Couplets, also known as couplets, are a unique literary genre in Chinese tradition and are closely related to Chinese characters. Its main characteristics are neat contrasts and coordination of levels and obliques.
Spring couplets refer to couplets written to celebrate the Spring Festival. Example: One Yuan Returns to the Beginning/All Things Renew
The wedding couplet is also called the happy couplet, which is a special couplet for marriage. Example: Qin He Se Jing/Hao Hao Yue
Shou couplet is a couplet written to congratulate birthdays. Example: Fu Ru Donghai/Shou Binan Mountain
The elegy evolved from elegy, and is used in couplets to mourn the deceased, for example: Crying for the Duke only has tears/Lifting the pen is speechless
Lamp couplets refer to the couplets hung on lamps. For example: When spring comes to the world, people are like jade/the moon is like silver when the lamp is burning.
The couplets are hung in study rooms, bedrooms and other places to express the ambitions of the host. Example: The rise and fall of the world/Every man is responsible (Gu Yanwu)
Couplets of famous places refer to couplets written and engraved specifically for a certain scenic spot. Example: When does the spring start to get cold/Where does the peak fly from (Hangzhou Cold Spring Pavilion)
Industry couplets are specially written for the characteristics of the industry and play the role of industry advertising. Example: Although there is no skill at all/but it is a top-notch skill (barbering)
Communication couplets refer to couplets that people use as rewards for friendship. Example: One knowledge in life is enough/this world should be treated with sympathy
The couplet of calligraphy and painting refers to the couplet inscribed on the painting. According to the content on the screen, write couplets that fit the screen.
Example: There are knots before the bamboo comes out/and there is still an open mind in the lingyun area (Li Kuchan's inscription on bamboo)
The four tones and the four tones are closely related to the flat and oblique tones, which include the four tones
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1. The four tones of ancient pronunciation are divided into Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru (examples: Tian, ??Zi, Wan and Fu. For details, please refer to Wang Li's "Poetry Rhythm")
2. Modern pronunciation The four tones are divided into yinping, yangping, ascending tone and falling tone (example: mom, ma, ma, scold)
Pingzhi is a term used by ancient people to distinguish Chinese tones in poetry. Zhitong [side] means unevenness.
1. The ancient sound Pingyi: Among them, "ping" is classified as a flat tone, and the three tones of "Shang, Lai, Ru" are all classified as a flat tone
2. The modern sound Pingyi: "Yinping and Yangping" are both classified as flat tones, and "Shangsheng and Laisheng" are both classified as oblique tones
The concepts of the two words in the upper and lower couplets are equivalent, the parts of speech are equivalent, and the structures are consistent. The rhythm is proportional and the levels are equal.
Example: black/white long/short male/female heaven/earth
There is no absolute definition of positive pattern, and it can be roughly explained in two points (specifically refers to joint pattern)
1. Strictly require words to be used in an orderly and rhythmic manner, with neat and coordinated contrasts, and corresponding words and sentences in the upper and lower couplets to be paired
2. The last two sentences on each side of the couplet have different order and order
< p>There is no absolute definition of declension. Let’s use three points to explain it (specifically refers to couplets)1. Don’t overemphasize the flat, oblique and Gongzhuan couplets
2. The last word on each side of the couplet The two sentences have the same footings
3. Unpleasant pairs, double sentences, etc. are generally regarded as declensions
There is no hard and fast rule for short couplets, which generally refer to the number of characters in the upper and lower couplets ranging from four to ten One-word couplets
There is no hard and fast rule for long couplets, which generally refer to the couplets with twelve or more characters in the upper and lower couplets.
Katama only has the upper couplet and no long couplets. The second couplet is called katama (see Absolute), two examples are as follows
1. Food bag, full meal: restaurant couplet, and also add [duplicate], [repeated], [change], [ Disassemble], [Real] and several techniques.
Category transfer: Converting a word from one category to another. For example, the first package is used as a noun, and the second package is used as a verb (Baozheng)
2. Goose does not eat grass and fruit: A doctor's couplet, "Goose does not eat grass" is the name of the medicine, "grass" "Guo" is also the name of a medicine.
Hebi is also called "double wall", which refers to the pairing of "pieces of jade".
