From the Northern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty up to now, many scholars and poets have expounded Li Shangyin's "Jinse" in a broad and profound way, closely analyzing and thinking, quoting each other, inspiring each other and refuting each other. Although it is not overwhelming, it is also spectacular. A book with only 56 words (the title is only 58 words, but almost all interpreters think that the title is only the first two words of the first sentence, which is equivalent to no title, that is, 56+2-2 or 56 words), which leads to such intelligent and wise knowledge research, which is really rare in the field of poetry research.
"Reminiscence" and "At that time", the author read this poem without any academic research. When I was a teenager, when I first read Jinse, I was suddenly moved and felt that the poem was so sad, euphemistic and elegant. At that time, I didn't know the allusion of Yu Du Fu at all, and I didn't expect that words like "Jin Se", "Yu Yan" and "Zhu Tears" which were not literally "secluded" (a summary of the poetic style of the Ming Dynasty poetry critic Shang) were also associated with so many books and stories. Although they can't be solved, they are easy to appreciate and recite. Its artistic conception, its artistic conception, the beauty of its image, the perfection of its form and its musicality all seem to be felt by modern people, ordinary people and ordinary teenagers, which is completely acceptable.
Up to now, I have read some books and articles related to Shang Yin's poems and Jinse with sick interest, and only then have I fallen into a complicated and profound understanding of Jinse. In Song Dynasty, Liu Ban named Linghu Chu's maid "Jinse". In the name of Su Shi, Song, Huang, Chao and Ying also said that this poem was "appropriate, resentful, clear and harmonious" in the poems. In Qing Dynasty, Zhu, Zhu Yizun, Feng, He Chao, Qian and Mr. Liu Kaiyang thought it was a mourning poem. He Chao, Wang Shihan, Ye Congqi, Wu Tiaogong, Chen Yongzheng and Dong Naibin, as well as the teachers of the Classical Literature Teaching and Research Group of the Chinese Department of Anhui Normal University, all think that this poem is the poet's life experience, and some especially emphasize that it is a political experience. Mr. Wu Diaogong made it clear that this poem should be a "political poem" and should be distinguished from many untitled love poems. Mr. Ye Congjiu thinks this poem is "obviously a masterpiece of homesickness". Cheng Xiangheng believes that "this mountain begins with a collection of poems", that is to say, in this order, he reviewed and reflected on his life's poems. Mr. Zhou, Mr. Wang and Mr. Qian Zhongshu also said so. In "Qin Yi Lu", Mr. Qian made a detailed analysis of the poem "Yuqin" by Golden Friends. The first two sentences say "although the scenery has gone, what remains in the poem", three or four sentences say "the style or realm of the poem", seven or eight sentences say "looking back on the past, feeling lost" and so on.
The author was too ignorant to expose the truth until he cooked the rice. Here, I just want to discuss one question: what is the interpretation of poetry, what is the interpretation of poetry, what is the interpretation of people, how to distinguish between right and wrong poetry, and how to explain the love of ordinary people for this difficult poem?
"Poetry does not criticize" explains the difficulty of interpretation, but does not say "poetry also criticizes". Poetry still needs to be explained, and it is not allowed to be explained, which will not help or work. So what is the meaning of what we usually call the interpretation of poetry (including what ordinary readers and contemporary readers need to know)?
The first layer should be the literal meaning of poetry, the meaning of every word, word, language, sentence and context, including homophonic, escape, artistic conception and literary allusions. Without the minimum knowledge and judgment in this field, it is certainly difficult to read a poem. For example, the phrase "and a moment that should last forever" means "being treated", but our old poems are not marked with question marks or commas, which is of course a bit troublesome and interesting. "At that time" is also interpreted as the present tense, which is different from the past tense at that time. We don't add ing and ed to our verbs. In this way, the last two sentences of Jinse, "and a moment that should last forever, unconsciously came and went", are not easy to explain. It seems that literal translation is also difficult. However, if a poem can be widely circulated for a long time, it should be literally proved that there is nothing impossible in the whole poem, but some explanations are flexible and leave room for flexibility.
Literally, "Jinse" means "Jinse". Why is it untitled? Is it untitled to quote Chinese characters in poems as titles? Then why not mark it untitled? There was no "untitled" approval at that time What if there is a problem? Some questions try to tell the reader everything, while others are just a screen and a sign. This poem begins with the Jinse and its strings, and describes the New Year in China, the story of butterflies and cuckoos, and the landscape of the sea, the moon, pearls, tears and fields, the sun, jade and smoke, which boils down to melancholy feelings. This poem is titled Jinse (whether it's prosperity, competition or fu, you can't just look at it literally). Although this is vulgar, even vulgar, it should be the starting point of discussion. Right?
