Manchu costumes have a long history and developed culture. Its elegant and gorgeous costumes are unique in China's national costume culture, which has a great influence on the development of China's costume culture. In the past, Manchu men wore robes in winter, and some wore coats and jackets. Leather, cotton and felt were matched with single-sided platform shoes, a felt hat, a three-tile fox or sheepskin hat, a gown and a coat in spring, summer and autumn, with undershirts and vests inside. Women wear cotton cheongsam in winter and double cheongsam in spring and autumn. Generally, a ribbon (right lapel) is added to the front, and colorful double ribbons are sleeved on the cuffs. Comb flags, wear earmuffs, wear cotton, hook clouds on one side and embroider platform shoes. Manchu girls embroidered door curtains and pillowcases before getting married and made many embroidered shoes.
Early Manchu people lived by mountains and rivers to facilitate and adapt to their production and living habits. The main rooms of Manchu farmhouses are generally three or five rooms, which face south and are convenient for lighting, and they are all at the east end and south, shaped like pockets, commonly known as "pocket rooms", which are convenient for gathering warmth. The east and west have their own wing rooms, equipped with concierges, which constitute the so-called quadrangles. Most houses are ridged brick houses, commonly known as "Christina House". The column is inserted into the ground, the door faces south, and it is tall and spacious. Opposite the room is a hall, also called an outhouse, with a kitchen stove, a pot and a water tank. The stove is connected with the fire resistance in the west room, and it is called "tile" in Manchu. Opening the door from the west wall of the hall is the back room, and the south, north and west sides form a "word line" or "full health" Manchu is still on the right, and the western wall is for ancestral tablets. People can't live there and pass through the flue. Kang faces north and south. Shop kang mat, or paste kang paper to brush oil. There is a wardrobe on the kang, with clothes in it and bedding and toiletries stacked on it. At night, the elders live in the south kang of Westinghouse, and the north kang is separated from their brothers and children. In order to keep out the cold in the north, some have built fire sites. There is a circular chimney (called Hulan in Manchu) on the wall of Xishan outside the house, which is several feet higher than the eaves. There is a wind nest at the bottom of the chimney, which can block the headwind. There are windows on the north and south walls, and paper is pasted on the outside of the window lattice. The window lattice and the Liangzi window lattice on the door form various patterns. Windows are divided into upper and lower windows, and the upper window can be ventilated with wooden sticks.
Etiquette Manchu is a nation that pays great attention to etiquette. Manchu people have various manners when meeting or visiting guests, including saluting with a thousand hands, touching temples, holding hands, holding hands, kneeling down, kowtowing and so on. Among them, thousands of gifts, hugs and kowtows are mainly used by men, while others are used by women. Thousands of gifts are used for younger generations to elders, subordinates to officers, and greetings are used for peers. The younger generation can also be used for the elder, but the younger generation should hold the elder's waist, the elder should caress the younger generation's back, and so on. Now, some complicated manners have been simplified. The Manchu tradition of respecting the elderly is more obvious. The younger generation should greet their parents and ancestors every morning and evening, and make way for their elders on the way. When eating, the elders should sit first and eat first. Manchu attaches great importance to feelings and righteousness, treats people sincerely, holds banquets for guests, and keeps his word.