The so-called "absolute" in absolute couplets has two meanings:
1. It refers to the skill and wording of the couplets that are unprecedentedly good or even unparalleled.
2. It is said that the sentences in the couplet are so clever and novel that no one has ever repeated them. They are often called absolute (or katama).
Positive pairs are also called similar pairs. , wide pair, means that the contents of the upper and lower lines are basically the same, related to each other, and complementary to each other
Example: The edge of the sword comes from grinding / the fragrance of plum blossoms comes from the bitter cold
Opposition means up and down The contents of the couplets are opposite, also known as work pairs. They set off each other and form a contrast, resulting in a strong artistic effect of the couplets.
Example: Two orioles singing in the green willows/A row of egrets ascending the blue sky
The string pair is also called the flowing water pair. That is to say, the meaning of the upper and lower couplets is consistent, and one meaning is divided into two sentences to form a coherent couplet
Example: To have great ambitions to sacrifice/to teach the sun and the moon to change the sky
< p> Self-pairing is also called Dangsentence pairing, which refers to the words and sentences in the couplet. Not only the upper and lower couplets are in opposition to each other, but there is also opposition in the upper and lower couplets themselves (in the middle of the sentence).Example: Guifu orchid and fragrance, water flowing in the mountains are quiet/flowers are bright and willows are beautiful, the moon is bright and wind is clear (wherein Guifu orchid is opposite to water flowing and mountains are quiet, and is also opposite to flowers and willows being bright)
The ruthless pairing means that the upper and lower couplets are neatly contrasted in form (literally), but unrelated in content (meaning), creating a special effect
Example: Flowers in front of the court Shifang/Your Excellency Mr. Li's Three-Star Brandy/May Huang Meitian
One of the taboos of gassed couplets means that the content in the upper and lower couplets have the same part of speech, the same level and the same meaning. Similar concepts
Example: green/green, white/plain red/red/done in China/Shenzhou
One of the taboos of Guping couplet, referring to sentences of five characters or more , there is only one flat tone character
Example: [山]quiet as ancient times
One of the taboos of the solitary and oblique couplets, which means that there is only one oblique tone character in a sentence of five or more characters.
Example: Huazhong [Jin] Guancheng [Note: Assume this sentence is used as a couplet]
One of the three flat-tail couplet taboos, which refers to sentences of five or more words. The last three characters are all in flat tone
Example: Baode [三春晖] [Note: If this sentence is used as a couplet]
One of the taboos of the three-square-tail couplet, referring to five characters Or the last three characters in a sentence of five characters or more are all oblique sounds
Example: push the window [to lead to the moon and lie down]
One of the taboos of heavy word combinations, divided into several points to explain
p>1. Words with the same position: refers to the same word in the same position above and below.
Example: "Dharma [World]" versus "World [World]"
2. Duplicate words in different positions: refers to the same word appearing in different positions in the upper and lower lines.
Example: The potter kneads clay, [observes] the fruit in the palm of his hand/The woodcutter [observes] the chess game, and enters the locust tree in the dream
3. Mutual emphasis in different positions: rather special, appropriate permission is allowed use.
Example: [Wan] Dharma [One] Heart, [Empty] is not different from [Color]/[One] Heart [Wan] Dharma, [Color] is [Empty]
4. The duplication of imaginary characters: Appropriate duplication of fictitious characters is allowed (such as this)
Example: Three thousand tigers and fierce beasts sweep straight through the land of Youyan/Longfei ninety-five, reopening the heavens of Yao and Shun
A special term for writing Qie couplets, which means that when writing couplets, the contents of the upper and lower couplets are completely consistent with objective facts and phenomena, and it is difficult to extend and use them elsewhere.
Example: The Liaohai Sea swallows the moon/The Great Wall locks up chaotic clouds (Juyong connection/cut scene) Three feet of snow suddenly piles up on the flat ground/Thunder roars in mid-air for four hours (Jinan Baotu Spring/cut scene)
The overlapping method refers to the method of forming words composed of two identical characters.
Example: Orioles and swallows, flowers and leaves, darlings and darlings at dusk and morning/Winds and rains, warm and cold, searching everywhere
Repeating the same method with fingers A method of using one or several words in alternate sentences or repeatedly in couplets.
