2 English reference thiamine [Xiangya Medical Dictionary]
Xiangya Medical Dictionary
Vitamin b1[ws/t 476-2015 nutrition terms]
3 National Essential Drugs and Vitamin B 1 Retail Guidance Price Information of Essential Drugs in Relevant Countries
Essential drug serial number
DirectoryNo. Drug name, dosage form and specification Retail unit refers to
Description of price category: 900 134 vitamin B 12 injection 500ug: 1ml bottle (branch) 0.43 chemical and biological products * 90 1 134 vitamin B 12 injection/kloc- 0.73 Chemical and Biological Products 10 18 Drugs and Biological Products *10/9163 Vitamin B 1 injection 50mg:2ml bottle (branch) 0. 15
1, and those marked with "*" in the remarks column in the table are representative products.
2. If "△" is marked in the remarks column for the specifications representing dosage forms in the table, the prices representing dosage forms and related specifications with a clear price difference are tentative prices.
4 vitamin B 1 overview (vitamin? B 1), also known as thiamine and analgin, is one of the B vitamins [1]. In vivo, it constitutes coenzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, transketolase and α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Play a role [1].
Vitamin English abbreviation VB 1. Also known as thiamine, an anti-inflammatory and anti-beriberi vitamin. One of the b vitamins. VB 1 mainly exists in seed coat and germ, and is rich in yeast, lean pork, rice bran, wheat bran and soybean. Vitamin B 1 is antioxidant, heat-resistant and acid-resistant, but not alkali-resistant, and can also be destroyed by alkali at room temperature.
In vivo, VB 1 can react with ATP to produce thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) under the catalysis of specific enzymes. TPP is an important coenzyme for sugar substitution. Therefore, when VB 1 is deficient, glucose metabolism is blocked, which on the one hand leads to insufficient energy supply to nerve tissues, and on the other hand, pyruvate and lactic acid produced during glucose metabolism accumulate in blood, urine and tissues, thus causing polyneuritis and affecting myocardial metabolism and function. Patients with irritability, forgetfulness, loss of appetite, numbness of hands and feet, rough skin, muscle pain and atrophy, and in severe cases, hand, foot and wrist droop, edema of lower limbs and heart failure may occur, which is clinically called beriberi. At the same time, VB 1 can also inhibit the activity of cholinesterase, so that acetylcholine, an important nerve medium, is not destroyed, thus maintaining the normal excitement of nerves. When VB 1 is deficient, it will lead to slow gastrointestinal peristalsis, insufficient secretion of digestive juice, indigestion and other symptoms. The lack of VB 1 is mostly caused by unreasonable diet (such as mainly polished rice and excessive elutriation) and improper cooking (such as throwing away rice soup when fishing, adding alkali when cooking porridge, etc.). ), reduce the intake of VB 1, cause long-term fever or wasting disease, and also lead to the lack of VB 1. As early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, "bran" rich in VB 1 was used to treat beriberi in China. At present, most of VB 1 used as medicine is chemically synthesized thiamine hydrochloride, which is not only used to treat VB 1 deficiency, but also used for adjuvant treatment of many diseases.
There are about 25 ~ 30 mg of thiamine in adults, and the content is high in heart, liver, kidney and brain, but 50% of the total amount exists in muscle. The role of thiamine in the body is to participate in carbohydrate metabolism in the form of coenzyme of carboxylase and transacetaldehyde enzyme system, which is the key material basis in material metabolism and energy metabolism. Vitamin B 1 also participates in oxidative decarboxylation in vivo, which is necessary for branched-chain amino acid metabolism. In addition, vitamin B 1 also plays an important role in promoting appetite, normal gastrointestinal peristalsis and digestive juice secretion.
Discovery of Vitamin B 1 Berberi is the two most common diseases in Japan from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, which used to be called "Edo disease". Due to human's * * meters, beriberi spread quickly, and many people suffered from beriberi in the Russo-Japanese War. In the past, there were two theories about the cause of beriberi: infection and poisoning, and no one knew the real cause. Baitaro Suzuki studied in Germany 190 1 to 1906. After returning to China, he participated in the "temporary investigation meeting on beriberi". He thinks the reason is polished rice. He advocates that experiments prove that there is a lack of a special inorganic component in polished rice, and this component is very high in rice bran.
