One of the characteristics of words is to use all or basically all the rules. The most obvious sentences are seven-character sentences and five-character sentences. Some words, as soon as you read them, you will know that they are born out of the seven laws or seven laws. For example, the 42-word "Huanxisha" is composed of six metrical sentences, much like a melody without seven syllables, minus the third and seventh sentences. The word "antithesis" is used at the beginning of a word, just as antithesis is used in rhyming necklaces. The last sentence before and after Bodhisattva Man was originally an awkward sentence, but many poets in later generations used meter, so that Wan Shu's morphology had to be marked with the word "ke" in the third word. If there are phrases before, after and at the end of the sentence, then the whole poem Bodhisattva Man is composed of seven-character phrases and five-character phrases. But pay attention to one thing: words are often not sticky. For example, although the first two sentences of Bodhisattva Man are both metrical sentences, the levelness is not opposite.
Not only five or seven sentences are regular sentences, but also three, four, six, eight, nine and eleven sentences. Now describe them separately.
Three sentences. -Three sentences are suffixed with seven-character sentences or five-character sentences. Namely: Ping, Ping, Ping, Ping, Ping. As flat as "sunny day", as flat as "all gone" and as flat as "no sleep". Two three words are used together, such as "green bamboo hat, green hemp fiber".
Four sentences. Four sentences are the first four words of a seven-character sentence. Namely: flat and flat, flat and flat. As flat as "the sky is high and the clouds are light", as flat as "anger rushing to the crown". Two four-character sentences are used together, such as "Tang Zong Song Zu, slightly less coquettish". If you put your feet flat first and then gouge them out, it's like "throwing a stone into the air and hitting the shore."
Six words. -The six-sentence is an extension of the four-sentence. We changed from flat to flat, from flat to flat, and expanded into six sentences. Namely: flat and flat, flat and flat. Just like "I want to ride home in the wind"; Flat and light, as flat as a "red flag rolling west wind". Two six-character sentences are used together, such as "When will the black dragon be bound now that the long tassel is in hand?"
Eight-character sentences-Eight-character sentences are often three times as many as five. If the third word uses a flat voice, the fifth word often uses a flat voice; If the third word is flat, the fifth word is often flat. Generally the last five words are legal sentences. The third word is vague, such as "attracting countless heroes to compete." The third word is written in a flat voice, such as "Don't wait to see the young man's head".
Nine words. Nine words are often three times six, or six times three, or four times five. Generally, it consists of two sentences, at least the last six or five words are sentences. Such as "the waves are exhausted, and the romantic figures of the ages."
Eleven words [33]. -Eleven sentences are often four or seven sentences, or six or five sentences. The next five words are often legal sentences. For example, "there should be no hate, everything is biased towards other times." Another example is "I don't know what year the palace is."
There are also two words in the word, a word bean [34]. Now describe them separately.
Two words. -two sentences are generally flat (the first word is flat, the second word is flat), and they are often overlapping sentences. Such as "under the mountain, under the mountain". Another example is Wang Jian's "Funny Order" "Tuan Fan, Tuan Fan. ..... Chord tube, chord tube ". Individual aphorisms are also plain, such as Xin Qiji's Nanxiangzi: "How many things have ups and downs through the ages, leisurely! ..... Who is the hero in the world? Cao Liu. "
In a word. This word is rare. Only the first sentence in the sixteen-character sequence is one sentence.
Word bean. Word beans are one of the characteristics of words. If you know a word, you won't misunderstand its level. There are five words that are actually up, down and up. For example, "looking inside and outside the Great Wall" is a word bean, and "looking inside and outside the Great Wall" is a four-sentence word. In this way, "there is only a vast expanse inside and outside the Great Wall" and "the river rises and falls, and the momentum is lost" have become a neat confrontation.
