Relevant historical materials
The Biography of the Empress in the Qing Dynasty
Empress Xiao Xian, Dong Eshi family, female minister E Shuo. At the age of eighteen, he became a servant, so thick that he was loved by the harem. In August of the 13th year of Shunzhi, she became a virtuous princess. In December, I entered the imperial concubine, and I was awarded the title, so I was forgiven. On the emblem of Empress Dowager Cixi, E Shuo was awarded the first-class elite Qinnihafan and the third-class uncle for his military merits. In August of seventeen years, I went to school for five days. Chasing filial piety and virtuous Ren Xuan Wen Hui paid homage to the Queen.
The master made a brief statement and said, "My son is quiet and polite. He served the Queen Mother, supported her, and even left her. The Queen Mother is safe and sound. Things for me, living day and night, relying on food and clothing, I don't know happiness. When you return to Yan, you must ask about cold and heat, and don't want to be confused. Then I said,' Your Majesty is late. Aren't you tired?' If you have interesting meals, you should bow your head and eat them, and if you have meals, you should quit. I value the celebration. When I give some exhortations, I must warn the waiter that there is nothing wrong in the room and I will look up at midnight. I kept my seal, I have been at night, and I have never failed to wait by my side. Cao Cao followed suit and reported it, and I didn't care. Later, I said,' Although this is the law, I know there is nothing I can do, or is there another reason? "Why all of a sudden!" Make the same interpretation, thank you:' I dare not engage in politics.' Looking at the court, I can't bear to hold a pen. When I ask, I get worried. When I told it, I cried,' All monarchs are stupid and ignorant. Is everything all right? Those who deserve pity are alive! When I offended the minister, I was very unhappy, so I will ask Wiki to investigate this matter in the future. If I avoid going to court once in a while, I will take pains to persuade. After what was said that day, it is necessary to make words and sentences that are happy. If I forget, I will suggest:' Obey tacit knowledge.' The hunter rode and shot it, and then advised:' Don't be sheltered by all nations, it's lighter than rushing.' Occasionally, if I don't say what I want, I will say it simply, and I will hesitate at first. After the smell of ginger, some people should argue, but they just blame themselves. After that, be frugal and don't use good words. Recite four books and graduate easily; It didn't take long to learn books. I use Zen as a metaphor, and when I study it, I will be introspective. After her initial illness, Empress Dowager Cixi asked her if she was well, and she would say' good'. I was very ill. I, my concubines looked around and later said,' I can't bear it. I am calm in it. I have nothing to suffer. I can't repay the kindness of the queen mother and her majesty. Concubine, your majesty should love himself! Only the empress dowager will mourn. What can we do? It is also to make the king poor and not accept treasures. After his death, the empress dowager was very sad. "A thousand words, life college student Jin Zhijun don't biography. Years old, I stopped in autumn, and I am determined to win from now on.
At that time, E Shuo was a pawn of the previous dynasty, and his later father, Luo Shuo, awarded the first-class Ashi Hani Hafan. After the collapse and testamentary edict, it is also one of the sins to sacrifice more than ceremony. In the second year of Kangxi, Xiaoling was buried together, and the main temple was not built. /kloc-at the age of 0/8, there was food in the temple. Ziyi, born in March, died, unnamed.
Brief introduction of filial piety queen
Filial piety queen (? -1660) Dong Eshi, also translated as Dong Eshi, was known as Princess Dong Eshi. She was favored by Fu Lin, the emperor shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. She was the daughter of the Minister of the Interior, E Shuo, and the sister of General Feiyanggu in Fuyuan.
Dong Eshi entered the palace at the age of 18. Sai-jo is very kind to his family and prefers the harem. In August of the 13th year of Shunzhi (1656), she became a virtuous princess. In December, he became a imperial concubine, received a conferring ceremony and an amnesty, and his father became a third-class uncle. The following year, the fourth son of the emperor was born. He died in March and was named Prince Rong.
Dong Eshi died in the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660) on August 19th. Sai-jo was heartbroken and offered his condolences in person. Chasing for filial piety, offering sacrifices to Zhuang Chongren and respecting the queen. In June of the second year of Kangxi (1663), Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing Dynasty was buried together.
Dong Eshi's funeral.
