( 1037~ 1 10 1)
Writer, painter and calligrapher in Song Dynasty. The word Zi Zhan, the word He Zhong, the number Dongpo lay man. Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people.
all one's life
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time, and the following year he was a scholar with his younger brother, which won the appreciation of Ouyang Xiu, the examiner. In six years, Jiayou was promoted to the third place in the middle school system and awarded the judge of Fengxiang House in Dali. After his father Su Xun died in Bianjing, he helped the funeral home. In the second year of Xining (1069), he went to serve in the DPRK. Because there are many differences with Wang Anshi's idea of political reform, he asked for a transfer. From the fourth year of Xining to the early stage of Yuanfeng, he was sent to Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou as local officials. Get rid of the old and innovate, and make great achievements because of the convenience of the law. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), he was imprisoned for libeling the imperial court with poetry. After being released by luck, he was demoted to Huangzhou. In the first year of Yuan You (1086), the old party came to power. Su Shi was transferred back to Kyoto, Ren Zhongshu, where he served as a Sheren, a bachelor of Hanlin and a patent in Zhi Zhi. However, there are differences with the old party on the issue of abolishing the immunity law. Yuan You stayed in Hangzhou for four years. After six years' recall, Jia Yi and others falsely accused Su Shi of going abroad, and he was sent to Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou successively. During this period, he continued to carry out some reforms within his power. During Shao Shengyuan's reign, the New Party seized power and demoted the old minister of Yuan You. Su Shi was demoted again and again, from Yingzhou (now Yingde, Guangdong) and Huizhou to Danzhou (now Danxian, Hainan). It was not until Fu Yuan's third year (1 100) that Song Huizong was pardoned and returned to the north. Jane Zhongjing Guoyuan (1 10 1) died in Changzhou in July. Su Shi influenced Buddhism and Taoism on the basis of Confucian system. He combined Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism with the philosophy of the third generation, and almost all his thoughts attracted him. In his early years, he had the political ideal that Confucianism assisted the monarch to govern the country and help the people, and he was interested in reforming the lazy habits of the Northern Song Dynasty. On the one hand, Buddha's old ideas help him to observe problems more easily, and he still insists on the pursuit of life and beautiful things behind a broad-minded attitude beyond things; On the other hand, the nihilism of equality between life and death and right and wrong has a serious negative effect of escaping from reality. This kind of life thought and attitude is obviously reflected in his creation. Su Shi's political path was bumpy. Because he advocated reform but disapproved of Wang Anshi's political reform, he not only contradicted the reformists, but also became better than the conservatives who maintained the status quo. Su Shi's distinctive personality and attention to ethics made him neither satisfied with Yuanfeng nor yearned for Yuan You, which was even more destroyed by Shao Sheng. However, this is just conducive to his deepening experience, broadening his horizons and making him a great success in literature.
Literary achievements
Su Shi devoted his life to literary and artistic creation. He attaches importance to the social function of literature, opposes "Zhong Hua despises reality" and emphasizes that the author should have a complete life experience. In his opinion, the style of writing should be "like flowing water, with no definite quality at the beginning", "natural in arts and sciences, full in posture" (Teacher Xie's Book), bold in innovation and originality, and "innovative in statutes, bold and unconstrained, leaving wonderful ideas outside" (After Wu Daozi's Painting). Su Shi attaches great importance to the discussion of literary and artistic creation skills. He explained "expressing words" by "seeking the beauty of things is like catching shadows from the wind", and then "knowing things in the mouth and hands" (Thank the teacher's book), which touched the special law of literary and artistic creation. Su Shi's creative practice embodies his literary view. He is a versatile master with unique achievements in poetry, ci and prose.