The traditional wedding ceremony of Manchu marriage is complicated, which generally goes through the procedures of media, release, drawing lots, delivering boxes, welcoming relatives, visiting the church, offering sacrifices to ancestors, dividing the size and returning to the door. Through the media, the man's family asked the matchmaker to propose marriage to the woman's family. After the families of both parties agree, they will make a small decision, that is, the man's family will send Ruyi or hairpin as a gift. Then there is engagement, that is, choosing an auspicious day. The man's family and their relatives asked the name of the woman's family, and the woman's family hosted a banquet. The man's parents made a speech to propose marriage, and the woman's family agreed to make a marriage. At this time, the man should worship the woman's family and her elders. It is also a good day for wedding gifts, such as clothes, silks, satins, sheep and geese. The man's family will also give money. It's time to set a wedding date. At the wedding reception stage, the bride's family will accompany the dowry on the day before the wedding, commonly known as "passing the box", and the groom will thank her family. When welcoming the bride, the groom, accompanied by the wedding team, drives a float to welcome the bride. On the way, the two cars were not right. The bride's brother took the bride to the groom's float, commonly known as "plugging in". When the bride arrives at the groom's house, she changes cars and takes a sedan chair. When the sedan chair lands, the groom will shoot three arrows for nothing. The bride got off the sedan chair with a red hijab, stood with the groom in front of the heaven and earth table placed in the yard in advance, and bowed to the north three times, commonly known as worshipping Beidou, that is, worshiping heaven and earth. After the worship, the bride retreated to the table of heaven and earth and entered the makeshift tent. This is called paying the bill. When sitting on the bill, "open your face" and change your head. After sitting the bill, the bride stepped over the saddle and entered the bridal chamber. The groom took off the hijab with a scale and threw it on the eaves. Couples toast, eat happy noodles and children's cakes, and everyone makes trouble in the bridal chamber. On the night of the wedding day, the bride and groom will worship their ancestors. On the first day after marriage, the bride gives cigarettes and tea to relatives in her husband's family, worships the clan and recognizes the generation, which is called size. Generally, after three days of marriage, the husband and wife go back to the woman's house together to meet her family and pay homage ... >>
Manchu customs and habits 150 words respect the old and love the young, pay attention to etiquette is the characteristics of Manchu people. As we all know, in the Qing Dynasty, standard-bearers had many manners. There are too many customs and habits of Manchu, too numerous to mention.
Diet: I like to eat sticky meat. Pickled sorghum rice, yellow rice sticky bean bag and perilla leaf cake are all favorite foods of Manchu people.
On the house: Rich people often live in a house with a yard outside and a shadow wall at the door. Generally, families live in tile houses or adobe houses, and pay attention to three-sided kang. The chimney stands by the gable, and the window paper is stuck outside.
Writing and manners: when you meet your elders, you have to hit thousands. Young students should pay their respects every day. Historically, Manchu women never bound their feet.
Dressing: Men wear long-distance running jackets and women wear cheongsam to comb their hair. A man wearing a jade-wearing sachet likes to fiddle with his wallet.
What are the customs of Manchu? Manchu is mainly distributed in three northeastern provinces of China, with Liaoning being the largest. In addition, there are a few Manchu scattered in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Xinjiang and other provinces and large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Fuzhou, Baiyin and Xi 'an.
Manchu has a long history, which can be traced back to Sushen people more than two thousand years ago. Their descendants have been living in the northern Changbai Mountain, the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang and the Wusuli River basin. 1644, the Qing army entered the customs, unified China, and formed a situation in which Manchu and Han lived together for a long time. After the Revolution of 1911, Manchu was renamed Manchu.
Manchu has its own language and writing, belonging to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. Manchu was founded at the end of 16, borrowing Mongolian letters. 17 In the 1940s, after a large number of Manchu entered the customs, Chinese was widely used.
Manchu people have loved singing and dancing since ancient times, and ancient dance evolved from hunting and fighting activities. Historically, Manchu men like to wear blue robes and jackets, with hair and braids behind their heads, domes and trousers. Women, on the other hand, like to wear cheongsam, bow or "bun", ring and handkerchief around their waist. After Manchu entered the customs, the dress tended to be consistent with that of Han nationality, but the cheongsam was handed down with its unique charm and became the traditional dress of women in China.
custom
Manchu people honor their elders and pay attention to etiquette. When they meet elders on the road, they should bow sideways and wait for them to pass by. Not only the younger generation should greet the elders, but also the younger generation should greet the elders. When relatives and friends meet, in addition to shaking hands to say hello, some people will also say hello. During the Spring Festival, we should worship once every two years, once on the evening of 30th, once on the New Year's Day, which is called welcoming the new year.
Manchu traditional houses are generally divided into three rooms: west, middle and east, with the gate facing south. The west room is called the upper room in the west, the middle room is called the hall, and the east room is called the lower room in the east. There are three health in the west, namely, south, west and north. Xikanggui, Beikangda, Nankang Small. Visitors live in Xikang, elders live in Beikang, and younger generations live in Nankang.