Fu Lin's encouragement and care did not alleviate the mental pain caused by the loss of Dong E Fei's beloved son, which made her already weak and sickly body worse. In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660), on August 19th, a generation of famous princess and peerless beauty Dong E-fei died in Chenggan Palace, one of the Eastern Six Palaces, at the age of 22. According to Fu Lin, when Dong Eshi died, he "spoke without confusion, sat up and called the Buddha's name, and died of hissing. A few days after the bankruptcy, the appearance was safe and sound, as usual. "
His beloved son and princess died one after another, which made Fu Lin's spirit almost collapse. In desperation, he saw through the world of mortals, abandoned his country as a shoe, and insisted on becoming a monk, so that monk Xisen shaved his hair. Later, Fu Lin was threatened by Xisen's master Yulin Xian to burn Xisen and was forced to give up the idea of becoming a monk.
Fu Lin was heartbroken. He expressed his condolences to his beloved princess with an unusual funeral.
On the third day after Dong Eshi's death, that is, August 2 1 day, Fu Lin told Yale: "Dong Eshi, the imperial concubine, passed away on August 9/kloc-0, and received an imperial edict from the Queen Mother of Notre Dame:' The imperial concubine has been in charge of internal affairs for many years, and her virtue is well known, and it has become a fashion in the palace. I am deeply saddened by the death of Shu 'er and should be crowned as a queen to show my respect. "I inherited the kind words, specially used the seal, and added posthumous title, saying' filial piety Ren Xuan Wen Hui Duan Jing Queen'. The ceremony should be held, and the Ministry will examine it in detail and discuss it quickly. "
When courtiers put forward posthumous title, they said, "Draw up four words first, and forbid it. For six characters, eight characters and crosses, I still apologize for not having the word' Tian' and' Sheng'. " Why did Fu Lin apologize for not having the words "heaven" and "holiness"? Because of the funeral etiquette in Qing Dynasty, the last four words of Empress posthumous title are "Heaven × Saint", in which "Heaven" stands for the first emperor and "Saint" stands for the successor emperor, indicating the relationship between the Empress and the First and Second Emperors. For example, Emperor Wen of Xiao Zhuang "sponsored the internal affairs for many years" during Emperor Taizong's reign, and later assisted the emperors Shun and Kang. Therefore, her last four words in posthumous title are "Apocalypse Saint". Posthumous title's last four words are "Wen Hui Duan Jing", which is obviously lower than the queen's "Tian" and "Sheng", which makes him feel guilty.
The emperor shunzhi ordered the prince to come down to Sipin Officer, and the princess and the life woman gathered together to cry, and those who did not mourn were discussed. Fortunately, Empress Dowager Cixi "found a way to solve it." Shunzhi wanted to put all 30 eunuchs and maids to death, "lest the imperial concubine lack servants in other worlds", but was later dissuaded.
In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660), on August 27th, Dong E-fei's Zigong was moved from the Imperial Palace to the Guande Hall in Jingshan for temporary safety, and all the ministers who took Zigong were the second and third ministers of the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty. This is unique in the Qing Dynasty, not only at the funeral of the imperial concubine, but also at the funeral of the emperor and queen.
After Zigong, Dong Eshi moved to Jingshan, Fu Lin held a large-scale water and land Dojo for her, with 108 monks chanting. All day long, cymbals ring, paper is burned for food, cigarettes are burned everywhere, scraps of paper are flying, and the sound is constant. On March 7th (21st), the body of Dong E Fei was cremated with Zi Gong, and Hisen raised the fire with a torch. After cremation, put the ashes in the "Treasure Palace" (urn).
Emperors in the Qing Dynasty generally used the brush of Zhu to play. In case of national mourning, they changed to the blue pen, and then used the brush of Zhu 27 days later. The funeral of Dong E Fei, written by Fu Lin in blue pen, lasted for four months from August to December. In order to show Dong Eshi's virtue, kind words and good deeds, Fu Lin ordered Jin Zhijun, a university student, to make a biography for Dong Eshi, while Hu Zhaolong and Wang Xi, cabinet bachelors, wrote quotations for Dong Eshi. Fu Lin wrote "Filial Piety of the Empress Dowager" with deep affection, and commemorated Dong E Fei's "Shun Zhi Shang Shu" and "Shu Shang" with a large number of concrete examples, showing Dong Eshi's kindness, kindness and virtue, reaching 4,000 words, with rich contents.