Special law. -Special statutory sentences mainly refer to special four sentences and six sentences. The fourth sentence is "Pingqi", and the special sentence is "Pingqi" (the third word must be flat); The six-character sentence is "flat and flat", and the special sentence is "flat and flat" (the fifth word must be flat). According to morphology, the last sentence before and after e should be a special sentence. In fact, the penultimate sentence before and after often uses special legal sentences. For example, "horseshoes are broken and horns are swallowed", "Cangshan is like the sea and the sun is like blood". The six sentences in Rumengling are also often used in special sentence patterns. For example, "Liu Qing is ninghua and naturalized, and Ailulin is deeply covered with moss", "pointing to the foot of Wuyi Mountain" and "the red flag is picturesque in the wind". Another example is "last night's shower, a deep sleep did not consume wine", "Haitang is still" and "it should be green, fat, red and thin".
An embarrassing sentence. -Most aphorisms have no embarrassing sentences. However, there are also a few epigrams that use some difficult sentences. For example, the last sentence before and after Nian Nujiao (for example, How many heroes are there at a time? A bottle is returned to the moon on the river), and the first sentence of Mink Song Tou has six words (for example, I don't know Heaven), and the last sentence has six words (for example, Mink Song Tou)
In short, nine out of ten problems have been solved by understanding the uniformity of words from legal sentences.
2. There are five forms of word rhyme:
(1) Pueraria yunpingensis
A word is called a flat rhyme from beginning to end. The poem has a flat rhyme and the alto has a long tone. Poems such as Sixteen-character Order, Langtaosha, Huanxisha and Linjiangxian. Intermediate tunes such as plum cutting, broken array, fragrant fragrance, scattered into the wind and so on. Water turn around, Klang Ganzhou, Qinyuanchun, Liuzhou, etc.
Wait a minute. Flat case is a common rhyme format in the tone of words.
(2) Rhyme
Every word rhymes from beginning to end. Xiao Ling, Zhong Diao and Chang Diao all have rhyme. Xiao Ling, such as Meng Ling, Sheng Fork, Bu Fu, E, etc. Middle notes such as Die Lian Hua, Pride of Fisherman, Su, Jade Case, etc. Long tunes such as Man Jianghong, Yong Yule, Nian Nujiao and He Xinlang. Rhyme is the most rhyming form in the tone of words.
(C) Pingyi phonological conversion lattice
A word with a flat rhyme before and a flat rhyme after, or a flat rhyme before and after, is called a flat rhyme conversion lattice. The former is like Nanxiangzi:
This road enters the hinterland of Lingnan, and the Polygonum hydropiper beside the water is purple and red, reflecting dark green brown leaves. After a light rain, people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait collected red beans and raised their hands at the bottom of leaves.
(Ouyang Jiong)
"Zhong" and "Red" rhyme together; "Hou", "Dou" and "Hand" rhyme. In flattening transformation lattice, flattening first and then flattening is rare, and most of them are flattening first and then flattening. Such as "bodhisattva man":
There are several huts idle by the water. A weeping willow with a single shirt and a short hat. What dynasty is it today? Look at Du Yu Stone Bridge.
The tip of the crescent moon is withering. I was drunk at noon and didn't wake up until late. What's the most important? Three or two orioles. (Wang Anshi)
In the first movie, "water" rhymes with "Li"; "Tide" rhymes with "Qiao". The next films "Yan" and "Night" rhyme with each other; "Emotion" and "sound" blend together. There is rhyme on the top and flat rhyme on the bottom. Such as "Qing Ping Le":
Since leaving, spring has passed halfway, and the scenery in my eyes has swept to a broken heart. The order of autumn may be like snow in the snow, brush it off and then flow down full.
Hongyan has flown back, the journey is far away, and the dream is hard to come true. leave
Hate is like spring grass. The farther you go, the longer you live. (Li Yu) The last movie "Half", "Broken", "Chaos" and "Full" rhyme with each other; In the next film, "Ping", "Cheng" and "Sheng" rhyme.
Flat rhymes are mostly minor rhymes, and alto and long tones are rare.
(4) The case of plain film rhyme Cecilia Yip (Music Association)
A word is converted into a flat and even rhyme, but the vowels of the flat and even words are the same or similar, which belongs to the homophonic part of the rhyme foot and is called a flat and even rhyme. The most common tone in words rhyming with Ge Ye is Xijiangyue:
The moon on the horizon rose to the top of the tree, scaring away the magpies perched on the branches. The cool evening breeze seems to have spread to cicadas in the distance.
