① Palace
The main buildings in China's ancient buildings include halls and halls, among which halls are buildings dedicated to palaces, ceremonies and religions. The names of halls and temples all appeared in the Zhou Dynasty. The word "hall" appeared earlier, which originally meant the part of the building that was open to the outside world. The left and right sides of the hall are orderly, sandwiched in the middle, with rooms and compartments on both sides. Such a group of buildings are also collectively called halls, generally referring to the residential buildings of emperors, princes, doctors and scholars. The word "temple" appeared late, originally meaning the appearance of Kobuko; Used in buildings, indicating tall and prominent position. Since the Han Dynasty, the hall generally refers to the main building and the first residence in the mansion, but the secondary buildings in palaces and temples can also be called halls, such as the "East-West Hall" in the palaces of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the lecture hall in Buddhist temples, and the Zhai Hall. Temples and halls can be divided into three basic parts: steps, main building and roof. Among them, steps and roofs constitute the most obvious appearance features of China architecture. Due to the limitation of feudal hierarchy, temples and halls are different in form and structure. The difference between temples and halls in the practice of steps appeared earlier: the main hall only has steps; The temple not only has steps, but also has its own characteristics, that is, in addition to its own pedestal, there is a high platform below as a pedestal, which is connected by long steps. Temples are generally located in the center or main axis of palaces, temples, royal gardens and other buildings. The plane is mostly rectangular, but also square, round and I-shaped. The space and components of temples are often large, and the decorative techniques are also more exquisite. Generally speaking, the hall is the main building in buildings, offices, houses and gardens. Its plane forms are diverse, its volume is moderate, its structural practices and decorative materials are simple, and it often shows more local characteristics.
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(2) Exhibition Hall
Multi-storey buildings in ancient buildings in China. There is a difference between early buildings and pavilions. A building refers to a heavy house, and a pavilion refers to a building with an overhead lower part and a high hanging bottom. Generally, the pavilion is nearly square in plane and has two floors. It can sit horizontally and occupy the main position in the building complex. For example, there are pavilions in Buddhist temples, and Guanyin Pavilion in Dule Temple is an example. Buildings are narrow and curved, which often occupy a secondary position in the buildings, such as the Buddhist scripture building in the Buddhist temple, the back building in the palace and the balcony building. , located in the last row or left and right compartments of the building complex. There is no strict distinction between "pavilion" and "pavilion" in later generations, and there are many architectural forms and uses in ancient times. The pagoda appeared in the Warring States Period. The towers in the Han Dynasty all reached three floors. Quelou, Shilou, Wang Lou, etc. They are all pavilions and pavilions widely used in the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed in the magic of immortals and thought that building a high pavilion could become immortals. After Buddhism was introduced into China, a large number of pagodas were pavilions. The wooden tower of Yongning Temple in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty is "more than forty feet" high and can be seen hundreds of miles away. Saga Pagoda of Fogong Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province was built in Liao Dynasty, with a height of 67.3 1 m, and it is still the highest existing ancient wooden structure in China. Scenic buildings that can climb high and overlook are usually named after pavilions, such as the Yellow Crane Tower and Wang Tengting. The pavilions in ancient China were mostly made of wood and had many kinds of frames. The high-rise building formed by overlapping squares in the shape of well site is called well type; Single-storey buildings are stacked layer by layer, forming a whole building and weighing the house. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, a layer of platform structure has been added between floors, with its inner eaves forming a concealed building and floor, and its outer eaves protruding out to form a platform. This form was called equal sitting in the Song Dynasty. The upper and lower columns of each floor are not connected, and the structural connection mode is complicated. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the pavilion structure has connected all layers of wooden columns into long columns, and overlapped with beams to form a whole frame, which is called columns. In addition, there are other changes in the framework of the pavilion.