The emperor shunzhi, who was already sickly, suffered great physical and mental damage after losing his son and wife several times. Only half a year after Princess Dong's death, the emperor shunzhi got smallpox, which was an incurable disease at that time. At that time, it happened to be New Year's Day, and the palace and ordinary people were preparing for the New Year. Just then, the news that the emperor was seriously ill came from the palace. The court ordered the whole country not to copy beans, light lamps and splash water, and also issued an Amnesty order, but it didn't work. The emperor shunzhi died in hall of mental cultivation in the middle of the seventh day of the first month at the age of 24. After the emperor shunzhi's death, his body was cremated. In the second year of Kangxi, he was buried with Zhang Xiaokang empress Tong Jiashi (mother of Emperor Kangxi) and filial piety empress Dong Eshi in Xiaoling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty.
The backward form of imperial East Afghanistan
The backward form of imperial East Afghanistan
In August of the seventeenth year of Shunzhi, Ren Yin, Xiao Xian Zhuang and Zhi De Ren Xuan paid homage to the death of the Queen. Oh! Treat the virtual virtuous internally, praise the helpless, and always say that it is good to eliminate poverty. Only after the system is pure will it set an example for future generations. I don't care about the secret of the pot, but I know it myself. Used to collect his life's actions, the second time is like this.
After Dong Eshi, Manchu people also. Father and Minister of the Interior, E Shuo, awarded the Earl with medals and the Marquis with fortitude. Young, intelligent, long and delicate female workers are self-disciplined and orderly, which is what one party to the marriage calls. 18 years, with virtue, was elected to the court of Ye Ting, becoming more and more famous and praised by the Holy Queen Mother. In August of the eighteenth (third) year of Shunzhi, I was honored as a virtuous princess. In September, she returned to the anecdote book as a imperial concubine.
Filial piety after sex, knowing the overall situation, is up and down, can be modest and loving, not arrogant and impetuous. The empress dowager even supports, waiting for color like a child, and tends to hold her left and right, just like a waitress. The empress dowager is safe, and she is not happy since she is not behind. When I was lucky in Nanyuan and suitable for other places, the Empress Dowager refused to listen to me more or less. In the future, I will try my best to save the province. There are few explanations for my concern about diplomacy, even the empress dowager said, "Do I care about the emperor afterwards?" So every entrance and exit should be harmonious. I served the Empress Dowager as a blessing to Tang Quan, but when she became ill, I became ill with her. Empress Dowager Cixi said, "If we can't live together, won't it comfort me?" ? "Because of the encouragement of four people. Gage couldn't bear to chase.
I am like my father, and I will always be like my mother. I will live sooner or later, relying on food and clothing. That is, I will go back to the banquet and then meet in cold and hot weather. Or if you are not so confused, you will say, "Your Majesty came home late, aren't you tired?" Happiness can cook, enjoy it. Living in a constant setting, I have never disrespected encouraging food, and I have. Or ordered a meal, that is to say, "Your Majesty was lucky to miss my concubine! However, if you are with ministers, you will be colored and smile, so you can benefit from it? " I often have dinner with ministers. I was on duty at the celebration, and I went to pay my respects to some people. After that, I will frequently teach the waiter: "If you serve well, the dormitory will not feel guilty." After midnight, I regretted it and said, "How about the canal?" I am more eager to wait in my bed, my heart will be at peace, and then I will retreat. I'm a vassal in all provinces until midnight, and I'll wait on you later.
I put my eyes on those who were reported by Cao Zhang but imitated the past. Later, he said: "This is not a few tasks. Has your majesty entrusted it? " I said, "There is no need to tell stories." Later, he remonstrated: "Although this is the law, Gu 'an will always change. Does it need to be revised, or is there someone else who should expect it? Why did your majesty suddenly? There is a good career in the ancestors, that is, although tired, it may not be possible. " That is, after I ordered them to finish reading together, I resumed my gratitude and said, "When I heard that women have no foreign affairs, how dare I use women to manage state affairs?" Only your majesty will judge! " You can't just stick to your words.
