough social wealth. Essentially, it plunders the wealth created by other social groups, and the huge profits of bureaucratic capitalism are mostly realized through the redistribution of social wealth, not on their own.
Bureaucratic capital occupies more wealth created by other groups than its own wealth, and this wealth is not an effective wealth obtained through technological progress, so bureaucratic capitalism will inevitably lead to the inefficiency of the overall resource allocation of society and weaken the development ability of other capitals; Inevitably reduce the efficiency of economic operation;
Because rent-seeking can get more profits, it will bring imitation, cause more capital in society to be transformed into bureaucratic capital, and further worsen the economic operation efficiency of society;
B. Bureaucratic capital will inevitably lead to the high profitability of monopolizing bureaucratic capital, resulting in the concentration of resources, further accelerating monopoly and further reducing the efficiency of resource allocation; The ubiquity of bureaucratic capitalism, as well as its high profit and monopoly, will suppress the competition of the whole society, weaken the social consumption capacity, and then inhibit technological progress &; Industrial upgrading eventually made the economy lose the ability of sustained growth; Even if there are several monopoly enterprises with bureaucratic capital in an industry and a market at the same time, they will maintain the monopoly by reaching an agreement;
Political consequences
A. Impairment of fairness and social stability
Because bureaucratic capitalism obtains a lot of social resources through power rent-seeking, social wealth is lost to a few bureaucratic capitalists &; Bureaucratic possession will inevitably lead to the widening gap between the rich and the poor and damage the fairness of the whole society; It is easy to bring about the accumulation of social discontent and the increase of unstable factors, thus endangering social stability; In extreme cases, it will bring revolution;
B bureaucratic capital will fall behind and hinder social and political reform.
The premise of bureaucratic capitalism is that the imperfect political system and backward social development make bureaucratic capitalists and bureaucrats have privileges. In order to maintain their privileges, bureaucratic capital and bureaucratic class will oppose the process of political reform, thus hindering social development. They are natural conservative forces and natural rightist forces. This kind of obstacle will lead to the accumulation of social unstable factors and further damage social stability.
Summary:
Bureaucratic capital occupies social wealth through power rent-seeking, which will reduce the efficiency of social operation in the long run; At the same time, because this kind of possession will increase the gap between the rich and the poor, it will also damage the principle of social equity. It can be seen that bureaucratic capitalism can neither bring efficiency nor damage fairness, so it is the worst form of capitalism. This is a huge obstacle to social and economic development.
Criticism of capitalism
Critics of capitalism generally associate capitalism with the following phenomena: the unfair distribution of wealth and power; Tend to market monopoly and market control by a few manufacturers (while the government is controlled by oligarchs); Imperialism; Counter-revolutionary war; Various forms of economic and cultural exploitation; Oppression of workers and trade unions; Social alienation; Economic inequality; Unemployment and economic turmoil.
Critics of capitalism include socialists, anarchists, communists, national socialists, social Democrats, technocrats, some conservatives, Luddites, populists, earthquake victims and some nationalists.
Marxists support the overthrow of capitalism in a revolutionary way, and the transition to socialism and eventually communism. Many socialists believe that capitalism is irrational in production, unplanned in economic orientation, and prone to many inconsistencies and internal contradictions. Some labor historians, such as immanuel wallerstein, also believe that the various relations between slavery, indentured labor, prisoners and other forced people and capitalism cannot be reconciled.
Many aspects of capitalism have been attacked by the anti-globalization movement, including enterprise capitalism. Environmentalists believe that capitalism needs constant economic growth, so it is inevitable that the limited resources on the earth will be exhausted.
Many religions criticize or oppose certain elements of capitalism. For example, traditional Judaism, Christianity and Islam all prohibit borrowing money for profit. In addition, some Christians criticize the materialistic tendency of capitalism. P, Indian philosopher, founder of Anandamagya movement? r？ Sharjah developed the theory of social cycle to prove the problem of capitalism.