In the fragrance of rice and flowers, people talk about the harvest of a year, and frogs croak in their ears, as if in a bumper harvest year. In the old days, Maodian was near the forest, and the road turned to the stream bridge. (Xin Qiji)
The words "cicada" and "year" in the first part and "front" and "edge" in the second part all belong to a flat tone and a rhyme; The last "movie" and the next "seeing" belong to the rhyme of the seventeenth house. The first and seventeenth words belong to the seventh part of rhyme. Flat and even rhyming leaves are the leaves of flat and even rhyming characters in the same rhyme department. "Ye"-the meaning of rhyme means that the rhyme and rhyme here belong to the same voice and cannot be changed. There have also been Ge Ye's ci tunes in Pingcuo Rhyme, such as Zuiwengcao, Dujiang Rhyme, Qu and Guan, Shaoshao, Qijue and so on, as well as Xiaoling, Zhongdiao and Changdiao.
(5) Flat and evenly rhymed leaves.
The dislocation lattice of flat and even rhymes is similar to the transformation lattice of flat and even rhymes, and they are all flat and even rhymes in one word. However, the patchwork pattern requires Ye Yun to decorate flowers with plain colors. Such as "Meet You Huan":
Alone in the west wing, the moon is like a hook. Lonely phoenix tree deep courtyard locks clear autumn.
Cutting is still messy, which is parting from sorrow. Have a taste in my heart. (Li Wei)
The first half of the words "Lou", "Hook" and "Autumn" are flat, while the second half is "Broken" and "Chaos", and the last three words "Worry" and "Head" are in rhyme with "Lou", "Hook" and "Autumn". A tune should have a third-order rhyme, a second-order rhyme and a second-order rhyme.
The antithesis of words is different from metrical poems. The tone of words is mostly long and short sentences, and only when the number of words in two adjacent sentences is equal can they be matched; The rhyme format is consistent, the antithesis has a fixed position, hundreds of tones, and the antithesis depends on words, but there is no fixed position; The couplets and necklaces of metrical poems must be antithetical, and the antithesis of words is relatively free. The number of words in two adjacent sentences is the same, and they can be right or wrong. Rhyme must be flat, and words are right or wrong, depending on the tone of the words. Therefore, the antithesis of words is both extensive and flexible. It is generally said that sentences with the same number of adjacent words can generally be antithetical, and the four four-sentence sentences behind a prefix can also be antithetical, either antithetical or fan-shaped. When it comes to flexibility, these places don't have to fight, and the way of fighting is also flexible. Levels can be opposite, the same, and do not avoid the same words.
(a) The number of words between two adjacent sentences is equal, so it is possible to type:
Three characters: blue sky-yellow leaf land (Fan Zhongyan's Su Mu Gai)
Turn to Zhuge-low relatives (Su Shi's "Shui Diao Ge Tou")
Heaven and earth turn-time is pressing (Mao Zedong's "Man Jiang Hong")
Four words: Tibetan warbler with green leaves-Geyan (Yan Shu's "Walking on the Sand")
A melancholy mood-the cable that I haven't seen for several years (Hairpin Phoenix by Lu You)
Ice and Snow in Wan Li (Mao Zedong's "Qinyuanchun")
Five words: the fallen flower flies independently with the swift (Yan's Linjiang Fairy).