Example: Switching on and off early, closing off late, welcoming passers-by to cross the border/going out is easy, correcting is difficult, please correct me first
Duplication means that in the same couplet, both are used Compound characters also use the method of overlapping characters.
Example: Every year is sad and every year passes/Everywhere is homeless
The Dingzhen method is also called the Lianzhu method, which refers to the couplet in which the upper and lower lines are complex sentences, with each sentence at the end The words are all the first words of the next sentence, like beads on a string.
1. Linking sentences with sentences: Example: water [car] [car] water
2. Linking words with words: Example: water truck [water], [ Water] With the car
The splitting and spelling method is a method of splitting or combining the shapes of the Chinese characters in the couplets.
1. Split: Split the Chinese character form into several characters in sequence. Example: [Hong] is (bird by the river)/[Silkworm] is (worm in the world)
2. Combining: combine words with words or words with radicals to form other words.
Example: (八刀)[分]米]<粉>/[千里][重[金]<中文>
3. Compounding: the technique of using splitting and combining at the same time. Example: Kong
Adding and subtraction is to add or subtract some words or strokes from a certain couplet for special needs to form a new one. Couplet method
1. Add words: For example: The door is opposite to a thousand bamboos/the home has thousands of books. The door is opposite to a thousand bamboos/the home is thousands of books long
2. Reduction of words: Example: The setting sun over flowing water/hundred years of sorrow in spring dew and autumn frost (elegiac couplet) The setting sun over flowing water/hundred years of spring dew and autumn frost (marriage couplet)
Asking method A way of asking questions instead of straightforward narratives How to write couplets
1. Ask and answer questions: Example: Sutras and confessions can lead to transcendence. Is the King of Hell afraid of monks?/Paper money can redeem lives. It is clear that Bodhisattva is a corrupt official!
2. Assume Questions and Answers: For example: Sishuijiang is the first, Sishixia is the second, Mr. Jiangxia is the first, who is the first? Who is the second?
The three religions Confucianism is in the front, and the three talents are in the back. I am a Confucian, I don’t dare to be in front! I don’t dare to be behind!
3. Asking questions without answering them: Example: To sharpen your skills, how many heads are there in the world?/Try it at the edge and see what I do. ?
The homophony method is a method of making connections that utilizes the characteristics of homophones of words and puns on the semantics of casual couplets to create superficial and deep meanings
Example: Everyone is celebrating, and everyone is celebrating. ?
Celebrate and celebrate/The whole country is crazy, crazy and crazy and crazy (Use the sound of gongs and drums to celebrate)
Because of the lotus, you get the lotus root/There are apricots and bald plums (Use the lotus, lotus root) , apricot, and plum are homophonic to he, even, lucky, and match)
The polyphonic method uses the characteristics of multiple sounds and multiple meanings of Chinese characters, and the meanings of words to be interchangeable, to create a change in the tone of a word in a couplet
Example: good [hao shangsheng] reading, bad [hao qusheng] reading/good [hao qusheng] reading bad [hao shangsheng] reading
Example: long [chang Yangping] Chang [zhang shangsheng] long [chang yangping] long [chang yangping] long [zhang shangsheng]
行[hang Yangping] 行[xing Yangping] 行[hang Yangping] 行[hang Yangping] 行 [xing Yangping]
Homophones are a method of applying one or several characters with different glyphs and meanings but the same pronunciation in a couplet
1. Homophones and synonyms Used in conjunction with overlapping rhymes: Example: [Hungry Chicken] [Stealing Rice] [Tongzong] Da/[Summer Rat] [Liang Liang] [Guest Cough] Jing
2. Homophones with different words, double tones, and overlapping rhymes are used : Example: [Sister-in-law sweeps] a mess of firewood, called [Uncle Shu]/[Auntie moves] a broken bucket, called [Guhuan]
3. Same-sounding and different words are used: Example: Tianxin [ge], The pavilion falls [dove], the dove flies and the pavilion does not fly/water and land [continent], the continent stops [boat], the boat cannot travel on the continent
The omission method is to deliberately omit a certain word in the creation of couplets on certain occasions. Words are a way to express the theme of creation with the help of omitted words