In 19 10, Suzuki Baitaro uses degreasing agent to remove the fat from rice bran, and then uses phosphoric acid added with alcohol to precipitate the main components. He named this substance "production of thiamine" and applied for a patent the following year.
The question is how effective this thiamine is in treating beriberi. All doctors who have no rules and authority refuse to try. Baitaro Suzuki had to ask a doctor in a private clinic to try it out, and the effect was really good. It is said that even seriously ill patients recover quickly after taking it. However, in a letter to Baitaro Suzuki, the doctor said it was hard to say that it was the function of sulfur glue, because the recovered patients also received other treatments.
At that time, people's conclusions about Suzuki Baitaro were hard to accept. In a typical case, Baitaro Suzuki recalled afterwards: I disclosed the news that thiamine can treat beriberi at the Tokyo Chemical Society. I heard that this story reached the ears of a doctor, who was an important person in the medical field at that time. He even said, "Suzuki thinks that rice can cure beriberi, which is very boring. Because sincerity is the spirit. If rice bran can cure beriberi, so can drinking urine. "
A few years later, people's doubts and prejudices were finally broken in the face of facts. Shortly thereafter, it was discovered that thiamine discovered by Baitaro Suzuki and extracted from rice bran was actually vitamin B 1.
6 The source of vitamin B 1 Vitamin B 1 mainly exists in seed hulls and germ, and yeast, lean pork, rice bran, wheat bran and soybean are rich in vitamin B 1.
Foods rich in vitamin B 1 include cereals, beans, yeast, dried fruits, hard fruits, animal hearts, livers, brains, kidneys, lean pork and eggs [2].
There is about 30 mg of vitamin B 125 in adults, which is mainly distributed in heart, brain, liver, kidney and muscle tissues. 50% of the total amount exists in muscle, but it cannot be stored in large quantities in the body, and excessive intake is excreted through urine [2].
7 Physiological Function of Vitamin B 1 The main physiological function of Vitamin B 1 is to form coenzyme of decarboxylase and participate in carbohydrate metabolism. Lack can lead to beriberi. It is best not to eat polished rice and refined flour for a long time, so as not to lack vitamin B 1. [2]
There are about 25 ~ 30 mg of thiamine in adults, and the content is high in heart, liver, kidney and brain, but 50% of the total amount exists in muscle. The role of thiamine in the body is to participate in carbohydrate metabolism in the form of coenzyme of carboxylase and transacetaldehyde enzyme system, which is the key material basis in material metabolism and energy metabolism. Vitamin B 1 also participates in oxidative decarboxylation in vivo, which is necessary for branched-chain amino acid metabolism. In addition, vitamin B 1 also plays an important role in promoting appetite, normal gastrointestinal peristalsis and digestive juice secretion.
8 Diseases caused by vitamin B 1 deficiency Vitamin B 1 is catalyzed by specific enzymes in vivo, and VB 1 can react with ATP to produce thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an important coenzyme for sugar substitution. Therefore, when VB 1 is deficient, glucose metabolism is blocked, which on the one hand leads to insufficient energy supply to nerve tissues, and on the other hand, pyruvate and lactic acid produced during glucose metabolism accumulate in blood, urine and tissues, thus causing polyneuritis and affecting myocardial metabolism and function. Patients with irritability, forgetfulness, loss of appetite, numbness of hands and feet, rough skin, muscle pain and atrophy, and in severe cases, hand, foot and wrist droop, edema of lower limbs and heart failure may occur, which is clinically called beriberi. At the same time, VB 1 can also inhibit the activity of cholinesterase, so that acetylcholine, an important nerve medium, is not destroyed, thus maintaining the normal excitement of nerves. When VB 1 is deficient, it will lead to slow gastrointestinal peristalsis, insufficient secretion of digestive juice, indigestion and other symptoms. The lack of VB 1 is mostly caused by unreasonable diet (such as mainly polished rice and excessive elutriation) and improper cooking (such as throwing away rice soup when fishing, adding alkali when cooking porridge, etc.). ), reduce the intake of VB 1, cause long-term fever or wasting disease, and also lead to the lack of VB 1. As early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, "bran" rich in VB 1 was used to treat beriberi in China. At present, most of VB 1 used as medicine is chemically synthesized thiamine hydrochloride, which is not only used to treat VB 1 deficiency, but also used for adjuvant treatment of many diseases.