Willow twigs on the moon-after dusk (Ouyang Xiu's "Life is Wrong")
Wind and rain send spring home-flying snow welcomes spring (Mao Zedong's Operator)
Six words: when the swallows come, the news agency-after the Qingming Festival in pear flower falls (Yan Shu's "Broken Array")
The bright moon surprises the magpie-the cicada chirps in the midnight breeze (Xin Qiji's Xijiang Moon)
You can go to the moon for nine days-you can go to the five oceans to catch turtles (Mao Zedong's Water Tune)
Seven words: helpless flowers fall-I have met Yan's return (Ru Yan's "Huanxisha")
Liu Lou's heart dances low-singing the bottom wind of the peach blossom fan (Yan's "Partridge Sky")
When an ant falls in love with a tree, it exaggerates the country-it is not easy to talk about trees (Mao Zedong's "Man Jiang Hong")
There are almost no adjacent sentences with more than eight words, but there are two sentences with eight words opposite. For example, the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh sentences in Qinyuanchun: "Looking at the inside and outside of the Great Wall, I have no boundaries; As soon as the river rises and falls, it loses its momentum. " Throw the word "Wang" and "inside and outside the Great Wall" to "Shangxiajiang"; "Only I am reckless" is right. "I lost my mind". It becomes a neat fan face. Xia gan's third, fourth, fifth and sixth sentences: "I cherish Qin Huang's Hanwu and lose my literary talent slightly;" "Tang Zong Song Zu, slightly less coquettish." Aside from the word "pity", "Qin Huang Hanwu" versus "Tang Zong Song Zu"; "A little literary talent" is right "a little coquettish". It has also become a neat fan face.
Adding a word to the beginning of a word's sentence is called a pair of beans, and the most common one is a pair of four words, such as:
Very bright, half spring. (High balcony in Wu Wenying)
There are Sanqiu cassia seed and Shili Lotus. (Liu Yong's "Looking at the Tide")
The wine left the table when the funeral music and lights shone. (Zhou Bangyan's "Warrior Lan Ling")
(2) The antithesis depends on the tone of the text, and the author has great flexibility.
When the number of words is equal, not all two adjacent sentences require antithesis, and the general word spectrum does not indicate whether they are antithetical or not. Later generations used antithesis to write lyrics, mostly in the mode of masterpieces handed down from ancient times-I used antithesis for some two sentences of a certain tune of my predecessors, and I followed suit. However, there are many schools and styles of masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, and many works that pay attention to rhetorical beauty are antithetical; And some works that pay attention to artistic conception should be antithetical, and in order to express their thoughts more fully, they gave up antithesis. The antithesis of words is relatively free.
Predecessors used duality in three situations:
First, it is fixed, which is rare. The only common one is "Partridge Day". For example:
Strangers, soft mulberry bud has just broken its shell, and oriental silkworm eggs have been laid. The fine grass in Pinggang sings yellow calves, and the crow in the cold forest at sunset.
The mountains are far and near, the roads are inclined, and the green slate sells wine with people. Peaches and plums in the city are worried about the wind and rain, and shepherd's purse is spent at the head of the village in spring.
(Xin Qiji)
The third and fourth sentences of this word must be opposite. This antithesis is fixed, because this piece of music is born out of metrical poetry and has not changed much.
Second, duality is fixed in principle, but there is a little flexibility. There are many such tunes, most of which are based on metrical poems, but the changes are greater than those in Partridge Sky, such as Xijiang Moon:
The embroidered curtain on the phoenix forehead is high in volume, and the animal ring shakes the Zhu Hu frequently. The red sun on two poles shines on the flower tips. Sleeping is boring and it's hard to feel.
Dreams and flying madness, leisure is better than fragrant mash. It can't be rainy. It is too late again. (liuyong)
The first two sentences of this word are six words each, forming two neat antitheses. Most of the previous works are in this format, so it is necessary to type in principle, but it is not required to type absolutely. Because there are some incomplete oppositions in previous works. For example:
According to the wild shallow waves, the sky is faint. I want to sleep and get drunk.
It's a pity that a romantic wind didn't teach you to crush Qiong Yao. Take off your saddle and lean on your pillow. Yangqiao, Du Yu, spring dawn. (Su Shi)
The first sentence and the second sentence of this word are dual, but the next sentence is not dual. Another example.
Greetings to the lake in spring, the spring flowers on the shore and the spring birds in the forest. You are so beautiful. This time it came three years ago. When the east wind blew, I rowed across the lake in my boat, and the willows stroked my face as if welcoming me.
I am used to the twists and turns on the road of life. No matter where I am, my heart is carefree. Cold light pavilion into the water, fly up and vomit. (Zhang Xiaoxiang)
The first two sentences of this word are wrong, and the first two and a half sentences of the next sentence are also wrong.