Taboo: indoor Xikang is not allowed to sit and lie down and pile up sundries at will; Avoid beating, killing and eating dog meat; Don't wear a dog skin hat, don't spread a dog skin mattress, and avoid guests wearing dog skin hats or dog skin sleeves.
marriage customs
Manchu wedding not only has the strong characteristics of the nation, but also integrates the customs and etiquette of the basic Han nationality. Generally speaking, it has to go through the following procedures: engagement: there are two forms of engagement between Manchu young men and women. First, the parents of young men and women are acquaintances or friends. The two knew each other very well and were interested in getting married, so they asked the matchmaker to promise their children a lifetime. Some men propose to women, while others propose to men. The other is that men and women don't know each other and find a matchmaker to get engaged for their children. The matchmaker will hand them over to the portals of both parties and issue their banners, resumes, surnames and three generations. Besides, we should test each other's birthdays.
Release: that is, give gifts. There are two kinds of amplification and amplification. Letting Xiaoding go means that the future daughter-in-law will visit relatives of the man's family, such as aunt, brother and sister-in-law, and get property. Enlarged it is called "big gift", commonly known as "big dish", that is, choose an auspicious day of the zodiac, and the man will send the bride price to the woman's house. The day before the wedding, people who bid farewell to their families should drink "windward wine". The bride left home to live in a good apartment borrowed by the man, commonly known as "shooting down." The next morning, the woman saw her off with a float and was escorted by her brother. When the float arrived at the groom's house, there was a brazier on the ground in front of the bridal chamber, commonly known as too much to avoid evil. In order to drive away or kill the ghost that comes with the sedan chair, the groom should shoot three arrows at the sedan chair door; There are also real shots, but they are usually taken under the sedan chair to avoid hurting the bride. Then, the bride was helped out of the sedan chair to heaven and earth, and kowtowed to the north three times with the groom, commonly known as "worshipping Beidou". After worshipping Beidou, a world-famous ceremony of "Leaving the Light" was held. That is, the bride and groom wearing red hijab face south and kneel in front of the god table in the yard. On the table, there is a pig's elbow, three small glasses of wine and a sharp knife. Shaman knelt in front of the table with one leg, chanting in Manchu, cutting the meat into pieces with a sharp knife and throwing it into the air, and throwing it on the ground with a small glass of wine. The main purpose is to pray for God to bless the newlyweds and let their children and grandchildren grow old together. After these ceremonies, the bride is brought into the bridal chamber by a general practitioner (that is, a person whose parents and children are present). When the bride crosses the threshold, there is a saddle on the threshold and the bride must cross it. The beds in the new house must be made by all practitioners. After the new house is paved, music should be played in the room. This is called a "ringing room". When the bride entered the bridal chamber, a little girl took pictures of the bride with two bronze mirrors, and then hung them on the bride's chest and back. Then, another little girl handed me two tin cans containing rice, money and so on. The bride held them in her arms. & gt
What are the traditional festivals of Manchu? Manchu festival customs (with pictures of Shangdu Culture Network) 5. Sun Day: On the first day of the second lunar month, Manchu people think that the first day of the second lunar month is the "birthday of the sun". Make a cake with flour and put colorful chicken with rice flour on it. It is a metaphor for the golden rooster to announce the dawn and welcome the sunrise. 6. Raise the dragon's head: On the second day of the second lunar month, the Manchu people thought it was necessary to "lure the dragon home", that is, to scatter plant ash in a water tank into a well or river. The gray road bends like a dragon, indicating that the dragon is invited to go home and pray for the dragon king to bless the good weather and good harvests. Today is the day for boys to have their hair cut, and it is also the day for dragons to look up. I hope the boy will become smart and make progress in his studies. On this day, I will also take my married "aunt" back to my mother's house to eat and drink. On this day, eating a cake (jiaozi) is called eating Longlin, eating pancakes is called eating dragon skin, eating Yuanxiao is called eating longan, eating rice is called eating dragon dung, and eating fried dumpling is called eating dragon claws. 7. In-laws Day: On the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, we should "get married" on this day. Use a dish of pickled bean vegetables, respect and love each other, and eat two "affinity beans" with each other, which means "a good marriage makes the world a family". Affinity means respecting the elders first, and then the elders take two from their own dishes for the younger generation to eat, indicating unity and friendship regardless of age. 8. Folk Festival: the first Saturday after the eighth day of the fourth lunar month. The first Saturday after the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar is another important festival of Manchu compatriots besides the "Golden Festival"-Folk Festival. It was determined after Shenyang Manchu Friendship Association invited Manchu experts and scholars from Liaoning and Shenyang to inspect and demonstrate in June 2000. On this day, a national celebration was held in the suburbs with beautiful spring.