The second layer is the author's background and the trigger and motivation of writing, that is, why the author wrote this poem. In fact, this is to interpret poetry from the perspective of creation theory and writer theory, which requires a lot of accumulation of history, biography, cultural background and creative information, as well as a lot of research and textual research. If you don't understand the struggle between Niu and Li, the marriage between Yishan and Wang, the early death of Wang, and the ups and downs of Shang Yin's career, of course, you can't speculate on mourning and feelings. If we don't know that this poem is the beginning of the old versions of The Story of Yuxi's Life and Li Yishan's Notes, it will greatly affect our confidence in the theory of recalling poems in The Preface of Poetry. As for whether Hu Ling's maiden name is "Jinse", did Rainbow play Jinse? Whether Shangyin is proficient in the law of musical appropriateness, resentment, purity and harmony, and prefers the instrument of Jinse requires excellent materials. The so-called "diverse litigation" often focuses on differences in this regard.
Studying the origin and process of the writer's creative background in this way is consistent with the proposition of "knowing people and discussing the world" from Mencius to Lu Xun, but there are also two difficulties. First, there is often a lack of excellent and sufficient materials, especially the works of ancient poets and writers, which are often fragmented and mixed with authenticity. Therefore, many opinions, conjectures, estimates and wishful thinking of theorists may be greater than the claims of scientific logic. For example, Jinse is a theory of political poetry, which is based on Li Shangyin's political frustration all his life, but there is no evidence that he wrote this poem to express political injustice. As the fox said, who can tell if there is such a servant girl in Hu Ling's house today? Even if there is such a maid, how can we prove that Jinse must have written it to her? Even if Hu Ling doesn't have this maid, how can he prove that Li Shangyin can't meet a woman named Jinse in his life, which makes him disappointed in love? Or "if it is a temporary encounter, the first two sentences will not be so heavy" (see page 2 of Li Shangyin's Notes on Poetry), which is of course reasonable, but isn't there a way to "revitalize" poetry? From a woman who has no chance to get along and left a good impression on herself, I think of my love life, love depression, and career and political frustration in love all my life. Why is it unimaginable? Here, whether it is full-name affirmative judgment or negative judgment, it seems that the premise is not sufficient. Different litigation results are definitely inconclusive.
Second, even if the writer comes back from the dead, what about the origin and process of his writing? Even if our theorists master the reliable "unique books" and "unique secrets" and can even retell the writer's writing in detail and accurately, the biographical and historical significance of these materials and theories will still be greater than their literary significance. In China's classical poems, there are many titles about the origin of words. For example, "Farewell to Lieutenant Du for Shu" is very famous. Except experts, who cares about the specific object of Wang Bo's poems? However, the couplet "China holds our friendship, and the sky is still our neighbor" is powerful in generality and momentum, and its literary significance, social and even political significance is many times more than that of a government other than sending a few officials! How can we summarize the specific meaning of a poem, such as "I didn't meet you when I visited XXX"? The origin of a writer's writing is very specific, small and clear, but a touching work often contains great and profound contents, including the writer's own personality, cultivation, pursuit and life experience, including many characteristics of the writer's era, country, nationality and region, and its connotation even goes far beyond the writer's own consciousness. Is this common sense? Looking back at Jinse now, even if it turns out that it is really about a woman or a piece of music, it is appropriate, resentful, clear and harmonious. How much can it add or subtract to this poem?
The third layer, for ordinary readers, the most important thing is the connotation and implication of poetry. This is not only related to the origin of the writer's creation, but also independent of the writer's will. Take Jinse as an example, it is its artistic conception, imagery, allusions, exquisite and perfect language and form. Ordinary readers love this poem, read it and recite it. It should be said that the first thing is to be attracted by beauty. Its artistic conception, image, application, language and form are full of charm. Secondly, I will be fascinated by its melancholy feelings, its confusing environment and its meaning. "I don't know why my Jinse has fifty strings, and each string has a flowery interval of youth." These two sentences are catchy, but the words are elegant but never difficult. Looking back on the past years from Jinse and Qixing, this basic idea is really not puzzling. "Saint Zhuangzi daydreaming, butterfly bewitched, Wang Chunxin cuckoo crowed" produced (or permeated, enveloped) the confusion similar to Zhuang's transformation into a butterfly who didn't know his own self, and sprouted a desire for the emperor similar to Du Fu's in his memory. Or recall the inner experience similar to Zhuang Sheng's dream butterfly, Du Yuhua Rhododendron. In other words, what is expressed here is a sense of loss and confusion, and it is also an illusion: it is an illusion for Zhuang Sheng to become a butterfly and treat the emperor as a bird.