One day, I looked at the delay. When I decided, I hesitated to hold the pen. Later, he asked, "Did I say this to your majesty?" I said, "There are more than ten people this autumn. As soon as I report it, I resort to the law. " Hearing this, he cried and said, "All monarchs are ignorant. Are you the one who was personally praised by His Majesty? I feel your majesty's wish that I personally regret it. I'm still scared, but there's nothing wrong with thinking about it. Your majesty should be careful, and when you are born with shameful questions, you can call it a kind ear. " Once I have read Cao Yu's books in detail, I will naturally encourage me to read them. He said: "human life is so important that it cannot be revived after death." Your majesty is fortunate to pay attention. Otherwise he will be embarrassed? " And he always said, "It's better to lose than to lose." I am as generous as my heart, so many people have regained the whole prison. Or those who make more excuses are more convincing.
Hey, honey! I worked hard every day and later helped, so I was relieved. What can I rely on now? I would rather have an association than the latter. Some ministers occasionally commit crimes, and I may be unhappy. Later, I inquired about their reasons and advised them, saying, "I dare not predict a good thing. I am stupid to say that all ministers have it. It is a national event, not my own plan. Your majesty has examined it carefully and tried to convince him. Otherwise, how can the minister serve the heart of the world? " Oh! But the heart is a subject in the country, how can we get more!
Later, because I was exempted from looking at the court, please say, "What if I don't understand court etiquette?" I told you, ministers only worship the south, dance and don't listen to politics. "Your majesty refused to listen to politics, so he no longer looked at the DPRK. It's just a day when ministers live together, and it's even more amazing to see the sky. May your majesty not be tired. " Therefore, due to the latter language, the frequency depends on North Korea. Later, every time I spoke, I would ask what I said and say, "It's a good thing I said it for my wife." I will be happy afterwards when I speak righteousness; I can't know what I have forgotten from time to time, and then I need to say, "I have listened to the sage's words, so I have to prepare for my record." Only if your majesty obeys it tacitly can I benefit politics, otherwise, what can I learn from it? " Sometimes, after searching for hunting and riding equipment, I would remonstrate and say, "Your Majesty is very good at talking about military affairs with the great achievements of his ancestors, and he never forgets his exploits. However, is national security guaranteed? Being sheltered by ten thousand pounds is lighter than galloping, and my concubine is deeply in danger of your majesty. "The profound knowledge and foresight behind the cover were cut off by those who turned it off. Therefore, it is worthwhile for me to ride or occasionally walk in the color.
I have been modest since I entered the palace for several years. I can not only respect the queen mother, but also go to my nanny and greet her politely. His imperial concubine, generous and arrested, was once jealous. If you are good, you will say it. If you had it, you would hide it instead of smelling it. I am very pleased, especially after I received my pension as a child. Although the diet is slightly crisp, everyone will taste it and the meaning is appropriate. The size of the palace is the same, the elders call it, the younger generation looks at it, and there is no indecent assault. Many of them have criticisms. Therefore, everyone who sees it is unhappy. Love each other. People who are worthy of me, or those who condemn the maid-in-waiting for the most heinous crimes, will bow down and say, "This stupid Cao knows what he wants? Your majesty is happy but not angry. It's trivial, but it's also slightly longer. Have you ever worked for something before? And it's usually done in the dark. "It is even more important to quote metaphors. Once I understand them, I will stop. The goodness of the day after tomorrow, no matter what I give you, I will give it to you, no regrets. The imperial concubine has been sealed for many years, but she has no savings. After you collapsed, all the funerary objects were pretreated by Empress Dowager Cixi. Depending on the attendants in his palace, there is no difference, they are all given. So people in this palace are very sad, and several people are going to be buried with them.