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(3) Exhibition Hall
Small-scale dotted buildings around traditional buildings in China were used for people to stay and watch, and also for ceremonies, commonly known as pavilions, which appeared in the middle and late Northern and Southern Dynasties. "Museum" also refers to the ancient grass-roots administrative institutions, which also has the form of guest houses. Generally, pavilions and pavilions are set in scenic places where people can stop and watch, such as hills, watersides, city heads, bridges and gardens. There are also some special-purpose pavilions, such as stele pavilions, well pavilions, sacrificial pavilions and bell pavilions. Besides square, rectangle, circle and polygon, there are many forms such as cross, chain, plum blossom and fan-shaped pavilion. The roof of the exhibition hall has complex points, hills, cones and other forms. A large pavilion can be built with double eaves or surrounded by buildings. Monuments and kiosks in tombs and ancestral temples can be made solemn, such as those in the Ming Changling mausoleum. Large pavilions can be magnificent, such as Wanchun Pavilion in Jingshan, Beijing. Small pavilions can be made light and elegant, such as the triangle pavilion in Hangzhou. Different forms of exhibition halls can produce different artistic effects. Structural practice, the pavilion structure is mostly wood, but also masonry structure. Pavilions are mostly composed of pyramidal roofs and conical roofs. The pyramid with four corners appeared in Han Dynasty, and the pyramid with eight corners appeared in Tang Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. The "pavilion bucket tip" contained in "Architectural Style" in Song Dynasty is similar to the umbrella frame structure. This practice can be seen in the gardens in the south of Qing Dynasty. After the Ming and Qing dynasties, the square pavilion used corner beams, and the polygonal pavilion used baked beams, which were layered on top of each other. The structure of the rectangular pavilion is basically the same as that of the building.
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(4) Gallery
Covered passages in ancient buildings in China, including cloisters and verandahs, have the basic functions of sun protection, rain protection and rest. Gallery is an important part of China's ancient architectural features. As a transitional space between indoor and outdoor, the corridor under the cornice of the entrance hall is an important means to form a sense of realism and rhythm in architectural modeling. The cloisters around the courtyard play an important role in beautifying the pattern and volume of the courtyard space, which can cause different effects such as solemnity, liveliness, openness, profundity, occlusion and connectivity. The veranda in the garden mainly plays the role of dividing scenic spots, causing various spatial changes, increasing the depth of field and guiding the best viewing route. In the details of the corridor, there are often geometric railings, benches, gooseneck chairs (also known as beauty reclining or prince reclining), hanging and colored paintings; Partition walls are often decorated with various transparent windows, leaky windows, moon doors, bottle doors and other decorative building components.
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(5) Taiwan Province Pavilion
In ancient China, the high rammed earth mounds on the ground were called terraces, and the wooden houses on terraces were called pavilions, both of which were collectively called terraces. The earliest terrace was just a small-scale open hall with columns and no walls. It was built on a rammed earth platform for overlooking, feasting and shooting. Sometimes it has the function of moistureproof and defense. There are many sites in Taixu, such as the Jindun Xintian Site in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Yanxiadu Site in the Warring States Period, the ancient city of Zhao in Handan, and the Xianyang Palace in the Qin Dynasty. , all of which retain a huge stepped rammed earth platform. A pavilion also refers to a big house that is open on all sides. After the Tang Dynasty, buildings near or built in water were called waterside pavilions, but they were completely different from pavilions.
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(6) Temples
Ancient sacrificial architecture in China. Formal requirements are serious and neat, which can be roughly divided into three categories:
1, the ancestral temple. Ancient emperors and princes in China and other buildings dedicated to their ancestors were called ancestral temples. The ancestral temple of the emperor is called ancestral temple, and the temple system is different from generation to generation. The ancestral temple is the highest-level building. The buildings where nobles, dignitaries and aristocratic families worship their ancestors are called family temples or ancestral temples. Imitating the orientation of the ancestral temple, it is located on the east side of the mansion and has different scales. Some ancestral halls are equipped with Yixue, Yicang and Theater, which are beyond the scope of sacrifice.