What has been lost, what has been lost, and what has changed, the poet has not said it, and the general reader does not have to force it. It makes sense that the idea of Chinese New Year becomes a poem, biochemistry becomes death, youth becomes old age, ambition becomes nothingness, and the pursuit of love becomes loss. "Mermaids shed tears in the green sea in January, and Lantian breathes its jade to the sun", wandering in the sea and Lantian, making the moon warm and the sun warm, feeling the tears and jade smoke, broad and lonely, sad (tears) but warm, noble (tears) but helpless (tears are born, all are at ease), broad (sea and Lantian), profound. Vague and vivid (explaining the middle four sentences in isolation is actually very vivid), but it is also closed (mysterious) and kind. What is this? Of course, this is not praising the sea, pearls, jade and things, but praising your inner world, your spiritual life and your inner feelings. The heart is just a square inch, so although this poem has the words "sea, sky, sun and moon", it does not make people feel that the poet is spreading, and this poem is not magnificent. The heart is also tolerant, including not only Zhuang Sheng's yearning for the emperor, butterfly cuckoo, sea, sun, moon, jade, but also love, art, poetry, life experience, wisdom, pain and sadness. Its core is a love story, so it is clear: "The moment that should last forever has come and gone unconsciously", which is a melancholy feeling. Why are you unhappy? Because of confusion, loss and illusory inner experience, because of the ups and downs of career and love, because of wandering, because of the poet's poetic heart and his own poetic style. But also because it writes the poet's inner world too deeply.
A shallow emotion is a good answer to why, and it is "meaningful": it is easy to find out whether you are happy or unhappy about someone, something, a place, a time and something. However, after experiencing the pain of losing his wife, the pain of wandering, the difficulty of his official career, the poet's painstaking efforts and the joy of harvest, and various personal emotional experiences that others can't know, Li Shangyin's feelings are chaotic, comprehensive, generalized and inexplicable, and therefore slightly mysterious when he goes deep into his heart. This feeling is melancholy and "for no reason". This melancholy feeling has appeared many times in his inner life, a long time ago. Now, is it expressed in the form of "memory" because of the excitement of Jinse or the touch of Jinse (I tend to say so)? Or did you get a moment's "then" inspiration from Jinse (whether it's a musical instrument, two characters, a metaphor similar to "Qin Yu", or a woman's name, a woman) and a sad and euphemistic feeling of melancholy? For these two possible explanations, how can everyone be either one or the other?
The first two sentences and the last two sentences of this poem are actually quite clear. Taking "the Year of Thinking of China" as a mirror and "the feeling of melancholy" as a summary will not be a lawsuit between Zhuang Sheng and Si Jun. In recent years, I have thought of the butterfly cuckoo with tears and smoke, and my feelings have become "fascinated" and "entrusted", the tearful sea and the blue sky with jade and smoke. In my humble opinion, can there be no cheap and unskilled ridicule?
The fourth layer is the unique supplement and experience of the viewer or the special play in a specific situation. For example, in the 1960s, I was amazed to quote Yan Shu's famous sentence, "Flowers are unbearable, and there is another village with a bright future". Lovers feel painful love from the brocade, poets get poetic heart from the brocade, unjust complaints emanate from the brocade, and those who have not returned from a long journey sing the brocade and cry out homesickness. This is the result of the cooperation between experts and authors. We can also imagine that people who know music think that this is what Yishan feels when he enjoys a Jinse solo-he is intoxicated, as if nothing had happened, like smoke and tears, or gains or losses. Besides music, what kind of art can impress its appreciators so deeply and seamlessly? I'm afraid that makes sense. We can also imagine a traveler, a land and space rover's memories of his roaming life in his later years. Imagine that an Einstein-style scientist has tasted the taste of learning from this poem-what is the unprovoked nature of everything and what is the urgency of time! If you succeed in your career, there will be spots on your temples. Although you have a desire for love, you are no longer young! Or if your career is unsuccessful, and you don't, will you have a bird or a butterfly? How many tears have condensed on the pearl of human wisdom! How many scientific truths like jewels are buried under the blue sky? When can we dig them up? All scientific research achievements need to be washed away by the long river of time, immediately, immediately. Who can judge the value of our new scientific theory, so which wise man can not be disconsolate?
This looks like a cross talk of "misjudging the Three Kingdoms", but although the author likes teasing, it is not teasing. I just want to make sure that Li Shangyin's Jinse has left a great and free artistic space for readers and future generations at all times and all over the world. Of course, it is too big and inappropriate, and the poem combined with this artistic space is actually very clever, appropriate and affectionate. Eight poems are like eight pillars, and readers can enjoy themselves in the palace built by these eight pillars.
The fifth layer is the study of Jinse. Li Shangyin's whole poem is influenced by Jinse, and the ocean of marine literature is influenced by one poem. The rhymes of astronomy, geography, history, politics, philosophy, religious language and natural science are of course endless. Is this poem based on learning? Or do you promote learning because of a poem? At that time, "Jinse" really became popular, using Chinese and foreign wisdom to promote ancient and modern knowledge. What great learning! It is boundless and spectacular! When we look at the ocean, we praise ourselves!
By the way, according to the five levels, many poems are as clear as words, and at least the first three levels are easy to unify. "The bright line at the foot of my bed …" need not be explained so complicated, and there is not so much debate and knowledge. It is also a good poem, which is more popular. This paper has no intention of favoring or even advocating recluse poetry, nor does it intend to split the "five layers".
On 1990