Example: Not necessarily in danger/Have you ever come back from the dead [deliberately hiding good luck, and using the word "生" to mock the quack doctor named Ji Sheng)
The riddle-making method allows the created couplets to express a certain specific intention, which is not directly stated in the couplets but hidden in the upper and lower couplets
1. Hidden objects in the couplets: Example: The vast expanse of waves rides across/The invincible general abandons his armor and flees [the upper meaning means "sea horse", the lower meaning means defeated general (sauce)]
2. Hidden things in the couplet: Example: rooster, carp, pig woman Meat/Shiitake mushrooms, fungus, and rake [all are warm and tonic "Dafa" foods, which means opening the door and making a big fortune]
3. The hidden objects in the couplet refer to things: Example: Several blows of the Xiangjiang River moon / A pillow brings Wuxia clouds [the upper part refers to the flute, the lower part refers to the dream]
Two readings: One uses the rhetorical function of punctuation marks. After careful conception, the two readings are different and the association is opposite. Method
Example: It will be unlucky to have spring tomorrow/It will be bad luck all year round and there will be little extra money
Note: It is said that this couplet was written by Zhu Zhishan, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, for a shop owner. The shop owner read it as "We will meet tomorrow" Spring is very unlucky/unlucky all year round, little money left."
So he was very unhappy. Zhu Xiaoxiao told him that you had read it wrong. It should read: spring will be good tomorrow, not unlucky/unlucky all year round." , You have more money
The palindrome method is a writing method that enables the couplets to be read up and down, or read backwards, to form a couplet that is appropriate and not confusing.
1. Both the upper and lower couplets can be read sequentially or backwards, and the meaning of the conjunction remains unchanged: For example: red flowers are everywhere/green leaves are fluttering
2. The upper and lower couplets can be read sequentially, Read backwards, the conjunctions have different meanings: For example: The wind brings red flowers all over the ground/The rain brings spring and the trees are green all over the sky.
The sky is full of green trees and spring rains/the ground is covered with red fragrant flowers to send the wind
3. The second line is the backward reading of the first line: Example: Guests are naturally living in the sky/A guest in the sky
Collection introduction The method is to excerpt or quote other people's poems, poems, verses, inscriptions, mottos, idioms, etc. to create a new artistic conception
1. Collect verses: Example: Advise you to drink another glass of wine/with Together we will sell off the eternal sorrow [previously a poem by Wang Wei, later a poem by Li Bai]
2. Collection of words and sentences: Example: The wind ruffled a pool of spring water/The waves swept away all the heroes of the ages [the previous sentence is a poem by Feng Zhengzhong of the Southern Tang Dynasty] , the last sentence is a poem by Su Shi of the Northern Song Dynasty]
3. Collection motto: Example: When you are ill for a long time, you will seek medicine by mistake/You will regret studying too late when you are old.
4. Collection idiom: Example: The sea is flowing across the sea. , the clouds are steaming and the clouds are blooming/the spring breeze is proud, and the life is prosperous
5. Collection of book titles: Examples: "Tiger Talisman", "Peacock Gut"/"Dragon Seed", "Phoenix City"
6. Collection of personal names : Example: Sun Xingzhe/Zu Chongzhi
7. Collected medicinal names: Example: [Pulsatilla][Morning Bull]Plowing [Soiled Land]/[Ligustrum Lucidum][Da Ma] Guo [Huaishan]
The method of metonymy Chen Wangdao said in "Rhetoric: Metaphorism": "Even if the thing mentioned has no similarity with other things, if there is an inseparable relationship between them, we can still use the name of the related thing to refer to it. Replace the things mentioned.
Example: A family with ten thousand gold is not considered rich/A life of five sons is still an orphan [Thousand gold means one daughter, ten thousand gold means ten daughters, and a son-in-law counts as "half a son", then ten daughters. There are five sons]
The method of making a connection by using one word to relate two different things at the same time is called the pun method.