Manchu custom * * * Er * * Er houses are mostly quadrangles, and it is generally forbidden to open the door to the west. The house is square, the front porch is deep, and the yard is clean with flowers, grapes and fruit trees. Indoor heatable adobe sleeping platform is built, tapestries are hung on the walls, niches are opened, and various flower patterns are decorated. In terms of diet, they take flour and rice as the staple food, and like to drink milk tea with flour baking. There are many kinds of meals, including pilaf. Porridge, Lamian Noodles, noodle soup, tissue paper bag, baked buns, oil tower, barbecue, etc. I like to eat melons, watermelons, grapes, apples, pears, apricots, pomegranates and other fruits, mainly beef and mutton, chicken, duck and fish. Fasting pork, donkey meat, carnivores and fierce birds and animals; Fasting the blood of all animals.
* * * The traditional costume of the Er nationality is that men, women and children wear four-sided small flower hats. Men generally like to wear double-breasted "robes" with embroidered blouses inside. Women like dresses, black double-breasted vests, earrings, hand tin, rings, necklaces and other decorations, while girls wear braids. Nowadays, urban residents are generally dressed in fashion.
* * * We are polite to people. When you meet elders or friends, you are used to pressing your right hand in the center of your chest, then leaning forward to say hello. The tourists at home were warmly treated. * * * Er nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well. Their dancing is light and graceful, famous for its fast and changeable rotation, which reflects the optimistic and cheerful character of the people of * * *. * * * Er people are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry and have a tradition of doing business. At the same time, the traditional handicraft industry is very developed and the artistic level is very high. The carpets, embroideries, silks, copper pots, knives and national musical instruments they made have a unique national style.
Most Kazakhs are engaged in animal husbandry. In pastoral areas, we live in detachable circular felt houses in spring, summer and autumn, and flat-topped earth houses in winter. Kazakhs have a rich diet. They like to eat milk skin, ghee, cheese and milk bumps made of milk, sheep and goat milk. They like to drink horse milk, camel milk, yogurt and milk tea. Pastoral herdsmen eat more meat, fresh meat in summer, dried mutton smoked in advance in winter, and like to eat horse intestines. After the meat is cooked, it is cut into pieces and mixed with noodles, onions, green onions and peppers, which becomes the favorite "Na Ren" of Kazakhs. In addition, Kazakhs also eat "Jineti", "Nan" and "Bao 'ershak", and pilaf mixed with horse oil, millet and sugar.
In pastoral areas, Kazakh men generally wear sheepskin, fox skin, wolf skin coat and camel hair coat in winter; Pants are mostly made of cowhide, which is called "Summer Ba". Women like to wear red and other colors. When it's cold, they wear breasts and cotton-padded clothes. They are also wearing sheepskin, fox skin and wolf skin. Girls wear all kinds of embroidered clothes and use owl feathers as tassels on flower hats. Kazakh herdsmen in Altay wear white felt hats in summer, women wear white cloth, velvet headscarves in cold weather, and Kazakhs in Yili wear round fur hats. Kazakh herders wear long leather boots and stockings and leather boots sewn with felt in winter. Kazakhs are very hospitable. When entertaining guests, take out the best food in the house and kill the sheep. When eating, the host first presents a plate of sheep's head meat in front of the guests. After picking up the sheep's head on the plate, the guest cuts off a piece of meat on the right cheek of the sheep's head and eats it himself, then cuts off the sheep's ear for the young people of the host family and returns the sheep's head to the owner.
