Unit 1: Aggression and Resistance
Lesson 1 Opium War
1. The root of the British Opium War: In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct reason for smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.
2. 1839, Lin Zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Emperor Guangxu to ban smoking. In June, the opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's struggle against smoking and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.
3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually reduced from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China. From 65438 to 0842, the British invaders forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking, which was the first unequal treaty in modern China. (P5)
The main effects of the Opium War: ① China gradually changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; ② It was a turning point in the history of China and the beginning of modern history of China.
Lesson 2 The Crime of Foreign Powers Invading China during the Second Opium War
From 1. 1856 10 to 1860 10 The British and French allied forces are the culprit, and the United States and Russia are accomplices. The British and French allied forces launched the second Opium War, which further opened the China market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Yuanmingyuan.
2. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers.
3.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. 185 1 year, Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the peasant revolution, launched an uprising in Tian Quan Village, Guiping, Guangxi, and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The rebels are called "Taiping Army". 1853, established a regime against the Qing dynasty, occupied Nanjing and renamed Tianjing as the capital.
Lesson 3 Recovering Xinjiang
1. 1875, Zuo was appointed as an imperial minister to crusade against Agubai. As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then south, and fighting urgently" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the basic historical facts of the left recovering Xinjiang are as follows: 1876 left marching into Xinjiang, 188 1 China recovering Ili, 1884.
2. Significance: The recovery of Xinjiang not only dealt a blow to the arrogance of the invaders, but also safeguarded the interests of the country and the dignity of the nation. At the same time, it is of great historical significance to the development and construction of Xinjiang.
Lesson 4 Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War
1, time:1July, 894-1April, 2, 895, main battles: naval battles in the Yellow Sea and ahava.
2. In the Yellow Sea naval battle, the patriotic general: Deng Shichang, captain of Zhiyuan Ship, died heroically.
3.1At the beginning of 895, the Japanese army occupied Ahava and beiyang fleet was completely annihilated.
4. Results: The Qing Dynasty was defeated and treaty of shimonoseki was signed:1April, 895.
5. Contents: ① The Qing government ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan; (2) compensation for Japan's military expenditure of 200 million taels.
③ Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports ④ Allow Japan to set up factories at trading ports.
6. Impact: The treaty of shimonoseki is the most serious unequal treaty since the treaty of nanking, which greatly deepened the national crisis in China. Cutting off Taiwan Province Province and other territories not only seriously damaged the territorial integrity of China, but also stimulated the ambitions of the great powers to carve up China. Indemnity is that the Qing government borrowed foreign debt to make the powers further control China's finance and economy; The opening of trading ports made the Japanese invading army go deep into Chinese mainland; Allowing the establishment of factories has seriously hindered the development of national industries in China. The degree of semi-colonialism in China has greatly deepened.
Lesson 5 Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China
1 and 1900, in order to suppress the boxer movement, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China under the leadership of Lieutenant General Seymour of Britain.
2. The main contents of the Xin Chou Treaty (190 1) are as follows: ① The Qing government paid 450 million taels of silver as compensation, with customs duties and other taxes as guarantee; (2) The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in the anti-imperialist movement; (3) Dismantle Dagu Fort and allow countries to send troops to important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan; (4) BeijingDongjiaominxiang is designated as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to station troops for protection, but not allowing China people to live.
Harm: It added a new heavy burden to the people of China, seriously damaged the sovereignty of China, and made the Qing government a tool for imperialism to rule China. The "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
4. How did China gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society?
A: At first, it was simplified as: Opium War-treaty of nanking was greatly deepened; The Sino-Japanese War-treaty of shimonoseki was completely reduced to: Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China-the treaty of mourning for ugliness. By waging war, the great powers forced the Qing government to sign unequal treaties, constantly expanding the privilege of aggression, making China a semi-colony, and the Qing government became their tool for ruling China.
Unit 2 Exploration of Modernization
Lesson 6 Westernization Movement
1. Purpose: To maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government.
2. Proposition: Make use of western advanced production technology to make Qiang Bing rich, get rid of difficulties and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
3. Slogan: In the early period (1960s), the slogan was "self-improvement", and in the later period (1970s), the slogan was "seeking wealth".
4. Main contents: ① Establishment of military industry; (2) establishing civil industry; (3) establishing a navy; (Beiyang, Nanhai, Fujian Navy)
④ Establish a new school (the first new school in modern times: Shi Jing Wentong Museum).
5. Evaluation: The Westernization Movement took place in the special historical stage of modern society in China, and it was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers. The subjective purpose of Westernization School is to maintain feudal rule, not to lead China to capitalism. It didn't make China rich and strong, but it introduced advanced western science and technology, which made the first batch of modern enterprises appear in China. The Westernization Movement accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and paved the way for China's modernization.