There are more than 2,700 poems by Su Shi, with a wide range of subjects and rich contents. Sympathy for the people and concern for production are the prominent contents of Su Shi's poems. But more places criticized the shortcomings of the new law. Some poems concerned with production, such as "Two Rhymes and Chapters Pass Happy Rain", "Answer to Reclaim the Land in Lu", "Carboniferous Period", "Sheep and Horse Song" and "You Polo Temple", show people's sufferings, criticize the shortcomings of the times, express sincere feelings, are unpretentious, and open up many social themes rarely involved by predecessors, with extensive materials and far-reaching significance. Su Shi's landscape poems and rational poems have the highest artistic value and are the most popular. Poems such as Visiting Jinshan Temple, Night View of Wanghailou, Drunk Book of Wanghulou, and Drinking Rain from the Lake after the Qing Dynasty depict the night of the Yangtze River, the sunny rain in the south of the Yangtze River and the beautiful scenery of the West Lake. Poems such as Climbing to the Guangli Pavilion on the Peak of Changshan Mountain, Hundred Steps of Flood and Climbing to Haicheng Zhangzhou vividly depict the local scenery and places of interest in Jiangbei. Su Shi is not only good at observing and capturing the different characteristics of scenery in different places, but also describes the freshness and simplicity of rural environment with joy and love. The pastoral poems written in Lingnan reflect the harmonious relationship between the author and Huizhou people and Li people. Su Shi is good at understanding new ideas and wonderful ideas from daily life and ordinary natural scenery, and writing thought-provoking and interesting poems. For example, some articles, such as Xilin Wall Title, Qin Poetry, and Sinha Pagoda in Sizhou, are all lyrical on the spot, with a definite meaning and endless aftertaste. Some poems are often full of bright and optimistic interest, which embodies the spirit of defying adversity and despising hardships. In addition, Su Shi also wrote many poems to appreciate calligraphy, such as Reading Meng Jiao's Poems, Zang He Zhan, Shi Zui Mo Tang and so on. Su Shi's poems are bold and agile, full of ease, full of talent and thoughts, touching the scene and full of spring, unique in art and becoming a grand view of a generation. Su Shi is observant and concise in poetry. No matter how he describes the scenery, state of things and human feelings, he can write it vividly and quite lyrical. Su Shi's poems are imaginative, interesting, novel, appropriate and fascinating. Su Shi's poems are sometimes straightforward and full of momentum. The style of discussion in Su Shi's poems certainly contributes to the freedom of expression and the fluency of style, but it also has a certain influence on the beauty of imagery and rhythm of poetry. Moreover, due to social intercourse, some rhyming poems are close to word games. Too many useful works or too many rough and lengthy works have affected his creative achievements. Su Shi can master everything in ancient and modern styles freely, but he is good at ancient styles and seven words. His seven ancient paintings are magnificent and unpredictable, which can best reflect his unconstrained talent, wonderful pen galloping and fantastic agility. The five ancient books are unpretentious, clear pronunciation and mellow voice, and naturally wonderful. Su Shi's Seven Rhymes are also excellent, with natural charm and beautiful and round style, which is slightly similar to Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi's poetic style, but more surprising. Su Shi didn't put much effort into the five-character poem method. There were never many five-character poems, but the seven-character poems were beautiful and vivid, and the famous works were widely read.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi broke through the barrier that ci must be fragrant and soft, and created a number of new ci chapters, which opened the way for the rapid development of ci style. Judging from the existing 3450 Dongpo ci poems, Su Shi's innovation in ci style is various. Su Shi expanded the function of Ci to reflect social life. He not only wrote traditional themes such as love, parting and wandering, but also expressed his ambition to serve the country, rural life and exile life with words, which expanded the realm of words. He created heroes with healthy brushstrokes to express his great ambition to contribute to the country, such as (Jiang)' s "Old Man Chatting with Teenagers" and so on. Su Shi devoted himself more to expressing his personality in his ci. (Man Jianghong) "Jianghan Came to the West" is a nostalgia for the past, using Mi Heng's experience to cover up resentful feelings; (Set the storm) "Don't listen to the sound of leaves in the forest" embodies a leisurely attitude towards life that is not afraid of ups and downs. The five poems written in Xuzhou (Huanxisha) vividly describe the small scenes of rural production and life in fresh and beautiful language, and describe various rural figures such as Huang Tong, Bai Zuo, Cai Sanggu, Silk Reeling Niang and melon seller. It can be said that Su Shi can use words to express all the life contents that poetry can write. Su Ci is innovative in brushwork and system. He writes poems with heroic momentum and vigorous brushwork, and his style is mostly vigorous, frustrated and passionate. Such as (Klang Ganzhou), "Love comes from Wan Li", and the brushwork is like a snowy mountain, coming from the ground.