At first, my father died of illness, and I comforted him. I said with tears, "How dare I be too sad to worry your majesty?" Therefore, those who are in pain, I wish I could not answer the giant Yu-en's ear! Now that I'm dead, I feel more secure. who is it? Fathers love fools, but women are supreme. Fear is fearless, and nothing is right, so I am worried every time. Fortunately, I have been with you, and your majesty is also very good. what can I do for you? "Because of this, I stopped mourning. Repeated brother's loss, sometimes a disease, did not make the smell. Then he said to me, "My brother is dead. I'll send my aunt and sister-in-law to ask. I know it won't be here for long. "I will get sick in the future, so don't comfort me with truth. Later, he said, "My brother is arrogant and does injustice outside. Relying on my mother's family, he threatened and tolerated at will and tried his best to stop insulting my name, fearing that the whole country would accuse your majesty of being a lowly girl, which would lead to the neglect of unscrupulous people; Therefore, I am very worried at night and dare not sleep and eat. Fortunately, there is no other reason to die, which is enough. Why should I use sadness? "First, later, Ding Youdong got married. At first and later, occasionally there are people who don't talk about the purpose. I or I added a sigh, and I began to declare that my intention was clear. After reading the history to Zhou Jiang, he repented: "The ancient sages were not guilty after death, but the merchants were guilty; I have defended myself in the past, which is extremely contrary to the way of obedience. Those who talk about it only deserve it. "After that, I humbly moved to a good place. After sex is frugal, clothes never go to China, that is, women belong to a genus, and there is no gold and jade, but they are filled with bone horns. I have finished reciting four books and the Book of Changes. I haven't studied calligraphy for a long time, but I am very talented and proficient in calligraphy.
I didn't believe in Buddhism in the past, so in the Zen classics, it was also to understand the meaning of the Heart Sutra. Reason is the treasure of reverence. Concentrate on meditation Looking at the sentence "Where can I stay if I don't come in one breath?" Whenever you see me, I give up: I just laugh and don't answer. After a long illness, I failed to be pure, and then I mentioned my previous words. I answered them in one sentence, so I was saved. I haven't been lying down since my baby was ill, but I have been leaning a few times. This disease is becoming more and more dangerous. I still said before studying, don't waste it. So when I collapsed, I didn't say anything. I sat up and called the Buddha's name, calm and carefree, as usual. Oh! It shows the sincerity of believing in Buddhism and Zen.
First, when she was sick, Heng said, "The Empress Dowager was extremely loyal to me as soon as possible, but she didn't get sick after her misfortune. The queen mother will be deeply saddened. Why should I do this? " So when the special envoy of the Queen Mother comes to ask her how she is, she will say, "I'm not feeling well today." One day, I happened to be on duty and asked, "How can you be safe after you have cured this disease?" Later, he said, "Evil can be my concubine's legacy. My death is audible. " I was dying, so I asked the concubines of the Queen to look around. Later, he said, "I'm so tired that I can hardly eat it." Still, there's nothing to be miserable about. I am humble, and the Queen Mother and Her Majesty are very generous, less than one in ten thousand. After death, your majesty is wise, he will love the great cause of his ancestors, and the queen mother is alive, or he will not be too sad, but he will also regret his loss and love himself. However, the kindness of Empress Dowager Cixi will be deeply mourned. What can we do? When I think about this, I will die and my heart will be solid. " So I replied, "My death means that all kings and so on will definitely lead to my death. What geometry does the concubine use? Your majesty really misses concubines. Vanity is useless. If you are poor, that's good. " After replying to the instructions, he said, "After my death, those who gird up their bodies should be careful not to be gorgeous. The emperor respects frugality, and if he uses all kinds of precious things, it is against his will, and it is not my own thing. It will be very beneficial if I regard what I left behind as the need to serve the Buddha and recite the scriptures. " Therefore, today's collection tools, I pay attention to negative meaning, almost frugal, and there are more than 20 thousand gold for the poor, all from negative meaning.