Kazakh men and women are good at riding horses. Young men like wrestling and herding sheep. Every festival and festive day, herders hold various horse riding performances and competitions. Chasing girls is a favorite form of entertainment for young people.
* * * * * Mainly engaged in agriculture, some engaged in commerce. It is closely related to the economy and culture of the Han nationality. It likes growing flowers. There are many flowers in the yard, potted flowers in the house, and pay attention to cleanliness. In terms of diet, meat is limited to cattle, sheep, camels, chickens, ducks, geese and fish. Fasting pigs, donkeys, mules, dogs and other meats. Diet has its own characteristics. Family diet is generally based on noodles, noodles, steamed buns, scones and bean rolls, as well as clear soup, mutton steamed buns, steamed meat, beef noodles in clear soup, bean jelly and other special foods. * * * likes to drink tea, mainly brick tea, black tea, green tea and Tuocha. When entertaining guests, sugar and red dates are usually added to tea.
Dressed up, the clothes scattered in the town of * * * are basically the same as those of the Han nationality. In * * * inhabited areas, men over middle age usually wear small hats, white shirts and blue-brown vests. Young women like to wear pure, simple, green and black big-breasted shirts and jackets. Married women usually wear white and blue cloth hats or headscarves Unmarried girls generally don't wear headscarves and braid their hair. Young and middle-aged women have the habit of wearing earrings, rings and other gold and silver jewelry.
Mongolian Mongolians are mainly engaged in animal husbandry production, and some are >>
Folk Manchu is divided into four banners: red, yellow, blue and white. During the Spring Festival, people with red flags hang red flags, people with yellow flags hang yellow flags, people with blue flags hang blue flags, and people with white flags hang white flags. These flags are beautifully patterned and brightly colored, symbolizing the auspicious beginning of the year. During the festival, boys set off firecrackers in groups, or take various homemade wooden sledges and swish on hills and ice. Girls and young daughters-in-law wear newly-made flowery clothes and play Galahad (kneecaps of pigs or cows) in groups of three or five. From the night of the first day to the fifth day, people also volunteered to organize yangko dancing to celebrate the New Year. A strong yangko team not only dances in this village, but also dances in other villages. Onlookers are often so happy that they forget fatigue and cold. There are even enthusiastic audiences-they follow the yangko team from village to village and don't come back until dawn.
There are many taboos in writing Manchu customs and life, and taboos are considered impolite. Manchu people are not interested in wearing a dog fur hat to eat dog meat, and they are most afraid of others wearing a dog fur hat to enter the house. No one is allowed to sit casually on Xikang. There is a dragon fence in the hospital, and animals are not allowed to be tied. A new wife cannot eat at the same table as her father-in-law, mother-in-law and husband. When the elders are eating, the daughter-in-law is serving, no
That's considered disrespectful and unfilial. Grandpa and uncle are not allowed to joke with nephew and daughter-in-law. My nephew and daughter-in-law are not allowed to show their arms and legs in front of my uncle. In the past, Manchu women's cheongsam was long enough to cover the instep and the sleeves were long enough to the back of their hands, which was very different from the short-sleeved cheongsam now.
Manchu people have the fashion of respecting the elderly. When young people meet their elders, they should stand with their hands down and answer their questions kindly. If someone complains about their parents, their children must stand up and answer. The old man asked Xiao An for three days and Da An for five days.
Please pay tribute. Men say hello, hit a thousand children and kowtow. Greeting is to ask you to step back and say hello. Playing Qian 'er means inviting Da 'an, which is also called kneeling on one leg. The Manchu language is Ella talami, that is, brush off the sleeve head first, bend your left leg forward, squat down your right leg, hold your knee with your left hand, droop your right hand, and lean forward slightly with your head and body. The kowtow ceremony is kowtowing, that is, kneeling three times and kneeling six times. In the new year, you must bow your head four times, kneel three times, and you will hold your head high, if you obey. When an elder wishes him with a kind word, it is a kind of beating, otherwise he can't bear it (volume 4 of Liu lue).