Example 1: A humble mind makes a great weapon/A strong spirit reveals a genius. [Bamboo ware shop couplet, puns on humility and strength]
Example 2: How can you become a sharp person without repeated training/[Tool shop couplet]
Use comparison method in metaphor To make couplets, the most well-known and popular use
Example: Learning is like sailing against the current, if you don’t advance, you will retreat/The heart is like a horse running on the plain, easy to let go but difficult to take back
Anthropomorphic method makes certain things not possible Vital things are expressed as the words or actions of living people, and the method of expressing emotions by borrowing objects
Example: Qingshan is fortunate enough to bury loyal bones/white iron innocent casts sycophants
The theme of the creation of the contrast method does not need to be frontal Description, but a method of showing it from the side or reverse with the help of other things.
Example: The rat disappeared because of the lack of food/the dog slept bravely because of the poverty of the family [A scholar said that the family was as poor as water. Couplet]
Exaggeration is a method of making couplets by using rich imagination to exaggerate the truth to achieve a certain image of artistic effect
Example: Draw water from the river to cook new tea/Buy all the Qingshan Dang Painting screen
The mosaic method refers to the method of cleverly and naturally embedding specific Chinese characters into the upper and lower couplets
Note: The scope of mosaic method is extremely wide, including solar terms, surnames, numbers, The location, name of the medicine, year number, name, etc. will not be discussed in detail
A. Integral embedding: The name to be inlaid occupies a position in each couplet and cannot be disassembled to make it integral.
Example: [Learn more] Zhengfa, use [broad vision] light/[grow] good roots, and [hold the country] soil (four diamonds)
B. Horizontal inlay: The name to be embedded is split and embedded in one couplet.
C. Solid embedding: The name to be embedded is embedded in the upper and lower couplets respectively.
Here are ten examples:
1. Crane top pattern: Insert the embedded characters at the beginning of the upper and lower sentences of the couplet in order.
Example: [Gui] Zipiao Fragrance clears the heart/[Lin] Yin-lined road welcomes guests and friends
2. Yan Jian pattern: Insert the embedded characters in the order of the first and last characters in the second character position of the upper and lower sentences of the couplet< /p>
Example: Dan [Gui] Qiu Zhi deceives ghosts and ax / Qiong [Lin] Dongfu fights magical work
3. Kite shoulder pattern: Inlay the embedded zigzag characters in order of front and back. The position of the third character in the upper and lower sentences of the couplet
Example: Xi pour [Gui] Sayan Jiake/Xiaoyin [Lin] Quan Di Sujin
4. Bee waist grid: Insert the embedded characters in the order of the fourth character in the upper and lower sentences of the couplet
Example: Senranba [Gui] Jiatianxia/Wanerqian [Lin ] Hidden in the cave
5. Crane knee grid: Insert the embedded characters in the fifth character position of the upper and lower sentences of the couplet in order.
Example: Reciting poems *** Drunk [Gui] Shower / Viewing the scenery with Phi [Lin] Gufeng
6. Fushan pattern: Inlay the embedded characters in the upper and lower sentences of the couplet in order. The position of the sixth character of
Example: This place is often called upon to break [Gui]'s hands/Currently it is unique to plant [Lin]'s heart
7. Wild goose pattern: will be embedded in it The characters are inlaid in the seventh character position of the upper and lower sentences of the couplet in order of precedence
Example: Nayun has ambitions to climb Dan [Gui] / Shoot the moon without a bow and hang green [Lin]
8. Kui Douge: Insert the embedded characters at the beginning and end of the first and second lines of the couplet in order.
Example: [Little] Listen to the spring rain all night long/ Sisters are blooming every month [red] [Inlaid with personal name Xiaohong]
9. Continuous couplet pattern: Inlay the embedded words in the order of front and back at the end of the first line and the first word of the second line< /p>
Example: Fragrant as orchids and warm as warm as [jade]/[cloud] think of clothes, flowers and appearance [inlaid with name of jade cloud]
10. Broken brocade grid: the words embedded in it , inlaid in the upper and lower couplets at any position.
Example: [four] wall books [three] ruler sword / half moon line [Li] one [piece] Qin [inlaid with the names of Zhang San, Li Si] < /p>
D. Decursively embedding: A part of a name is embedded horizontally in the upper and lower couplets in order, so that the names are combined into a systematic way
Example: [民] Ju Yes, [country] is still yes, how can it be divided into north and south/[Generally speaking], [unity] speaking, not east and west