2. Temples dedicated to sages. The most famous is the Confucius Temple in Kong Qiu, also known as the Confucian Temple. Kong Qiu is regarded as the ancestor of Confucianism, and emperors after the Han Dynasty worshipped Confucianism. The Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province is the largest. The temple dedicated to Guan Yu, a famous soldier in the Three Kingdoms period, is called Guandi Temple, also called Wu Temple. In some places, Sanyi Temple was built to worship Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Many places also offer sacrifices to famous officials, sages, righteous people and Xie Lie, such as Chengdu, Sichuan, and Nanyang, Henan, where Zhuge Liang's "Temple of Wuhou" is offered. Hangzhou, Zhejiang and Tangyin, Henan pay homage to the "Wang Yue Temple" and "Yuefei Temple" of Yuefei, a national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty.
3. Temples dedicated to mountains and rivers and gods. Since ancient times, China has worshipped natural objects such as heaven, earth, mountains and rivers and set up temples to worship them, such as Houtu Temple. The most famous temples are Taishan, Huashan, Hengshan, Hengshan and Songshan, among which Daimiao in Taishan is the largest. There are also a large number of sacrificial buildings from various religions and folk customs, such as the City God Temple, the Land Temple, the Longwang Temple and the God of Wealth Temple.
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(7) Altar
In ancient China, it was mainly used for offering sacrifices to heaven, earth and country. Temple of Heaven, Ditan, Ritan, Moon Altar, Valley Altar, National Altar, etc. Inside and outside Beijing. Altar is not only the main body of the sacrificial building, but also the floorboard of the whole building complex. The form of the altar is based on the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. For example, the main buildings of the Temple of Heaven and the Ditan are round and square respectively, which comes from the theory that the sky is round and the earth is round. The number and size of stones used in the Temple of Heaven are odd, which is the saying that the ancients take heaven as positive and odd as positive. The Hall of Prayer for the New Year has three double eaves, covered with three-color glazed tiles: the blue of the upper eaves symbolizes the blue sky, the yellow of the middle eaves symbolizes the land, and the green of the lower eaves symbolizes everything. After sixteen years of Qianlong, three floors were all blue, which was designed to worship heaven.
(8) Tower
A towering point-like building dedicated to or collecting Buddhist relics (Buddha bones), Buddha statues, Buddhist scriptures, monks' remains, etc. Also known as "stupa" and "pagoda". Pagoda originated in India, and is often called "Buddha", "pagoda" and "floating picture". Tower is one of the most diverse architectural types in ancient China.
Tower is generally composed of underground palace, tower foundation, tower body, tower top and tower gate. The underground palace contains relics and is located below the ground in the middle of the tower foundation. Tower foundation includes base and pedestal. The pagoda is on the top of the tower and usually consists of sumeru, lotus, bowl cover, wheel and orb. There is also a pagoda, a treasure cover, a round lamp, a rising moon and a round ball at the top of the wheel.
There are many kinds of towers. There are more than 2,000 existing towers in China. According to the nature, there are pagodas and pagodas of monks' tombs for offering sacrifices; According to the materials used, it can be divided into wooden towers, brick towers, stone towers, metal towers and pottery towers. According to the structure and shape, it can be divided into pavilion tower, dense eaves tower, single-story tower, Lama tower and other special towers. The famous pavilions are Xi 'an Ci 'en Temple Pagoda, Xuanzang Pagoda of Xingjiao Temple and Yunyan Pagoda of Suzhou. The famous Miyan Pagoda includes Song Yue Pagoda in Dengfeng, Anjianfu Pagoda in Xi and Chihiro Pagoda in Chongsheng Temple in Dali. The famous single-storey pagodas include the Simen Pagoda in Licheng Shentong Temple, the stone pagodas in Yunju Temple in Beijing, and the Jingzang Zen Master Pagoda in Huishan Temple in Dengfeng. The pagoda is painted white, commonly known as "White Pagoda". The famous ones are the Baita of Miaoying Temple in Beijing and the Baita of Tayuan Temple in Wutai County, Shanxi Province. King Kong Throne Tower is famous for the King Kong Throne Tower in Beijing Zhengjue Temple.