Look at Huanxisha again:
A new word, a glass of wine. The weather was bad last year. When will the sunset come back?
There is nothing to do, flowers bloom and fall, and it seems familiar that Yan returns. Wandering alone in the small garden, fragrant path. (Yan Shu)
The word transferred to the first two sentences generally requires antithesis, but there are also a few who move antithesis to another position, such as:
In the melancholy dream, the mountains and the moon are slanting, the solitary lamp shines on the wall with red gauze on the back, and the small building is resting to thank her home.
I want to know what jade looks like. A plum blossom is frozen in the Chun Xue, covered with fragrant fog and morning glow. (Wei Zhuang)
This word moves the antithesis to the last two sentences of the next sentence. Another example is:
The orchid buds at the foot of the mountain are short soaked in the stream. The sand road between pine trees is clean and mud-free. At dusk, the rain is whispering.
Who says life can't go back to adolescence? The water in front of the door can still flow westward. Don't bemoan the passage of old age! (Su Shi)
In this song, Shang Kun's first two sentences are antithetical sentences, while Xia Kun's first two sentences are not. Another example is:
Beilongtian has a high frequency of treading water, and Xixi River has tasted something new. Fence selling wine, cooking scales.
Suddenly there was a hint of coolness. Where it rained, there was no picture of clouds. The melon seller crossed Zhubian village. (Xin Qiji)
In this song, the first two sentences of the shovel are antithetical.
Look at the broken array. There are two adjacent sentences with the same number of words in the upper and lower films, but different authors use antithesis in different ways.
Over the past 40 years, my motherland has been covered with mountains and rivers for three thousand miles. How many times did you know each other because of a fight?
Once classified as ministers, Shen Yao and Pan were killed. On the day when he resigned from the temple in a hurry, Jiao Fang still played farewell songs and cried for Gong E. ..
(Li Wei)
The first and second sentences of this song are antithetical sentences, and the third and fourth sentences are antithetical sentences. The sentence pattern of this song is the same, but it is not a antithesis.
Swallow came to the news agency, after the Qingming Festival in pear flower falls. At three or four o'clock on the pond, there are one or two orioles at the bottom of the leaves, and the days are long and the flocs are light.
Smile at the female companions in the East and please them in Sandao. I feel very strange. I had a good dream last night. Today, I won the grass fight, and I laughed on both sides. (Yan Shu)
The first and second sentences of this song are antithetical sentences, the third and fourth sentences are antithetical sentences, the following first and second sentences are not antithetical sentences, and the third and fourth sentences are antithetical sentences.
Drunk in the dream of watching the sword under the oil lamp, dreaming back to the old days of the military camp, a horn sounded. Eight hundred miles to divide the main fire, fifty strings to turn over the Great Wall, and the enemy is on the battlefield in autumn.
Horses run like Ma Delu, bows and arrows fly like thunder. It's a pity that the king won fame both before and after his death. (Xin Qiji)
The first and second sentences of this song are up and down, and the third and fourth sentences are opposite. Generally speaking, the tone of this word is relatively fixed in the first half, and the second half is written at will.
This kind of poem is born out of many clauses and tenors, and there are many adjacent sentences with the same number of words. In principle, it is required to use antithesis in a fixed position, but it is flexible.
Third, antithesis is generally used in a fixed position, but it is also not used, and it is more in long tunes. For example, the seventh and eighth sentences in the upper and lower films of "Man Jiang Hong" are generally antithetical sentences, such as:
Thirty fame, dust and earth, eight thousand miles of clouds and the moon.
Eat pork when you are hungry, and drink Hun blood when you are thirsty. (Yue Fei)
Some don't have to fight. In the seventh and eighth sentences of Xin Qiji's four poems "Man Jiang Hong", there are two antitheses and two antitheses:
Confrontation: People like autumn geese and missiles need to be cooked. Are you Xia Qingfeng?
Louguan is an adult, and the flag is white before it is rolled. Jiang xing
No: it's not as good as you want, and it's often white. Ganzhoutai
If today is enough, when is it not enough? Living in the mountains is one thing.