Lesson 7 1898 Reform Movement
1. Write it on the bus (time: 1895 spring)
2. Background: The signing of treaty of shimonoseki was mainly played by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, which started the Reform Movement.
3. Hundred-day reform
(1) Time: 1898 From June to September, Cixi staged a coup, which lasted 103 days and eventually failed.
(2) Content: Economy: Encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises; Military: training a new type of army; Politics: open speech, cancel redundant yamen and useless official positions; Culture and education: set up new schools, cultivate new talents, abolish the imperial examination stereotyped writing, and set up newspapers and periodicals.
(3) Impact: It has played an enlightening role in society, but it is impossible to realize the desire of saving the country and the people, and it is impossible for China to become rich and strong.
Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution
1. Sun Yat-sen founded China Alliance 1894 1 1. 10, Sun Yat-sen established the Zhong Xing Club in Honolulu, and shouted the slogan of "rejuvenating China". In order to gather revolutionary forces, Sun Yat-sen joined forces with members of Huaxing Society, Guangfu Society and Zhong Xing Society to form the China League.
2. Time:1August, 905. Venue: Tokyo, Japan. * * *: Sun Yat-sen is the Prime Minister.
3. Nature: This is the first national bourgeois revolutionary party.
4. Program: "Expulsion of Tatars, Restoration of China, Establishment of the Republic of China, Equal Land Ownership"
5. Objective: To overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a bourgeois democratic republic.
6. Revolutionary banner (guiding ideology): Three People's Principles (i.e. nationalism, civil rights and people's livelihood)
7. Impact: Its establishment greatly promoted the development of the national revolutionary movement.
8. Wuchang Uprising: Time:191year1October 10.
9. The Republic of China was founded: time: 1 912 65438+10/place: Nanjing. Character: Sun Yat-sen.
10 promulgated the provisional constitution of the Republic of China, which has the constitutional nature of a bourgeois republic.
1 1. Significance: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy of China for more than 2,000 years, and made the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in people's hearts. Limitations: The achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and did not change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Lesson 9 New Culture Movement
1. Main contents of the New Culture Movement
① Starting logo: 19 15. Chen Duxiu founded New Youth and put forward the slogan of democracy and science. ② Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi and Lu Xun. ③ Main contents: advocate democracy and oppose autocracy; Advocating science and opposing superstition; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature.
2. "Dawn of the new century": refers to the October socialist revolution in Russia.
Li Dazhao was the first person to raise the banner of socialism. 19 18 published Victory of the Common People and Victory of Bolshevism.
3. Evaluation: The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of China. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China, and promotes the May 4th Movement. However, in the New Culture Movement, there was also a bias of absolute negation or absolute affirmation to the eastern and western cultures, which had an impact on later generations.
Unit 3 The Rise of the New Democratic Revolution
Lesson 10 The May 4th Patriotic Movement and the Establishment of China
1, May 4th Patriotic Movement
(1) fuse: The Paris Peace Conference rejected China's just demand.
(2) Slogan: "Fight for sovereignty outside, eliminate traitors inside", cancel "Article 21", oppose signing a peace treaty with Germany, and punish traitors such as Cao Rulin.
(3) Results: After the success of the first battle, three traitors were dismissed and refused to sign the "Peace Treaty".
(4) Historical significance: ① It was a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement. (2) The working class in China began to enter the historical stage as an independent political force. It marks the great beginning of China's new-democratic revolution. ④ It promoted the combination of Marxism and China workers' movement, and prepared the conditions for the establishment of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
2. The establishment of China * * *
(1) was established on July 23rd, 192 1.
(2) Place of establishment: Shanghai (later transferred to Jiaxing, Zhejiang)
(3) The symbol of establishment: the convening of the first congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
(4) The Congress adopted the Party Program, and determined that the Party's goal is to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and realize communism; The central task of the party is to lead the workers' movement. The Congress elected a new leading organization-C.O., with Chen Duxiu as the secretary. Significance of its establishment: The establishment of China was an epoch-making event in the history of China, leading the China revolution to a new look.
Lesson 11 Northern Expedition War
1, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.
1924 The convening of the "First Congress of the Kuomintang" marked the formal establishment of the revolutionary United front based on the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, that is, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was realized.
2. The goal of the Northern Expedition (1926): to overthrow the rule of the northern warlords and unify the whole country. Main target: Zhang; Wu Pei was captured; Sun Fangchuan.
Advance Team of the Northern Expedition: Ye Ting Independent Regiment. 3.1In April, 927, Chiang Kai-shek established the "Nanjing Named Government" in Nanjing.
Lesson 12 A single spark can start a prairie fire
1, Nanchang Uprising
1August 927 10, under the leadership of China, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the revolutionary army to hold an armed uprising in Nanchang.
The Nanchang Uprising fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang, which indicated that China began to build a people's army and lead the revolutionary war independently.