9 Vitamin B 1 Poisoned Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) is a component of the auxiliary group of yellow enzyme in the body. When it is deficient, it will affect the biological oxidation of the body and cause metabolic disorder. Can be used for preventing and treating vitamin B 1 deficiency, such as angular stomatitis, cheilitis, glossitis, conjunctivitis and bursitis. Generally taken orally, increasing the oral dose will not increase the absorption. Injection is rarely used. [3]
9. Clinical manifestations of1[3]
1. There are occasional allergic reactions after injection, and anaphylactic shock may occur in some cases.
2. Poisoning may lead to nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bradycardia, chest tightness and even respiratory failure. Intravenous injection can cause muscle weakness and even paralysis. There may be a brief drop in blood pressure.
9.2 treatment of vitamin B 1 poisoning treatment points for [3]:
1. People with allergies can use antihistamines or glucocorticoids.
2. Giving vitamin B2 or vitamin A will produce antagonism.
3. Shock patients can use pressor.
4. Symptomatic support treatment.
10 medical examination vitamin B 110/examination name vitamin b1
10.2 biochemical examination of classified blood > serum vitamin determination
10.3 blood sampling
The determination principle of 10.4 vitamin B 1 erythrocyte transketolase (ETK) requires thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as a coenzyme to be active. TPP is produced by thiamine phosphorylation in vivo. Therefore, when thiamine is deficient, the activity of ETK decreases. If TPP is added to this erythrolytic blood, ETK with apogroup can become active ETK again and restore its activity.
Red blood cells were added to the buffer containing TPP and without TPP, and enough substrates were added. After a certain period of enzymatic reaction, the remaining amount of substrate or product was determined and the enzyme activity was calculated. The percentage increase of enzyme activity caused by TPP is TPP reaction. When the body lacks vitamin B 1, the TPP effect will increase. According to this principle, the status of thiamine in the body can be evaluated.
In this method, the activity of enzyme was determined by the reaction of mosphenol reagent with ribose, and the utilization rate of substrate was determined to calculate TPP effect.
Ribose is heated in concentrated hydrochloric acid solution, intramolecular dehydration generates furfural, and then it condenses with paclitaxel to generate green substances. The depth of green is proportional to the content of ribose.
10.5 reagent buffer (pH7.4): dissolve 0.28g NaCl(AR), 9.25gKCl(AR), 0.299g MgSO4(AR) and 2.73gK2HPO4(AR) in deionized water and dilute to/kloc.
(2)TPP stock solution: 25mg TPP is dissolved in 25ml of the above buffer solution and refrigerated for later use.
(3)TPP application solution: take 1 stock solution and add 8 volumes of buffer to mix, and prepare it now.
(4) Ribose -5 sodium phosphate solution: put 3.24g of Barium Ribose -5 phosphate into a 100ml beaker and add 8.5ml 1mol/lhcl solution. Stir to dissolve it, add 45ml distilled water, mix well, pour it into a centrifuge tube, wash the beaker with distilled water several times, and merge it into the centrifuge tube. Add 8ml saturated Na2SO4 aqueous solution, fully stir, put it in the refrigerator for precipitation for 65438 05min, then centrifuge for 65438 05min (3000r/min), pour the supernatant into a 250ml triangular flask, and wash the residue with 20ml distilled water for three times each time. After each washing and centrifugation, the supernatant was combined into a triangular flask, and the pH was adjusted to about 7.0 with 5mol/L KOH solution, and then adjusted to 7.4 with a pH meter. If turbidity occurs, filter. At this time, the total volume of liquid is about 120ml. Accurately measure the volume of the solution, analyze the ribose content in the solution by Mosol method, adjust the volume to make the ribose content per milliliter 7.0mg, pack the solution into several vials and refrigerate.
Application solution: Take the above solution and dilute it 20 times with buffer solution, so that each milliliter contains 350μg ribose.
(5)75g/L trichloroacetic acid (CP).
(6) The pentose standard solution is 10mg D ribose, which is dissolved in 10ml water (1mg/ml) and stored in the refrigerator. Application solution: Take 1 ml stock solution and dilute it with water to 100 ml (10 μ g/ml).