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(9) Screen wall
The wall built on the inside or outside of the courtyard gate as the barrier opposite the gate is also called zhaobi or zhaobi. The screen wall can form a transitional space, which is connected with the streets and lanes, but limited to the inside and outside of the gate. In Ming and Qing dynasties, the screen wall was divided into one shape and eight shapes in form. There are many eight-character walls on both sides of the gate of a large residential building in Beijing, which are opposite to the eight-character shadow wall across the road, forming a space slightly wider than the street in front of the gate; Inside the door, a zigzag shadow wall, left and right walls and screen doors form a square yard, which becomes two transitions from the street to the house. The screen walls of southern houses are mostly built outside the door. The shadow walls of rural houses are also made of rammed earth or adobe with tile roofs on them. Most of the shadow walls of palaces and temples are inlaid with glass. The palaces, temples, offices and first houses in the Ming and Qing Dynasties all had shadow walls. The famous Nine Dragon Wall in Datong, Shanxi Province is the glazed screen wall in front of Zhu Gui, the son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the grandson of Ming Taizu. The Beihai in Beijing and the Nine Dragon Wall in the Forbidden City are also famous.
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(10) square table
The ancient buildings in China that have the function of praise, commemoration, guidance or symbol include memorial archways and China clocks. Archway, also known as archway, is a building with only a single row of columns, which is used to divide or control space. A single row of columns has a forehead, and other components without a top are called memorial archways, and those with a top are called memorial archways. This kind of roof is commonly known as "building", and the upper end of the column is higher than the roof, which is called "climbing over the eaves". When the archway is built at the entrance of palaces, gardens, temples, tombs and other large building groups, its shape level is high. Most of the archways in Tian Chong are built in key points of town streets, such as the starting point of roads, intersections, both ends of bridges and the facades of shops. The former becomes a prelude to the building complex, creating a solemn, solemn and profound atmosphere, which plays a foil role for the main building; The latter can enrich the street view and mark the location. In some towns in the south of the Yangtze River, many archways have been built across the street, mostly to "show fame and honor" or "commend filial piety". In mountain scenic spots, memorial archways are also built on mountain roads, which is not only a prelude to visiting temples, but also a sign of the progress of mountain roads.
Huabiao is a pair of pillars, which play a symbolic or commemorative role. The Han dynasty was called Huan Biao. Before the Yuan Dynasty, China's watches were mainly made of wood, with cross-shaped boards inserted on them and white cranes standing on top, which were mostly located at intersections, bridges and offices. After the Ming Dynasty, China's watches were mostly made of stone, and there was a sumeru under them. The upper end of the stone pillar is carved with moire slate, which is called cloud plate; The crane that stood at the top of the column was changed into a crouching beast, commonly known as "roaring the sky". The Chinese watch is surrounded by a stone fence. Exquisite relief is applied to China watches and railings. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese watches mainly stood in front of palaces and mausoleums, and some stood at the bridge head, such as Lugou Bridge Head in Beijing. The huabiao in front of Tiananmen Square in Beijing and the huabiao around the Ming Tombs Pavilion built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty are typical examples.
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First, the Great Wall of Wan Li.
The Great Wall of Wan Li is one of the architectural wonders of the world. The Great Wall of Wan Li has always been regarded as a symbol of ancient civilization in China, and it is famous all over the world.
The Great Wall has a history of more than 2000 years, and its construction began in the Warring States Period. At that time, Qin, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Yan, Chu and other vassal States built the Great Wall to defend the northern nomadic people from invading the south and defending themselves. After Qin annexed six countries, in order to prevent the northern Xiongnu from plundering, a huge project to build the Great Wall was launched in 2 13 BC, connecting the original Great Walls of Qin, Yan, Zhao and Wei and expanding them. A total of 300,000 migrant workers were requisitioned for the whole project, which took 10 years to complete. It starts from Lintao, Gansu (now Minxian) in the west, along the Yellow River to He Lin, Inner Mongolia, to Yinshan in the north, to Yanmenguan in Shanxi in the south and to the Great Wall in Liaodong in the east, with a total length of more than 3,000 kilometers. Because the Great Wall project is extremely arduous and the situation of migrant workers is very miserable, the legend of Meng Jiangnu crying at the Great Wall has been left.