Starting from Su Shi, Yuan You poets began to write poems in poetic style. Su Shi rewrote Tao Yuanming's Poem of Returning to the Native to Whistle, and Han Yu's Poem of Listening to the Piano to Tune the Song Head, which also made some innovations in the style of ci. In the past, poets rarely set topics outside the topic. Many of Su Shi's ci works not only begin with the title, but also use a small preface, reaching hundreds of words, which is brilliant in literary talent and quite attractive. Su Shi took poetry as his ci, which expanded the expressive force of ci style. Su Ci has a distinct ideal color. Some works are imaginative and unconstrained. For example, "When will there be a bright moon?" (Nian Nujiao) "Overlooking the distance from a height?" (Man Fang Ting) "Go back and come to Xi?" Such chapters are the spiritual inheritance of Qu Yuan and Li Bai, and open some of Xin Qiji's broad-minded and fantastic works. In language and temperament, it also embodies Su Shi's innovative spirit. The language of Su Ci mostly absorbs the words of poetry and fu, adopts both historical biography and spoken language, and is famous for its clearness and boldness, which has changed the previous fashion of poets choosing the wrong words with gold. He attaches great importance to melody, but he is not rigid. Su Shi's ci style presents diversified characteristics. In addition to the magnificent words such as "The River Never Returning", other works, whether beautiful or fresh, or charming and lingering, all have their own charm. For example, (Jiang) mourns his dead wife and is deeply attached to her; (Shui Longyin) Singing Huayang, lingering; (Butterfly Hua Lian) The beauty's laughter stirs the spring worries of the laity on the wall, which is full of amorous feelings and charming.
Su Shi made great efforts in prose. With solid skill and unrestrained talent, he developed Ouyang Xiumin's soothing style of writing and opened up a new world for prose creation. The papers on history and politics, including recitation, strategy and historical criticism, are mostly works closely related to Su Shi's political life. There are many excellent chapters with pertinence and insight, but some of them are unreasonable in length and strong in discipline. Such as Jin Ce, Si Zhilun and Hou Lun. His views are novel, not rigid, eloquent and flexible, which embodies the influence of essays such as Mencius and Warring States Policy. Narrative travel prose has the highest artistic value in Su Wen, and there are many famous masterpieces. Write down the inscriptions of characters, such as "Chaozhou Hanwen Gongci Monument", and write down the essays of pavilions, such as "Xi Yu Ting Ji". His landscape travel notes, such as The Red Wall before and after Fu, are good at capturing the characteristics of scenery and expressing reason, so as to achieve the harmonious unity of poetry and reason. Su Shi's narrative prose often combines discussion, description and lyricism, and is unconventional and innovative in style. Stylistically, Wang Yang is proud of his physical form; It can better reflect the influence of Zhuangzi and Zen writing. Prose such as letters, inscriptions, recitation and postscript also occupy an important position in Dongpo's book collection. Most of his letters, such as A Book about Mei Zhi and A Book with Li Gongze, are written in essays and carvings, which make people deeply understand their hearts and best show the author's frank, cheerful and funny personality. Su Shi wrote many inscriptions, prefaces and postscripts, essays, comments on poems and paintings, talks about calligraphy and summarizes creative experience. Such as Before Going South, After Painting by Wu Daozi, etc. In addition, Su Shi also has some essays describing his academic experience, such as Japanese Metaphor and A Shuo, which can be written in simple terms and have many original opinions in content. Su Shi also wrote a widely circulated note "Dongpo Zhi Lin", which was mentioned before his death, but was not completed. Has been passed down to later editors. Zhi Lin, included in Renhai, is very rich in content, with many essays and trivial notes, concise and quite tolerant. For example, "Night Tour in Chengtian Temple" and "Night Tour in Songfeng Pavilion" are handy, artistic and temperament. This writing is really a school of essays in the late Ming Dynasty. Another Qiu Chi Notes was also compiled by later generations. Su Shi's works have a wide influence. He is keen on awarding prizes and training many talents. His works were widely circulated in the Song Dynasty and played an important role in the development of literature in the Song Dynasty. Su Shi was highly praised by Jin Dynasty poets, Ming Dynasty writers and Song Dynasty poets. Su Wen has been engaged in academic research for a long time, and his prose is the first in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Until the Qing Dynasty, Su Ci was still dominated by poets such as Chen Weisong. A large number of Su Shi's works are his precious legacy to future generations.
Su Shi is brilliant, elegant in poetry and prose, and good in calligraphy and painting. He visited all the philosophers in Jin and Tang Dynasties in calligraphy, and became a school of his own. He is good at running script and regular script, and his brushwork is strong and natural. He, Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fei are also called "Song Sijia". Books handed down from ancient times include Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry Post, Red Wall Fu, Thank you for your essay post, Dongting Spring Scenery, Zhongshan Song Laoer Fu Volume and so on. Su Shi's concept of painting is remarkable, advocating "likeness of spirit" and "vividness", and putting forward "painting in poetry" and "painting in poetry", which is very influential in the history of painting. He is good at painting bamboo and stone, learning and writing, and has his own style. Su Shi's paintings are genuine, and today there are only "ancient trees and strange stones". Su Shi's academic works include Yi Zhuan and Shu Zhuan.