Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), whose surname was Qiu and courtesy name Zhongni, was a native of Zou Yi (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) of the State of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
He is a famous thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient my country. According to legend, Confucius had three thousand disciples and seventy-two virtuous disciples. Confucius led his disciples to travel around the world for 14 years. Confucius was also an organizer of ancient documents. He revised "Poems" and "Books", finalized "Li" and "Music", prefaced "Book of Changes" and wrote "Spring and Autumn". Confucius' thoughts and theories had a profound impact on later generations.
The Analects of Confucius is a collection of disciples of the ancient Chinese thinker Confucius who recorded Confucius’ words and deeds. Therefore, the Analects was not written by Confucius, but by his disciples!
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1. Philosophical contribution
"Yi" is the source of the great road and the source of Chinese philosophy .
The "Book of Han" records the origin of "Yi", "people update the three saints, and the world records the three ancients".
Fuxi started to write Bagua in the first stage;
The evolution of King Wen of Zhou Dynasty from eight trigrams to sixty-four hexagrams is the second stage;
Confucius' writing of "Yi Zhuan" is the third stage.
The basics of "Yi Zhuan" The characteristic is that it bypasses divination and elucidates the principles of Yi.
Some basic categories, propositions, ways of thinking and philosophical thoughts used and elaborated in "Yi Zhuan",
For example: "Yin and Yang" ", "Poverty leads to change, change leads to generalization, and generality leads to long-lasting", "Heaven moves vigorously, and a gentleman strives to constantly strive for self-improvement; the terrain is flat, and a gentleman carries great virtues." "Harmony, harmony" thoughts, etc., have discovered the natural world, social fields and The general laws in the field of thinking, that is, the unity of opposites, quantitative change and qualitative change, and the law of negation.
He established the principles of "a gentleman will always hit the middle", "too much is not enough", "change will become a change", and "the golden mean will lead to the Tao". , embodies the idea of ??universal connection, development and change, and movement process of dialectics.
From the development process of rites, we can see the trajectory of its dialectical return.
2. Educational Contribution
In the Confucius era, education and academics were monopolized by the government. He put forward the banner of "education without distinction", recruited apprentices as private students to teach, and founded the first private school in our country's history.
Six textbooks are selected and compiled: "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual", "Music", "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn"; the content is divided into "Virtue", "Speech", "Political Affairs", "Literature" "Education is based on four subjects.
Confucius proposed a complete set of educational theories and teaching methods based on his rich teaching practice.
The goal of education is to cultivate gentlemen and benevolent people.
The target of education is "teaching without distinction";
The teaching principle is to teach students in accordance with their aptitude,
The teaching method adopts the heuristic of "following the path and attracting kindness" , requiring students to combine their learning and thinking, draw inferences from one instance, apply what they have learned, and review the past to learn something new;
Attach importance to moral education, promote both wisdom, benevolence, and courage, with benevolence as the center;
Encourage teachers to lead by example and teach by example. Students and teachers learn from each other; correct the learning attitude of seeking truth from facts, "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, it is knowing."
Do your duty to the teacher
Require students to learn to become talents and apply what they have learned. < /p>
Confucius was "tireless in learning and tireless in teaching" throughout his life, and was respected as "a teacher for all generations."
His educational theories and teaching methods have guided traditional Chinese education for more than two thousand years. And from today's perspective, it is still consistent with Eastern and Western and modern educational concepts.
3. Literary contribution
Confucius revised "Poetry" and corrected "Music". The first literary work "The Book of Songs" was compiled into a book by Confucius.
The "Book of Music" was lost.
According to "Historical Records: Confucius Family" records, there were three poems in ancient times Confucius deleted more than a thousand chapters and selected those that "can be applied to rituals and righteousness", forming the text of the "Book of Songs" with 305 chapters.
Confucius also understood the purpose, function and function of the "Book of Songs" Important explanations are given in several chapters.
There are many records in "The Analects", such as: "Three Hundred Poems, which can be summed up in one sentence, saying: thinking without evil." "If you don't study poetry, There are no words." "Recite three hundred poems and teach them about politics, but they are not up to the mark; they are taught in all directions, and they cannot be specific. Although there are many, they are also ridiculed."
Confucius, a Chu bamboo book of the Warring States Period, collected by the Shanghai Museum "On Poetry" is a recently discovered document on Confucius' poetic theory.
Confucius's explanation of "The Book of Songs" involves literature, politics, ethics, education and other aspects. Some of its important thoughts and concepts are, It played an important guiding role in subsequent literary creation and had an extremely broad and profound influence.
The Book of Songs compiled by Confucius and Confucius's Poetry Theory are the most important part of Chinese literature over the past 2,500 years. The "source of living water" for Chinese literary theory.
Confucius spent more than half of his life engaged in educational work of preaching, teaching, and solving doubts. He created effective education and teaching methods; summarized and advocated a set of correct learning principles; formed a relatively complete teaching content system; proposed a series of far-reaching educational ideas; and established a good example of teacher ethics.
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