The beauty of mortals begins with change. I was three years old after my illness. Although I was very tired, I was comforted without injury. Everything was specially prepared, and there were no fewer ceremonies. The first one came last. In the future, we will try our best to be courteous, we will call it mother, and we will treat it as a kind of hospitality in the future. In the winter of fourteen years, I went to Nanyuan, and the queen mother violated the sacred body. After that, I waited day and night, forgetting to eat and sleep. I prayed for the Queen Mother on the altar of the Emperor of Heaven, and also for those who turned to the palace. Never asked a word again, and never sent greetings. Therefore, in the future, I violated the filial piety and ordered the ministers to discuss it, which was unknown later. When he heard this, he lowered his head and said firmly, "Your Majesty is responsible for the Queen. However, when will someone not be haggard and worried when I become a queen? I didn't expect it for a moment, so I lost my ears. If your majesty abolished the queen, I wouldn't dare to have children. Your majesty is fortunate to look down on the queen's heart, so that I can still rest in peace. Don't waste the queen! "
Last year, I was in danger of sleeping sickness in the future, so I bowed in support. In the future, I will still have a rest in the palace, and then I will spend five days and five nights, sometimes reading history books or often talking about it. He walked out of the bedroom door and cried, "I'll wait for you." What can I do if I don't recover? " After all, I bowed my head and prepared for treatment, and I was not tired at all. In the spring of this year, Yongshou Palace was sick at first, then was supported by a bow, and stayed awake for three days. He talked about solving his own worries and troubles and preparing in advance, just like waiting for the future. The clothes made after that are still there today. When mourning for the princess, he later cried, "I entered the palace as a teenager, but I didn't last long and suddenly died?" Sadly, it's not just ethics. He loves his concubine, and so on. So in the future, I will mourn with all the concubines and say, "Who can keep this virtuous person instead of keeping a useless body?" Why don't we die first? Although it exists today, is it good for you? "Remembering the past, feeling nostalgic, all quit chanting, thinking that there is not enough news. After tasting education, two women became King Ze, and one woman, King An, was born in the palace, bowing and caressing day and night, loving each other. I can't bear to hear the cry of yincui gorge. In the palace, the common affairs are all managers, and they are diligent in auditing accounts. Although he was promoted to fame, he was actually employed. The first is the future, so it is not as good as the ear.
Since the collapse, there have been a lot of internal affairs, waiting for me. The more I use things, the more I worry about it. Too bad I'm married. Whether the former or the latter, Rong Zhi is a beautiful woman, and she is also very clever and wise. She is so jealous that she hates to death at the sight of Rong. I can move, but I can't guess. So, I live separately and don't meet you. In addition, I have always longed for simplicity, but after being abolished, I became addicted to luxury. Everything I serve is bejeweled, useless and reckless. There was a non-gold one at dinner, which made me unhappy. If nature is abolished, I will endure it for a long time and become ill with depression. Empress Dowager Cixi saw that I was getting better and better, so she asked me to make a decision. Therefore, I am kind enough to abolish it. And waste, the palace people have no thoughts, then the trip after the waste is unknown for a long time. Be an honest man in the future, and there is no shortage of talents. After the victory, I have both ability and political integrity, which is sufficient for internal affairs and harmonious for ambition, and I will do my best to serve the Queen Mother. Empress Dowager Cixi loves her sages. If I get a treasure, I will feel very comfortable and get well.
Therefore, after the collapse, Empress Dowager Cixi lamented, "My son's darling is my daughter. I hope that if the two of them mistake me for being old forever, we will be long gone. Who can be like a funeral? Who can do what I want? If there is language, which is language? Why do you want to raise money? " He tried to comfort me by saying, "My sadness has eased, and I have never been hurt." However, so far, there have been many tears. Seeing the mourning after crying with his concubines in the future, he said, "If you don't mourn deeply, don't masturbate less." But no one answered at the moment, and the queen mother burst into tears. I said, "What if there is no intention? Hu has nothing to say? " Cherish the virtue of being a good woman, not everyone can do it, so every time I say, "Don't come, it will break my heart!" " "It's good to see it here. After I think it over and over again, there are more things I can't bear to say and can't stop. Empress dowager cixi's elegance and cleanliness, although ordinary details in daily life, will make people feel awe and unwilling to bear it. If I am a parent-child of Empress Dowager Cixi, why should I be jealous of filial piety? But since I am a man, I have the suspicion that I can't be close to my relatives, so I can only hold the queen mother and worship her. That is, after the empress dowager lived for a long time, she relied on all the major events after the governance. If you die today, how can I expect it one by one? A person who can't be appointed. As for this, I can eliminate the pain in five ways. I can't help feeling the pain.
After holding the bow, Yu Yi praised Neizhi, exhausted his heart and worked hard. Glory. And worry about the misfortune of my father and brother, so worry about overwork and become sick. On the other hand, the empress dowager is kind-hearted and sorrowful, and will mourn more often in the future; Next is the sixth house, where all subjects feel pain. I'm the only one who cares about the present and looking back. Although I said nothing, I felt sorry for myself.
Oh! After all, it has been implemented, and there is nothing to add to it. If it is not after the collapse, it will be too empty. After the micro-plain, the pen is not a book. I can't remember my funeral, but I have a brief description. Give me a virtue, and I will show you less!