In the Han Dynasty, besides rebuilding Qin Changcheng, the Great Wall in Shuofang, south of Hetao, Inner Mongolia, and the Great Wall in Liangzhou, west were also built. The western section of Liangzhou starts from Juyanhai (now Ejina Banner) in Inner Mongolia in the north, along Ejina River, passes through Gansu Jinta, and enters Xinjiang to Anxi, Dunhuang and Yumenguan in the west. The whole Great Wall is "five miles, one sill, ten miles, one pier, thirty miles, one fort, one hundred miles and one city", which constitutes a strict defense system.
After the Han Dynasty, the Great Wall was partially built in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, and was completely rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. The Great Wall was built in the Ming Dynasty, starting from Jiayuguan in the west and reaching Yalu River in the east, with a total length of about 6,700 kilometers (13,000 kilometers). The whole reconstruction process lasted 100 years, which shows that the project is huge and arduous. Among them, the Great Wall to the east of Shanxi is built with rammed earth inside and the Great Wall to the west of Shanxi is built with rammed earth outside. There are many Guancheng on the whole Great Wall, all of which are built in steep places. The famous ones are Jiayuguan, Juyongguan and Shanhaiguan. Jiayuguan is the most complete one in the existing Great Wall Guancheng. Built in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372), it is known as "the first majestic pass in the world" with majestic momentum, meticulous layout and rigorous structure. It is said that when the Xiongguan was built, not only the design and construction skills were superb, but also the calculation of materials was very accurate. After the completion of Guancheng, there was only one brick left, which was placed in the small building of Guancheng as a souvenir by later generations. The Great Wall that people see now is mainly rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, while the former Great Wall only has some remains.
The Great Wall stretches 10000 miles, crossing steep sections such as mountains, rapids and canyons. The difficulty of the project is unimaginable, which shows the majestic spirit and wisdom of the Chinese nation, and also reflects the superb level of survey, planning and design, construction technology, project management and military technology in ancient China.
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Second, the Forbidden City.
The Forbidden City is located in the center of Beijing, with an area of 1087 mu and an area of more than 720,000 square meters. It is the imperial palace of Ming and Qing dynasties, and it is also the largest and most complete ancient wooden structure complex in the world. It embodies the architectural tradition and unique style of the Chinese nation.
The Forbidden City was built in 1406, which was the Miyagi built by Emperor Yongle in the Ming Dynasty when he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two parts, namely the so-called outer court and the inner court. The outer court, centered on the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe, Baohe, and flanked by Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall, is the main place to exercise state affairs. The imperial palace is composed of the official history, Jiaotai Hall, Kunning Palace and the six palaces of the East and West, and it is the area where the royal family lives and lives. According to the tradition of four pillars as one room, there are nearly 10 thousand rooms with a construction area of about 6.5438+0.5 million square meters.
The palace is surrounded by the Forbidden City, with a height of 10 meter and a moat width of 52 meters. There are four gates in the whole city, east, west, north and south. The south gate is the meridian gate, the north gate is Xuanwu gate, the east gate is Donghua gate, and the west gate is Xihua gate. There is a tower in every corner of the city. Each turret has nine beams, eighteen columns and seventy-two ridges. It is a rare masterpiece in ancient architecture with complex structure and peculiar style. There is also a legend about the construction of turrets that Lu Ban compiled a basket of straw as a model demonstration. The architectural layout of the entire Forbidden City is rigorous and regular, with primary and secondary order. Through the changes and ups and downs of the body, the space is rich and changeable.