E. Overlay: combine two or more A way in which names are intertwined and embedded in couplets.
Example: [Winter] night under the lamp, [Summer] Hou read "[Spring and Autumn] Biography"/[East] Gate Tower, [South] Jing people sang "[North and West] Xiang"
Spring and Autumn is the four seasons of Spring and Autumn, and the other is Spring and Autumn in the title of the book. The same is true for the North West
F. Hidden inlay: refers to a way of changing the form of the name to be inlayed into the couplet
Example: [Shao Mu] How can I comment on the text/[owed Jin] How can we hope for fame [Xiangsheng, Qin two characters]
During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Province Qin, the leader of the Zhili Academy, presided over the provincial examination. He was corrupt and bribed, and the candidates were not talented, so some people made this satire
G. Dual mosaic: refers to a mosaic method in which names are repeated in both upper and lower couplets
Example: [Yi Junzuo] gossips about Yangzhou, causing Yangzhou gossip, [Yi Junzuo] /[Lin Zichao] Chairman of the Government, co-chairman of the Government, [Lin Zichao]ran
H. Single embedding: As the name suggests, it is a way of embedding only the name in the first or second line
Example: People come from Yutang, and the envoys are also called Xianyuan Busu/Gods come from the golden horse, [people] can make [rich], don’t worry about poverty (inlaid to enrich the people)
I. Shun inlay: refers to the general A way of inlaying the name in the couplet from left to right and top to bottom
Example: [Su Dongpo] Xi [Visiting Chibi]/[Hunan Guest] Xiao [Living in Huangzhou] [Inlaying Su Dongpo Touring] Chibi, a guest from Hunan who lives in Huangzhou]
J. Anti-embedding: refers to inlaying names not in the order from left to right or top to bottom
Example: [Northern] Yan [South] fly, two wings [east and west] divided into [up and down]/[front] car and rear [track], two wheels [left and right] walking [high and low]
K. Comprehensive inlay: Inlay the above types of inlays Comprehensive application of methods
Example: [Han Yu] sent away the poor, [Liu Ling] got drunk with [wine]
[Jiang Yan] wrote a poem, [Wang Can] climbed to the [floor] < /p>
---------titled Hanjiang Restaurant Couplet
Note: Tang Dynasty. Han Yu: There is a famous article "Song Qiongwen". Liu Ling of Jin Dynasty: He was famous for his alcoholism.
Liang Jiang Yan of the Five Dynasties and Southern Dynasties: was good at writing poems. Late Han Dynasty. Wang Can: One of the Seven Sons of Jian'an, "Ode to the Tower" is his masterpiece
The couplet uses two methods of whole embedding and solid embedding, in addition to using the names of the four literary giants and allusions to their works
< p> In addition, the four characters "Hanjiang Restaurant" are composed of "Heding" and "Yanwei" without any trace.Integrated method is the comprehensive application of two or more special writing techniques. The method of making couplets is especially seen in the use of long couplets
1. Comprehensive use of allusions and inlays: Example: Liujunzi from the onset/Erchen decoction to send life
Note: " "Six Gentlemen" is the name of the traditional Chinese medicine soup.
Before Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, Yang Du and other six gentlemen supported him as king. The "Er Chen Tang" in the second line is also the first name of a traditional Chinese medicine soup. In fact, it refers to Chen Shufan and Chen Huan who were Yuan's cronies. Later, it turned out that the situation was not good. And "independence" became Yuan's "final medicine."
2. Examples of the comprehensive use of omitted characters and homophones: 1,234,567/filial piety, loyalty, trust, etiquette, justice and integrity
Note: A certain master in the Qing Dynasty served as an official in the Ming Dynasty. Later, he joined Li Zicheng. After Li failed, he changed his identity and became an official of the Qing Dynasty. People at the time wrote a couplet to satirize him
The first couplet intentionally omitted the character "eight", implying that he had forgotten "(wang) eight", and the first couplet intentionally omitted the character "shame". , which means "shameless"
Ending statement: The above knowledge about couplets is based on my own excerpts and a lot of personal opinions. Errors are inevitable, so it is only for reference. Welcome to contact us. Comments and corrections from friends.