(7) Weigh the chemical reagent FeCl3 6H2O1.670g, dissolve it in water, add water to 200ml, and refrigerate for later use. And 30%HCl(3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1 part distilled water). Weigh 2g of moss black phenol, add 30ml of water to dissolve it, transfer it into a 1L volumetric flask, add 20ml of the above FeCl3 aqueous solution, and dilute it to scale with 30%HCl.
(8) 8.5g/L sodium chloride solution.
Refer to table 10.6 for the operation method of 1.
10.7 normal value 0 ~ 15% normal value
15. 1% ~ 25% vitamin B 1 biochemical deficiency
> 25% vitamin B 1 is seriously deficient.
Clinical significance of the test results of 10.8 Vitamin B 1 content increased: oral or non-oral B 1 preparation was excessive. Decreased content: beriberi, Wernicke encephalopathy (brain beriberi syndrome) and potential B 1 deficiency.
10.9 Note (1) It is not advisable to take too many drugs before blood drawing, and it is not advisable to eat foods rich in vitamin B 1, such as animal viscera (liver, heart and kidney), meat, beans and peanuts.
(2) The urine reference value of vitamin B 1 is 0.17 ~1.70μ mol/d.
10. 10 related diseases dehydration
1 1 vitamin B 1 pharmacopoeia standard1/product name 1 1.1Chinese name vitamin B 1.
1 1. 1.2 Chinese phonetic micro-sound speed B 1
1 1. 1.3 Vitamin B 1.
1 1.2 structural formula 1 1.3 molecular formula and molecular weight c65438+c12h17cln4oshcl? 337.27
1 1.4 Source (name), content (potency) This product is 4my3 [(2my4amino-5pyrimidinyl) methyl] 5 (2hydroxyethyl) thiazolidinium chloride [4]. The content of c65438+c12h17cln4oshcl shall not be less than 99.0% in terms of dry products.
1 1.5 properties This product is white crystal or crystalline powder; It has a faint smell and bitter taste; The dried product immediately absorbs about 4% moisture in the air.
This product is soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and insoluble in ether.
Absorption coefficient 1 1.5. 1 Take this product, weigh it accurately, add hydrochloric acid solution (9→ 1000) to dissolve it, and dilute it quantitatively to make a solution containing about 12.5μg per/ml.
1 1.6 identification (1) Take about 5mg of this product, add 2.5ml of sodium hydroxide test solution to dissolve it, add 0.5ml of potassium ferricyanide test solution and 5ml of n-butanol, shake it vigorously for 2 minutes, and let it stand for stratification, and the alcohol layer on it shows strong blue fluorescence; When acid is added to make it acidic, the fluorescence disappears; Alkali was added to make it alkaline and fluorescence appeared again.
(2) Take a proper amount of this product, add water to dissolve it, evaporate it in water bath, and dry it at 65438 005℃ for 2h, then determine it. The infrared absorption spectrum of this product should be consistent with that of the reference substance (drug infrared spectrum 1205).
(3) Identification reaction of chloride in aqueous solution of this product (Appendix III of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10 edition).
1 1.7 Check the acidity1.7.1Take 0.50g of this product, add 20ml of water to dissolve it, and determine it according to law (Appendix VI H of Pharmacopoeia Part II, 20 10), and the pH value should be 2.8.
1 1.7.2 The clarity and color of the solution shall be1.0g. This product shall be dissolved in 10ml water, and the solution shall be clear and colorless; If the color is developed, it shall not be deeper than the control solution (take 0. 1ml potassium dichromate solution for color comparison, and add appropriate amount of water to make it 10ml).
1 1.7.3 sulfate Take 2.0g of this product and check it according to law (Appendix VIII B of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10 edition). Compared with the control solution made of 2.0ml standard potassium sulfate solution, it should not be more concentrated (0.0 1%).
1 1.7.4 nitrate take 1.0g of this product, add water to dissolve and dilute it to 100ml, take 1.0ml, add 4.0ml water and 0.5ml 10% sodium chloride solution, and shake well. Let it stand for 10 minute, mix it with standard potassium nitrate solution (accurately weigh 8 1.5mg of potassium nitrate dried to constant weight at 105℃), put it in a 50ml volumetric flask, add water to dissolve and dilute it to scale, shake well, accurately measure 5ml, and put it in a 100ml volumetric flask. 0.50 ml 1ml is equivalent to 50 μ g NO2), which is not shallow (0.25%) than the control solution prepared by the same method.