The meridian gate is the main entrance of the Forbidden City, and a group of buildings are built on the pier of the city wall. In the middle are nine wide double-eaved halls on the top of the palace. The temples connected by eaves and ridges on both sides extend outward, and there is a high corner pavilion in every corner. This group of buildings is called Wufeng Pagoda, which is magnificent. Enter the meridian gate, cross a big yard, cross the Jinshui Bridge and enter the Taihe Gate, which is the third hall of the outer court. Taihe is built on the high I-shaped abutment in front, middle and back. The abutment is 8. 13m high, divided into three layers and made of white marble. There is a stone carving imperial road on each floor, with fences, sentries and faucets on both sides. According to statistics, there are 14 14 carved balustrades, 1460 carved guard posts with dragon and phoenix patterns, and 165438 faucets. These stone carvings reflect the unique decorative art of traditional buildings in China. At the same time, it plays a drainage role in structure and function. Small holes are carved under the fence and at the protruding faucet of the lookout school. Whenever it rains, water comes out of the tap, just like a thousand dragons spraying water. This is a spectacular sight.
The Hall of Supreme Harmony, also known as the Golden Hall, is the place where the emperor issued decrees and held ceremonies. The main hall is 35.05m high, 63.96m wide and 37.20m deep. It is the largest building in the Forbidden City and the largest wooden structure in China. Its structure embodies the characteristics of traditional wooden buildings in China. That is to say, firstly, a wooden column is erected on the basis of bolts, the wooden column is put on the beam, a small short column (melon column) is put on the beam, and then a shorter beam is put on the frame; From the girder to the top, you can use small pillars to overlap several layers of beams, increase them layer by layer, and shorten them layer by layer to form double eaves; The top floor is erected with ridge melon columns, and purlins are crossed between the two groups of frames; Purlins are paved with wooden rafters, rafters are paved with wooden boards (kanban), and the boards are paved with grey-backed porcelain tiles; Because the beam frame is raised step by step and the beam is shortened step by step, a sloping roof is formed; The roof is provoked by a bucket arch, which can not only bear the load, but also increase the decorative effect, which is another major feature of traditional architecture in China. This structure is adopted in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. With 73 large wooden columns supporting the beam frame, a double-eaved roof is formed, with the upper eave vaulting out, monoclinic, triclinic, ninth order and the lower eave monoclinic, seventh order. The whole building is magnificent, showing the supremacy of imperial power.
Different from foreign countries, the inner court, as the queen's living and living area, presents the characteristics of deep courtyard, and the six palaces of East, West and West are integrated and arranged in an orderly manner. There is also a backyard imperial garden, which is beautiful and quiet for recreation.
The whole layout of the Forbidden City is symmetrically arranged with the meridian gate to Shenwumen as the central axis. The central axis extends south to Tiananmen Square and north to Jingshan, which coincides with the central axis of the ancient city of Beijing. Climbing the Jingshan Mountain and overlooking the Forbidden City, the cornices overlap, the glass is contiguous, and it is magnificent and colorful, which can be called the treasure of traditional architecture in China.
Interviewee: Anonymous11-2510: 54
edge in
Respondent: Yu, lawyer-manager level 411-2510: 58.
Looking forward to the correct answer to this question! Good question, x!
Respondents: a 879227 1- Assistant II11-251:11.
There are nails
Respondents: violent dinosaur-scholar level 311-2512:15.
I think nails appeared very early, but the material is not necessarily iron.
A blacksmith or metalworker should not be unable to get simple nails out. Moreover, the mortise and tenon technology mentioned by LZ also needs to be fixed with spikes.
Moreover, the ancient buildings with all wood structures are basically used by the upper class, and ordinary people still use straw houses or houses with civil structures. Bamboo sticks can meet the needs of most people.
Most of the weapons of the army and martial arts practitioners are stored in special wooden frames, and the decorations hanging on the walls are basically decorations. Unless you are good at flying, you can run to the wall in an instant. )
Nails have also appeared in some operas, such as Nine Cases, which is about the Ming Dynasty. A friend of mine was nailed to the top of his head by his wife and died.
Generally speaking, the nail should have existed for a long time. However, these are my guesses. It's really troublesome to find the ancient records of China. I recommend Meng Qian Bitan and Lu Banjing. The former is all-encompassing, while the latter specializes in architecture. I hope LZ can find the final answer ~ ~ ~