2. Autumn Harvest Uprising (19 September 927)
Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the reorganization of Sanwan established the party's absolute leadership over the army and laid the foundation for building a new type of people's army. The uprising team later established a revolutionary base area in Jinggangshan, which opened the road to victory of the China revolution.
3. The establishment of Jinggangshan revolutionary base area is the first rural revolutionary base area led by China. Founder: Mao Zedong
Significance of China's establishment of revolutionary base areas in rural areas: The establishment of Jinggangshan and other rural base areas opened a road to victory for the China revolution, that is, turning from cities to rural areas, creating rural base areas, encircling cities with rural areas, and finally winning national victory. This is a road to victory that suits China's national conditions.
Lesson 13 The Red Army is not afraid of expedition.
1, Red Army Long March (1934, 10- 1936, 10)
(1) Reason: The fifth anti-encirclement campaign of the Red Army failed, and "Left" adventurism was rampant.
(2) Beginning: 1934+00 In June, the Red Army withdrew from the Central Revolutionary Base.
(3) After passing through: the central base area (Ruijin)-marching into Guizhou-liberating Zunyi-crossing Chishui River (disrupting the enemy's pursuit plan)-crossing Jinsha River (jumping out of the enemy's encirclement)-crossing Dadu River.
(4) Symbol of victory: Huining, Gansu, 1936+00, the three main forces of the Red Army.
(5) The historical significance of victory: The attempt of the Kuomintang reactionaries to stifle the China revolution was crushed, and the China revolution turned the corner.
2. Zunyi Conference: (/KLOC-0 was held in Zunyi in 935)
(1) Content: Corrected the "Left" adventurism mistake; Affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition; Military command by Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, etc.
(2) Significance: ① Ending the rule of Wang Ming's "Left" adventurism in the CPC Central Committee; (2) Established the leading position of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong as the core; (3) Saved the Party, the Red Army and the revolution at a critical juncture; (4) The turning point of life and death in the history of the Party.
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the Chinese nation
Lesson 14 Unforgettable September 18
1, "Nine? The18th incident:1931September18th, the Japanese bombed the Nanman railway track in Liutiaohu village, Shenyang. Chiang Kai-shek refused to resist the policy and then attacked Shenyang. The three northeastern provinces fell within six months. This is the beginning of Japan's large-scale invasion of China in order to pass on the economic crisis.
2.Xi 'an Incident/KOOC-0/936/KOOC-0/February/KOOC-0/2. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng detained Chiang Kai-shek in Xi 'an and imposed "military remonstration" to force Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan.
Starting from the overall situation of national liberation, China adopted the correct policy of peacefully resolving the Xi incident. Chiang Kai-shek was forced to accept stopping the civil war and uniting with communist party to resist Japan. The peaceful settlement of the Xi 'an incident has become the key to changing the current situation, marking the basic end of the ten-year civil war situation and the initial formation of the anti-Japanese national United front.
Lesson 15 "I'd rather die than surrender"
1,1937 65438+1On October 7th, the Japanese army held a military exercise near Lugou Bridge. On the pretext that a soldier was missing, the Japanese army unreasonably demanded to enter Wanping County to search and shell the ancient city of Wanping. The defenders of China couldn't bear it, rose up to resist, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out all over the country. History is called "Lugouqiao Incident", also known as "July 7th Incident".
2. The realization of the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party: it marks the formal establishment of the anti-Japanese national United front.
3. After the Lugouqiao Incident, the Japanese army launched the August 13th Incident, attacked Shanghai on a large scale, and then invaded Nanjing. 1937 65438+In February, the Japanese army captured Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre that shocked China and foreign countries. More than 300,000 soldiers and civilians in China were massacred by the Japanese army.
Lesson 16 Build the Great Wall with flesh and blood
Xing Ping Guan Street 1
Time:1September, 937, it was acquired by the Eighth Route Army 1 15 Division, which broke the myth that the Japanese army was invincible.
Significance: This is the first great victory since War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
2. Battle of Taierzhuang
1in the spring of 938, in the battle of Xuzhou under the command of Li Zongren, China army won the battle of Taierzhuang.
Significance: The Battle of Taierzhuang was a great victory on the front battlefield of the Kuomintang.
3. Hundred Regiments Battle
Yan 'an, where the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is located, is the strategic general rear of the battlefield behind enemy lines.
1940 was acquired by the Eighth Route Army under the command of Peng in August. Goal: smash the enemy's "cage policy" and "three light policies"
Goal: Destroy the enemy's communication lines and destroy the Japanese and puppet army strongholds. Significance: This is the biggest battle that China army took the initiative to attack during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period.
4. The Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
(1) In order to completely defeat the Japanese invaders and solve the problem of China's future development after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
(2) 1945 in April, China * * * held the seventh national congress in Yan' an.