Similarly, there are the fifth and sixth sentences in Niannujiao, and several adjacent four sentences in Qinyuanchun.
Fourth, it's completely free. For example, most of the fifth and sixth sentences in Shuidiao Getou are not antithetical sentences, while some of the sixth and seventh sentences in Xiatan are antithetical sentences, such as:
People have joys and sorrows, and the moon has ups and downs. (Su Shi)
Outside the building, the river hangs horizontally, and the tide and frost fall on Huai. (He Zhu)
Some don't have to fight, such as:
What's it like to be a tiger, waving a string and making a sound (Ye Mengde)?
But when I hate Tai, there are new geese in the clouds of Ran Ran (ditto).
The number of words in two adjacent sentences is equal, so you can use antithesis, but in most cases it is not necessary to use antithesis. For example, the last two sentences in "Qin Yi E", the first two sentences in "Not Operator" and the first two sentences and the last four sentences in "The Son of Tea" are all the same, but the use of these places is completely free and there is no confrontation.
(3) The antithesis of words requires that two words or phrases in the same position have the same part of speech and the same syntactic structure. As for whether the word is even, it depends on the tone of the word.
The antithesis of some words is relative, such as Partridge Sky, Xijiang Moon and Huanxisha. Some of them are the same, such as Shuidiao Tou, Qinyuanchun, Jane Yimei and Shuilongyin. Some seven words are dual, the first, third and fifth words are even, and the seventh word is even. For example, the seven words in the upper and lower films of Man Jiang Hong are opposite, and the words at the end are all flush. The antithesis of words varies a lot, so Pingzhuan and Ye Yun should abide by the rules of ci spectrum.
The same duality is in a level place, so don't evade the important. For example:
Cherry is red and banana is green. (A Prune by Jie Jiang)
Acacia once, sorrow once. (Shi Zuda's "Xie Peiling")
If the spring scenery is divided into three parts, two of them become dust, and the other part disappears when it falls into the water. (Su Shi's Hidden Dragon)
In general dictionaries, the words, sentences, even tones and Ye Yun of each tone are clearly marked, but antithesis cannot be marked. In some books, the explanation of word spectrum is "with examples", but it is not comprehensive; Generally, each piece of music has only one or two attached examples, which cannot fully reflect the extensiveness and flexibility of antithesis. Therefore, learning antithesis is more about reading predecessors' works than burying one's head in the word spectrum.
Generally speaking, the meter of words is more advanced, stricter and more complicated than that of poems, but it is more flexible and flexible. How to learn to be flexible and strive for freedom from the complicated bondage requires some effort. Some people in modern and contemporary ci circles have pointed out the limitations of morphology and ci pu. Wang Li said: "The morphology has both rigidity and mistakes. Stiff because a word has only one or two reference materials, it is inevitable to make the rules of leveling stricter; I don't know if the number of authors will increase and the situation will be different. " Look at the words "Manjianghong", "Niannujiao" and "Shuidiao Tou". Due to the large number of poets, the definition of morphology is also relatively broad. "("China's Poetry "on page 704) The three works on Ci compiled by modern people introduced earlier are all extracted from morphology, which inevitably has this limitation. When we learn the rules of a word, we should not only study its rules carefully, but also understand its changes. There is a monograph on Mao Zedong's poems. Of the 27 poems published by Chairman Mao before his death, as many as 13 were said to be not completely in line with the level and balance. The author seems to study Mao's ci-poetry purely from the perspective of "ci-poetry". In fact, Mao Zedong's attainments in poetic rhythm are better than those in poetic rhythm. Those so-called flatness and unevenness prove that he dares and is good at flexibility. He can do this because he is not only proficient in the rhythm of words, but also well-read and carefully study the works of his predecessors. If you want to learn to write lyrics, you should not only abide by the basic rules, but also be flexible; Try to let the meter serve the artistic conception of the text, and don't let the ideology accommodate the meter. To reach this level, we need to read some reference books such as dictionaries, but mainly look at two points: first, read more works of predecessors; The second is to be brave in creative practice.
The format is usually an inscription. The title is followed by the text. The format of the text mainly depends on the name of the epigraph.