Kneel three times and knock nine times to the gods, ancestors and emperors. Women's manners are different from men's, and there is a ritual of squatting, commonly known as semi-squatting, that is, standing with two feet parallel, hands clasped, hunched, and knees slightly bent like semi-squatting. When women meet on weekdays, they stroke their foreheads with their right hands and nod in worship, commonly known as touching their temples, that is, touching their eyebrows, forehead and temples three times, and then nodding their heads visually.
When women meet, the ceremony of holding hands is commonly known as lesbian ceremony, which is different from the visit ceremony of Han women. Reunion after a long separation, and then holding hands to greet, is a gift from the closest person. When the younger generation met the elder, they held his waist with both hands, and the elder caressed his back with his hands. Old couples have a face-to-face ceremony when they meet. When the old couple reunited after a long separation, the wife came forward and held the old man's chest with her head. The old man stroked his wife's back or neck a few times.
Manchu people, when they meet strangers on the road, should bow their heads and ask Saiyin (Manchu, good meaning); If you ride a horse, get off the horse and flash on the side of the road to let the elders go first. The elder also said politely, thank you brother. Please get on the horse first, let the young people get on the horse and go ahead.
Manchu people attach great importance to the birth of their children. Once a woman is pregnant, it is regarded as a good thing for the whole family. At this time, her mother-in-law will tell her some knowledge of fetal protection and traditional taboos. For example, pregnant women are not allowed to go to other people's delivery rooms or sit on pots and pans. Don't cry, don't laugh, don't serve your ancestors. Be pregnant in May, don't go to the stable, don't lead horses, etc.
At the beginning of the new year, the whole family get together for a reunion dinner, commonly known as "chuai Yuanbao". When cooking jiaozi, the family mainly shouted "Are you married?" Others replied at the same time: "Get up!" They compared jiaozi's rising from the bottom of the pot to a rising day. Then let the children climb on the cupboard and jump three times to show that they "jump high" on the new day.
Xiang Peng
Manchu people should choose a good day to accept the bride to attend their wedding. After the auspicious day of the zodiac is booked, before getting married, the man will give the woman an altar of old wine and a fat pig as a banquet for relatives and friends.
The people who get married on the first day are all singular, that is, the groom, the matchmaker, two married women and a sedan chair. When the groom arrives at the woman's house, he must first go to the roof to kowtow to the old Buddha. Then someone lives in a separate room with him. On this day, the bride and groom can't meet.
Good education
The next day, the bride was invited to get on the sedan chair one day. The bride cried to say goodbye to her family in the sound of drums, and her mother poured the bride's face washing water where the sedan chair had stopped.
Manchu people often use sedan chairs when they marry their daughters-in-law, but the sedan chairs are not carried by people, but by horses. The sedan chair is made in a carriage. First, the four frames are fixed, and then it is surrounded by HongLing. The top of the sedan chair was also pulled into a wing-shaped sedan chair with HongLing, and HongLing curtains hung on the door of the sedan chair. On the top of the sedan chair is the woodcut Kirin pine nuts.
Some also install transparent mirrors on both sides of the sedan chair. When you get married, there should be a sedan chair in the sedan chair ... >>
There are many Manchu taboos in Manchu customs. Blasphemy against gods and ancestors is not allowed. For example, in Xigui of Manchu, ancestors' boxes are placed on Xikang, and people and sundries are not allowed to live there, and there can be no disrespect. It is forbidden to beat dogs, kill dogs, eat dog meat and wear dog fur hats, and foreigners are not allowed to wear dog fur hats into their homes. Legend has it that Nurhachi once told his people that there are a lot of wild animals in the mountains, and they can eat as much as possible. But they are not allowed to eat dog meat or wear dog skin in the future, and the dog will be buried when it dies, because the dog understands human nature and can save the savior. It is a righteous dog. Since then, it has become the custom of Manchu to love and respect dogs. In addition, Manchu people not only don't eat the meat of crows, but also feed crows and offer sacrifices to crows.