1 1.7.5 related substances Take this product, weigh it accurately, dissolve it with mobile phase and dilute it to make a solution containing about 1mg per 1ml as the test solution; Accurately measure 1ml, put it in a 100ml volumetric flask, dilute it to scale with mobile phase, and shake it evenly as a control solution. According to the experiment of high performance liquid chromatography (Appendix V D of Pharmacopoeia Part II, 20 10), octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler, and methanol-acetonitrile -0.02 mol/L sodium heptane sulfonate solution (containing 1% triethylamine, adjusted to pH 5.5 with phosphoric acid) (9: 9: 82) was used as mobile phase, and the wavelength was detected. Inject 20μl of control solution into the liquid chromatograph, and adjust the detection sensitivity so that the peak height of the chromatographic peak of the principal component is about 20% of the full scale. Then accurately measure 20μl of the test solution and the reference solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph respectively, and record the chromatogram until the retention time of the main peak is 3 times. If there are impurity peaks in the chromatogram of the test sample, the sum of the areas of each impurity peak shall not be greater than 0.5 times (0.5%) of the main peak area of the reference sample.
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Take this product in 1 1.7.6 loss on drying, and dry it at 105℃ to constant weight, and the weight loss shall not exceed 5.0% (Appendix VIII L of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10).
1 1.7.7 residue on ignition shall not exceed 0. 1% (Appendix VIII N of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10).
1 1.7.8 iron salt Take 1.0g of this product, add 25ml of water to dissolve it, and check it according to law (Appendix VIII G of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10 edition). Compared with the control solution made of 2.0ml standard iron solution, it should not be deeper (0.002%).
1 1.7.9 Take 1.0g of this product as a heavy metal, add 25ml of water to dissolve it, and check it according to law (the first method in Appendix VIII H of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10 edition). The content of heavy metals shall not exceed 10 parts per million.
1 1.7. 10 Total chlorine Take about 0.2g of this product, weigh it accurately, add 20ml of water to dissolve it, add 2ml of dilute acetic acid and 8 ~ 10 drops of bromophenol blue indicator, and titrate the solution (0. 1mol/L) with silver nitrate. Every 1ml silver nitrate titration solution (0. 1mol/L) is equivalent to 3.54mg of chlorine (Cl). Calculated by dry product, the total chlorine content should be 20.6% ~ 265438 0.2%.
1 1.8 content determination take about 0. 12g of this product, weigh it accurately, add 20ml glacial acetic acid for slight heat dissolution, let it cool, add 30ml acetic anhydride, and potentiometric titration (appendix VII A of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10 edition), each 1ml.
1 1.9 vitamins.
1 1. 10 is stored in the dark and sealed.
11.11preparation (1) vitamin B 1 tablet? (2) Vitamin B 1 Injection
1 1. 12 Edition People's Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia 20 10 Edition.
12 vitamin B 1 description 12. 1 vitamin B 1 alias anti-beriberi vitamin; Anti-inflammatory vitamins; Thiamine; Thiamine; Vitamin b1; Thiamine hydrochloride; Thiamine hydrochloride; Otsuichi, vitamin B 1.
Vitamin B 1, thiamine, betaine
Indications 12.3 Vitamin B 1 For the prevention and treatment of beriberi and the adjuvant treatment of various diseases (such as systemic infection, high fever, diabetes, hyperthyroidism and pregnancy).
Dosage and usage of 12.4 vitamin B 1 The minimum daily requirement for adults is 1mg, and pregnant women and children need more because of their developmental relationship. Oral administration: for the treatment of beriberi and dyspepsia, 1 time/kloc-0 ~ 30 mg, 1 time three times a day. Or intramuscular injection or intradermal bet, 50 ~ 100 mg each time, daily 1 time. Vitamin B 1 is not suitable for intravenous injection.
12.5 note: there are occasional allergic reactions during injection, and some even have anaphylactic shock. Therefore, in addition to the urgent need for supplements, injections are rarely used. When the oral dose increases, the absorption does not increase. Allergic people need to do a skin test before using it: dilute 0. 1 ml to 1 ml, then take 0. 1 ml and inject it subcutaneously for 20 minutes to see the reaction results.
12.6 vitamin B 1 tablet: 5mg each, and 10mg each.