(3) Mao Zedong made a report on the Coalition government at the meeting and formulated the party's political line: "Mobilize the masses, strengthen the people's strength, defeat the Japanese aggressors under the leadership of the party, liberate the people of the whole country, and establish a new-democratic China." The congress prepared the conditions for the final victory of the China Revolution.
5. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Victory:1August 194515th, Japan announced its unconditional surrender.
(1) Events that accelerated the surrender of Japanese fascists: ①1In August 945, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. (2) The Soviet Union declared war on Japan and sent troops to the northeast of China. (3) Mao Zedong published "The Last Battle against the Japanese aggressors", calling for a national strategic counterattack.
(2) The significance of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory: This is the greatest national liberation war in China's modern history. It has changed the situation that the people of China have been repeatedly defeated in the anti-aggression war for more than 100 years, and achieved a complete victory in anti-aggression for the first time.
Unit 5 Victory of the People's Liberation War
Lesson 17 Civil War bonfire
1, Chongqing negotiation (P88):
(1) Purpose: Do everything possible to strive for peace and expose Chiang Kai-shek's plot of fake peace and real civil war.
(2) Time: August1945-June 10.
(3) Chinese Communist Party negotiators: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei.
(4) Result: The agreement (10/0, 10) was signed.
2. Move to northern Shaanxi (P89)
(1) 1946 In June, a full-scale civil war broke out and attacked the Central Plains Liberated Area (Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia).
(2)1In the summer of 947, Liu Deng's army marched into Dabie Mountain, which was the beginning of the People's Liberation Army's strategic offensive and the prelude to the counterattack. (P90-9 1)
Lesson 18 Strategic Armageddon
1, three major battles (P93-96):
(1) Liaoshen Campaign: Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan commanded the Northeast People's Liberation Army to liberate the Northeast.
(2) Huaihai Campaign: Liu Bocheng, Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yi commanded the Central Plains People's Liberation Army and the East China People's Liberation Army, which laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River.
(3) Ping Jin Campaign: The Northeast People's Liberation Army and the North China People's Liberation Army joined forces to peacefully liberate Beiping and basically liberate North China, which laid the foundation for national victory.
(4) The significance of the three major battles: basically eliminated the main force of the Kuomintang and greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.
2. Battle of Crossing the River (P96): Hukou, Jiangxi to Jiangyin, Jiangsu.
Nanjing was liberated on April 23rd, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that ruled China for 22 years.
Unit 6 Economic and Social Life
1. During the First World War, the imperialist countries were busy with the war, temporarily relaxed their plunder of China's economy, and China's national industry got the opportunity to develop and entered the "golden age".
2. Generally speaking, the modern national industry in China survived and developed relatively backward among the three volcanoes of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism.
3. 1876, the first railway in China was the Songhu Railway.
4. The first silent film in China was Dingjun Mountain, a Peking Opera business card shot by Beijing Fengtai Photo Studio 1905, and the first sound film was Maids' Red Peony shot by Shanghai Star Film Company 193 1.
5. The Commercial Press was established in Shanghai from 65438 to 0897. It is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.
6. Among Chinese newspapers, the most famous one is Shenbao, and 1872 was founded in Shanghai.
7. The National Government promulgated laws such as braiding, changing clothes and abolishing foot binding, so that women stopped foot binding and replaced old clothes with new ones. It also abolished the demeaning bow ceremony and replaced it with a civilized and simple bow and handshake ceremony; Cancel the titles such as "Mr" and "Mrs" and replace them with equivalent titles such as "Mr" and "Jun".
Unit 7 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture
1, 1909, the entire Beijing-Zhangjiakou railway was opened to traffic. This is the first railway trunk line designed and built by China people themselves. Responsible for the design and survey of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, with Zhan Tianyou as the chief construction engineer.
2. In modern times, due to the invasion of foreign powers and national crisis, some patriotic thinkers realized that to change the status quo, we must learn from the strengths of the West. The representative figures are Wei Yuan and Yan Fu successively. Among them, Wei Yuan's book "Records of Overseas Countries" systematically introduces the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, indicating that the purpose of compilation is to "learn from foreigners and master their skills to control foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the theory of evolution and expounded the progressive views of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" and "the world must move forward and the future will be better than today"
3. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University Hall was founded as the "New Deal", which was the highest institution of higher learning established by the first country in modern China and an important achievement left over from the Reform Movement of 1898. His founding marked an important step in China's modern education reform. 4. Since the May 4th Movement, China culture has entered a brand-new stage, and it has become the sacred mission of progressive writers and artists to carry forward the scientific spirit and criticize feudal ignorance. Among them, the representative figure is Lu Xun, a great literary master. His masterpieces include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong, a master of fine arts, has masterpieces such as A Mountain of Yugong, People's Musician Nie Xian Xinghai, March of the Volunteers and The Yellow River Cantata.